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Submit a ProposalNanoparticles for Therapeutic Applications
 | By Madhuri Sharon Series: Advances in Nanotechnology and Applications Copyright: 2022 | Status: Published ISBN: 9781119762300 | Hardcover | 590 pages | 98 illustrations Price: $249 USD  |
One Line Description
The main goal of this book is to provide information on theranostic applications of various nanomaterials for different diseases with self- explanatory illustrations and fundamental descriptions of a plethora of properties of molecular traits.
Audience
The book will be read by researchers, scientists, and graduate students in biotechnology, nanotechnology, materials science, and nanomedicine/ biomedicine.
The book will be read by researchers, scientists, and graduate students in biotechnology, nanotechnology, materials science, and nanomedicine/ biomedicine.
Description
The author has written a fascinating book on research topics and fundamentals in the cross-disciplinary area of nanotechnology and bioscience in which she successfully fuses otherwise divergent research topics of this rapidly emerging area.
The book deals with the use of nanomaterials for combatting various diseases and disorders of the human body. The three chapters of the first part of this book deal with the areas in which nanotechnology has contributed to nanomedicine. In the second part, different disorders like cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, genetic diseases, infectious diseases, cardiovascular disorders, eye, dentistry, bone, and cartilage-affecting diseases are discussed. In the chapters related to a disease or disorder of a particular organ, a basic brief introduction to them is given as well.
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The author has written a fascinating book on research topics and fundamentals in the cross-disciplinary area of nanotechnology and bioscience in which she successfully fuses otherwise divergent research topics of this rapidly emerging area.
The book deals with the use of nanomaterials for combatting various diseases and disorders of the human body. The three chapters of the first part of this book deal with the areas in which nanotechnology has contributed to nanomedicine. In the second part, different disorders like cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, genetic diseases, infectious diseases, cardiovascular disorders, eye, dentistry, bone, and cartilage-affecting diseases are discussed. In the chapters related to a disease or disorder of a particular organ, a basic brief introduction to them is given as well.
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Author / Editor Details
Madhuri Sharon, (Retd Director at Reliance Industries), PhD from Leicester University, UK, postdoctoral research from Bolton Institute of Technology U.K., is currently the Director of NSN Research Centre for Nanotechnology & Bionanotechnology and Managing Director of Monad Nanotech as well as Adjunct-Professor University of Mumbai & Professor-Emeritus JJT University, India. She has published more than 130 papers, six books, and 11 patents. Her research focuses on the synthesis, biosynthesis, and application of various nanomaterials (graphene oxide, carbon dots, carbon nanomaterials, and nanometals) in drug delivery.
Madhuri Sharon, (Retd Director at Reliance Industries), PhD from Leicester University, UK, postdoctoral research from Bolton Institute of Technology U.K., is currently the Director of NSN Research Centre for Nanotechnology & Bionanotechnology and Managing Director of Monad Nanotech as well as Adjunct-Professor University of Mumbai & Professor-Emeritus JJT University, India. She has published more than 130 papers, six books, and 11 patents. Her research focuses on the synthesis, biosynthesis, and application of various nanomaterials (graphene oxide, carbon dots, carbon nanomaterials, and nanometals) in drug delivery.
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Table of Contents
Foreword
Preface
Part I: Nano-Flotillas Traversing in the Vein as Carriers to Deliver Theranostics
1. Diagnostic and Therapeutic Systems Using Nanomaterials
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Nanodiagnostic Agents
1.2.1 Bio-Barcode Assay (BCA)
1.2.2 Cantilever Beam
1.2.3 Carbon Dots/Carbon Quantum Dots
1.2.3.1 CD as Bioimaging Agent
1.2.3.2 CD as Sensor
1.2.4 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
1.2.4.1 Diagnostic Equipment Using CNT
1.2.5 Dendrimers
1.2.5.1 Types of Dendrimers
1.2.5.2 Applications of Dendrimers
1.2.6 DNA
1.2.7 Nanocrystals/Quantum Dots (QDs)
1.2.7.1 Applications of Nanocrystals/Quantum Dots (QDs)
1.2.8 Nanoparticles as Diagnostic Tool
1.2.8.1 Inorganic/Metal Nanoparticles
1.2.8.2 Polymeric Nanoparticles (PNPs)
1.2.9 Nanorobotics
1.2.10 Nanoshells
1.2.11 Nanowires
1.2.12 Optical Tweezers
1.2.13 Serum Albumin
1.3 Summary
References
2. Nano Trojan Horses for Delivery of Peptides and Protein Drugs
Roopa Dharmatti
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Peptides
2.2.1 Cell-Penetrating Peptides
2.2.1.1 CPP and NP Surface Conjugation Mechanism
2.2.1.2 CPP-NP Conjugates in Cancer
2.2.1.3 CPP-NP Conjugates in Inflammation
2.2.1.4 CPP-NPs Conjugates in Central Nervous System Disorders
2.2.2 Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs)
2.2.2.1 Nanomedicines for Antimicrobial Peptides Delivery
2.2.3 Peptide Toxins
2.2.3.1 Action Mechanism of Peptide Toxins
2.2.3.2 Therapeutic Applications of Peptide Toxins from Various Sources
2.2.4 Modifications of Natural Peptides for NP and Drug Design
2.3 Role of Nanoparticles in Peptide Drug Delivery
2.3.1 Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) NPs for Diagnostics and for Controlled
and Targeted Drug Delivery
2.3.1.1 NPs for VIP Drug Delivery
2.3.1.2 Structural Basis for Neuropeptide VIP-Targeted Drug Delivery Aided by Nanotechnology
2.4 Protein
2.4.1 Protein and Peptide Drug Conjugates
2.4.1.1 Protein-Drug Conjugates
2.4.1.2 Strategies for Chemical Conjugation
2.5 Role of Nanoparticles (NPs) in Protein Drug Delivery
2.5.1 Liposomes
2.5.2 Nanoparticles (NPs) Made from Polymer
2.5.3 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
2.5.4 Other Metal Nanoparticles (NPs)
2.6 Summary
References
3. Biomimetic Nanomaterials as Smart Scaffolds for Tissue Regeneration
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Concept of Tissue Engineering (TE)
3.1.2 A Brief Look at the Type of Tissue-Specific Stem Cells Being Engineered for Tissue Regeneration
3.1.3 Growth Factor
3.2 Scaffold
3.2.1 Basic Requirements for Scaffold
3.2.1.1 Biocompatibility of Scaffold Material
3.2.1.2 Biodegradability of Scaffold Material
3.2.1.3 Mechanical Properties of Scaffold Material
3.2.1.4 Porosity in Scaffold Architecture
3.2.1.5 Surface Chemistry of Scaffold
3.2.2 Biological Scaffold Fabrication Techniques
3.2.2.1 Conventional Fabrication Techniques
3.2.2.2 Rapid Prototyping (RP) Technique or Solid Free-From Fabrication Technique
3.2.2.3 Decellularization
3.2.2.4 Tissue Vascularization and Integration
3.2.2.5 3D Bioprinting or Cell Printing
3.2.2.6 Crosslinking of Hydrogel
3.3 Biomaterials for the Fabrication of Scaffold
3.3.1 Natural Biomaterials and Extracellular Matrix Material (ECM) Used for Scaffolding
3.3.1.1 Collagen
3.3.1.2 Fibrin
3.3.1.3 Gelatin
3.3.1.4 Silk Fiber
3.3.1.5 Proteoglycan (PG)
3.3.1.6 Hyaluronan or Hyaluronic Acid (HA)
3.3.1.7 Chitosan
3.3.1.8 Alginate
3.3.1.9 Silica
3.3.1.10 Poly(Ethylene Glycol) (PEG)
3.3.2 Synthetic Biodegradable Polymer Biomaterials Used for Scaffolding
3.3.2.1 Poly(L-lactic Acid) (PLA) Scaffold
3.3.2.2 Polyglycolide (PGA) Scaffold
3.3.2.3 Poly(Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) Scaffold
3.3.2.4 Polycaprolactone (PCL) Scaffold
3.3.2.5 Hydrogel
3.3.3 Ceramics
3.3.4 Functionality of Types of Scaffolds
3.3.4.1 Injectable Material for Scaffolds or ‘Injectabone’
3.3.4.2 Scaffold as Delivery System for Growth Factor and Drugs
3.3.4.3 Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Processing of Polymers
3.3.4.4 Customized Scaffold via 3D Printing
3.3.4.5 Plasma Modification of Scaffold Surfaces
3.4 Nanomaterials for Versatile Scaffolds
3.4.1 Carbon-Based Nanoparticle Carbon Nanotubes as Versatile Scaffolds
3.4.2 Metal Nanoparticles
3.4.2.1 Tantalum (Ta)
3.4.2.2 Magnesium and Its Alloys
3.4.2.3 Titanium and Its Alloys
3.4.2.4 Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs)
3.4.2.5 Aluminum Nanoparticles (AlNPs)
3.4.2.6 Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs)
3.4.2.7 Copper Nanoparticles (CuNPs)
3.4.2.8 Iron (Fe), Iron Oxide and Its Conjugate Nanoparticles
3.4.2.9 Nickel Nanoparticles (NiNPs)
3.4.2.10 Zirconium Nanoparticles (ZrNPs)
3.4.3 Polymeric Nanoparticles and Nanofibers
3.4.4 Lipid-Based Nanoparticles
3.4.4.1 Liposomes
3.4.5 Ceramic Nanoparticles (CNPs)
3.4.5.1 Bioactive Ceramic Nanoparticles
3.4.5.2 Bioinert Ceramic Nanoparticles
3.4.5.3 Bioresorbable Ceramic Nanoparticles
3.4.6 Natural Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
3.5 Application of Scaffold for Various Tissue Regeneration and Incorporation of Nanomaterials
3.5.1 Scaffold for Bone Tissue Regeneration
3.5.2 Scaffold for Cartilage Tissue Regeneration
3.5.3 Scaffold for Cardiovascular Tissue Regeneration
3.5.4 Scaffold for Liver Tissue Regeneration
3.5.5 Scaffold for Muscle Tissues Regeneration
3.5.6 Scaffold for Nerve Tissue Regeneration
3.5.7 Scaffold for Skin Tissue Regeneration
3.5.8 Scaffold for Tendon and Ligament Tissue Regeneration
3.6 Considerations for Manufacturing a Scaffold at Commercial Level
3.7 Conclusion
References
Part II: The Cardinal Role of Biomedical Nanotechnology
4. Nanodiagnostics and Nanotherapeutics: A Powerful Tool for Ablation of Cancer
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Molecular Diagnostics
4.2.1 Radioimmunoassay (RIA)
4.2.2 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
4.2.3 SDS-Page and Western Blot
4.2.4 Immunoprecipitation (IP)
4.2.5 Immunofluorescence
4.2.6 Immunoelectron Microscopy
4.2.7 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
4.3 Radiological Diagnostics for Cancer
4.3.1 Computerized Tomography (CT) Scan
4.3.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
4.3.3 Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
4.4 Biopsy
4.5 Nanodiagnostics for Cancer
4.5.1 Brain Cancer
4.5.1.1 Brain Cancer and Nanotechnology
4.5.2 Breast Cancer
4.5.2.1 Breast Cancer and Nanodiagnostic
4.5.3 Colon/Colorectal Cancer
4.5.3.1 Colon/Colorectal Cancer and Nanodiagnostic
4.5.4 Liver Cancer or Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC)
4.5.4.1 Liver Cancer and Nanotechnology
4.5.5 Lung Cancer
4.5.5.1 Lung Cancer and Nanotechnology
4.5.6 Melanoma and Skin Cancer
4.5.6.1 Melanoma and Nanotechnology
4.5.7 Oral Cancer
4.5.7.1 Oral Cancer and Nanotechnology
4.5.8 Ovarian Cancer
4.5.8.1 Ovarian Cancer and Nanotechnology
4.5.9 Pancreatic Cancer
4.5.9.1 Pancreatic Cancer and Nanotechnology
4.5.10 Prostate Cancer
4.5.10.1 Prostate Cancer and Nanotechnology
4.5.11 Renal Cancer/Kidney Cancer
4.5.11.1 Renal Cancer and Nanotechnology
4.5.12 Urinary Bladder Cancer
4.5.12.1 Urinary Bladder Cancer and Nanotechnology
4.6 Summary
References
5. Genetic Diseases and Nanotechnology-Based Theranostics
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Nanotechnologies and Microchips in Genetic Diseases
5.3 Nanotechnology and Gene Therapy for Genetic Disease
5.3.1 Diabetic Retinopathy (DR)
5.3.2 Some Diseases Successfully Treated with Nanotechnology + Gene Therapy 5.4 Gene Silencing Therapy
5.5 Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) Therapy and Nanotechnology
5.6 Nanoparticles-Based Therapies for Various Chromosomal Disorders
5.6.1 Down Syndrome
5.6.1.1 Mosaic Down Syndrome
5.6.1.2 Translocation Down Syndrome
5.6.1.3 Klinefelter Syndrome (47,XXY)
5.6.1.4 Turner Syndrome
5.6.1.5 Williams Syndrome
5.6.1.6 Cri du Chat Syndrome
5.6.2 Single-Gene Disorder
5.6.2.1 Niemann-Pick Type C1 Disease (NPC1)
5.6.2.2 Cystic Fibrosis
5.6.2.3 Galactosemia
5.6.2.4 Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)
5.6.2.5 Sickle Cell Disease (SCD)
5.6.2.6 Huntington’s Disease (HD)
5.6.2.7 Tay-Sachs Disease
5.6.3 Multifactorial Disorders
5.6.3.1 Thalassemia
5.6.3.2 Mitochondrial Disease
5.7 Summary
References
6. The Role of Biomedical Nanotechnology in CNS and Neurological Disorders
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Parkinson’s Disease
6.2.1 Nanotheranostic for Parkinson’s Disease (PD)
6.3 Alzheimer’s Disease
6.3.1 Nanotheranostic for Alzheimer’s Disease
6.4 Epilepsy/Seizure Disorder
6.4.1 Nanotheranostic for Epilepsy
6.5 Schizophrenia
6.5.1 Nanotheranostic for Schizophrenia
6.6 Summary
References
7. Nanotechnology-Based Theranostics for Fighting Infectious Diseases
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Diseases Caused by Prions
7.2.1 Nanotheranostic for Diseases Caused by Prions
7.3 Diseases Caused by Virus
7.3.1 HIV/AIDS (Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) and Nanotheranostic
7.3.2 Hepatitis C Virus and Nanotheranostic
7.3.3 Dengue Virus and Nanotheranostic
7.3.4 Polio Virus and Nanotheranostic
7.3.5 Meningitis-Causing Virus and Nanotheranostic
7.3.6 Herpes-Causing Virus and Nanotheranostic
7.3.7 Influenza (Flu)-Causing Virus and Nanotheranostic
7.3.8 COVID-19 (Coronavirus) Nanotheranostic
7.4 Diseases Caused by Bacteria
7.4.1 Nanotheranostics for Diseases Caused by Bacteria
7.4.1.1 Antibacterial Nanoparticles, Nanoantibiotics and Nanotechnology
7.4.1.2 Nano-Strategies to Fight Multidrug- Resistant (MDR) Bacteria
7.4.1.3 Theranostics to Combat Biofilms of Bacteria
7.4.1.4 Theranostics for Bloodstream Infection
7.4.1.5 Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery
7.4.1.6 Modulation of Immune Response by Nanoparticles for Efficient Vaccination
7.5 Diseases Caused by Fungi
7.5.1 Nanotheranostic for Diseases Caused by Fungi
7.5.1.1 Nanotechnology for Cutaneous Fungal Infection Therapy
7.5.1.2 Nanotechnology for Invasive Mycoses Therapy
7.5.1.3 Nanotechnology for Ocular Mycoses Therapy
7.6 Diseases Caused by Parasitic Protozoa
7.6.1 Nanotheranostics for Diseases Caused by Parasitic Protozoa
7.6.1.1 Leishmaniasis, Chagas Disease and African Trypanosomiasis
7.6.1.2 Malaria
7.6.1.3 Amebiasis
7.6.1.4 Giardiasis
7.7 Diseases Caused by Helminths
7.7.1 Nanotheranostic for Diseases Caused by Parasitic Helminths
7.7.1.1 Nanotherapeutics and Nematodes (Roundworms)
7.7.1.2 Nanotherapeutics and Trematodes (Flatworms)
7.7.1.3 Nanotherapeutics and Cestodes (Tapeworms)
7.8 Summary
References
8. Nanotheranostics for Cardiovascular Diseases
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 The Human Heart
8.1.2 Blood Vessels
8.1.3 Heart or Cardiovascular Diseases
8.1.4 Diseases of the Blood Vessels
8.1.5 Diagnostics and Therapeutics of Cardiovascular Disease
8.2 Nanotheranostics for Cardiovascular Diseases
8.2.1 Nanodiagnostics for Cardiovascular Disease
8.2.2 Nanotherapeutics for Cardiovascular Disease
8.2.2.1 Liposome NP for Cardiovascular Therapy
8.2.2.2 Polymeric Nanoparticles for Cardiovascular Therapy
8.2.2.3 Micelle NP for Cardiovascular Therapy
8.2.2.4 Dendrimers for Cardiovascular Therapy
8.2.2.5 Gel Nanoparticles for Cardiovascular Therapy
8.2.2.6 Metal Nanoparticles for Cardiovascular Therapy
8.2.2.7 Nanocoated Stents for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG), Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA) and Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI)
8.2.2.8 Nano Patch and Scaffold for Cardiovascular Disease
8.2.2.9 Suitability of Carbon Nanotubes for Cardiovascular Therapy
8.3 Summary
References
9. Role of Nanotechnology in Combatting Disease and Disorders of Ophthalmology
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Structure and Anatomy of the Human Eye
9.3 Eye Diseases and Disorders
9.3.1 Diseases and Disorders of Accessory Structures
9.3.1.1 Dry Eye
9.3.1.2 Conjunctivitis
9.3.1.3 Blepharitis/Blepharoptosis (Ptosis)
9.3.1.4 Hordeolum (Stye)
9.3.1.5 Chalazion (Meibomian Cyst)
9.3.1.6 Entropion
9.3.1.7 Ectropion
9.3.2 Diseases and Disorders of Fibrous Tunic
9.3.2.1 Keratoconus
9.3.2.2 Refractive Errors
9.3.3 Diseases and Disorders of Vascular Tunic
9.3.3.1 Uveitis
9.3.4 Diseases and Disorders of Nervous Tunic
9.3.4.1 Color Blindness
9.3.4.2 Retinal Detachment
9.3.4.3 Diabetic Retinopathy (DR)
9.3.4.4 Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)
9.3.5 Diseases and Disorders of Interior Eyeball
9.3.5.1 Glaucoma
9.3.5.2 Cataract
9.3.5.3 Floater
9.3.6 Diseases and Disorders of Cornea and Uveal Tract
9.3.6.1 Pterygium
9.3.6.2 Keratitis
9.3.6.3 Scleritis
9.3.6.4 Iritis
9.3.7 Muscular Disorders
9.3.7.1 Nystagmus
9.3.7.2 Strabismus (Crossed Eyes)
9.4 Blindness
9.4.1 Trachoma
9.5 Nanotherapy for Ocular Diseases and Disorders
9.5.1 Nanotechnology for Regenerative Ophthalmology
9.5.1.1 Nanoscaffolds for Retinal Tissue Regeneration
9.5.1.2 Nanoscaffolds for Corneal Tissue Regeneration
9.5.2 Nanomaterials as Gene Delivery Devices to Reprogram Cells for Ocular Regeneration
9.5.2.1 Lipoplexes: Liposome-Protamine-DNA (LPD) Nanocomplexes
9.5.2.2 Polyplexes
9.5.2.3 Mesoporous Nanoparticles
9.5.2.4 Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Nanocrystals
9.5.2.5 NanoScript Nanoparticle
9.5.2.6 Self-Assembling DNA and Magnetic Nanoparticles
9.5.3 Nanomaterials as Immunomodulator in Ocular Regeneration
9.6 Glaucoma: Potential Implications of Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine
9.6.1 Drug Delivery System for Arresting Glaucoma
9.7 Cataract: Potential Implications of Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine
9.7.1 Nanoscaffolds for Lens Regeneration (Cataract)
9.7.2 Nanofiber-Based Hydrogel
9.8 Uveitis (Eye Inflammation) Therapy by Nanozyme (Superoxide Dismutase 1)
9.9 Contact Lenses for Ocular Theranostic
9.10 Nanodiagnostic for Ocular Diseases and Disorders
9.11 Summary and Future Perspective
References
10. Use of Nanotechnology in Dentistry
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Structure of Human Teeth
10.1.2 Types of Human Teeth
10.2 Diseases and Disorders of Teeth
10.2.1 Plaque Formation
10.2.2 Caries (Cavities)
10.2.3 Periodontal Disease
10.2.3.1 Periodontitis
10.2.3.2 Gingivitis
10.2.4 Trench Mouth
10.2.5 Thrush
10.2.6 Periapical Abscess (Dentoalveolar Abscess)
10.2.7 Malocclusion 498 10.2.8 Dry Mouth
10.2.9 Herpetic Gingivostomatitis
10.2.10 Mumps
10.2.11 Mouth Ulcer
10.2.12 Stained Teeth
10.2.13 Hyperdontia (Extra Teeth)
10.3 Nanotheranostics Used in Dentistry
10.3.1 Nanotechnology for Diagnosis
10.3.1.1 Nanocantilevers for Diagnostics
10.3.1.2 Nanopores/Porous Nanoparticles for Diagnostics
10.3.1.3 Nanotubes for Diagnostics
10.3.1.4 Quantum Dots (QD) for Diagnostics
10.3.1.5 Nanoelectromechanical Systems (NEMS) for Diagnostics
10.3.1.6 Lab-on-a-Chip or Biochips and Salivary Biomarkers for Diagnostics
10.3.1.7 Oral Fluid Nanosensor Test (OFNASET) for Diagnostics
10.3.1.8 Nanorobots or Dentifrobots for Diagnostics
10.3.1.9 Digital Dental Imaging for Diagnostics
10.3.2 Nanomaterials Used in Dental Therapeutics
10.3.2.1 Organic Nanomaterials for Therapeutics
10.3.2.2 Inorganic Nanomaterials for Therapeutics
10.3.2.3 Nanocomposites for Therapeutics
10.3.2.4 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Therapeutics
10.3.2.5 Nonsolution (Nano Adhesive) for Therapeutics
10.3.2.6 Nano Light-Curing Glass Ionomer Restorative
10.3.2.7 Nanoneedles
10.3.3 Role of Nanotechnology in Dental Tissue Engineering
10.3.3.1 Nanotechnology in Bone Grafting/ Regeneration and Oral Maxillofacial
Surgery
10.3.3.2 Nanotechnology for Dental Pulp Regeneration
10.3.3.3 Nanostructures and Enamel Tissues Engineering/Restoration
10.3.3.4 Nanotechnology and Nerve Regeneration
10.3.4 Bio-Nanofunctionalized Surface of Dental Implants
10.3.4.1 Prosthodontics and Nanotechnology
10.3.5 Nanomaterials for Periodontal Drug Delivery
10.3.6 Endodontics
10.3.7 Nanoanesthesia
10.3.8 Nanotechnology and Dental Disease Prevention
10.3.8.1 Nano Toothbrush
10.3.8.2 Nano-Modified Toothpaste and Mouthwash
10.3.8.3 Nanomaterials for Prevention of Caries
10.3.8.4 Nanomaterials for Prevention of Periodontal Disease
10.3.9 Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (APDT)
10.4 Conclusion
References
Index
Back to Top
Foreword
Preface
Part I: Nano-Flotillas Traversing in the Vein as Carriers to Deliver Theranostics
1. Diagnostic and Therapeutic Systems Using Nanomaterials
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Nanodiagnostic Agents
1.2.1 Bio-Barcode Assay (BCA)
1.2.2 Cantilever Beam
1.2.3 Carbon Dots/Carbon Quantum Dots
1.2.3.1 CD as Bioimaging Agent
1.2.3.2 CD as Sensor
1.2.4 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
1.2.4.1 Diagnostic Equipment Using CNT
1.2.5 Dendrimers
1.2.5.1 Types of Dendrimers
1.2.5.2 Applications of Dendrimers
1.2.6 DNA
1.2.7 Nanocrystals/Quantum Dots (QDs)
1.2.7.1 Applications of Nanocrystals/Quantum Dots (QDs)
1.2.8 Nanoparticles as Diagnostic Tool
1.2.8.1 Inorganic/Metal Nanoparticles
1.2.8.2 Polymeric Nanoparticles (PNPs)
1.2.9 Nanorobotics
1.2.10 Nanoshells
1.2.11 Nanowires
1.2.12 Optical Tweezers
1.2.13 Serum Albumin
1.3 Summary
References
2. Nano Trojan Horses for Delivery of Peptides and Protein Drugs
Roopa Dharmatti
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Peptides
2.2.1 Cell-Penetrating Peptides
2.2.1.1 CPP and NP Surface Conjugation Mechanism
2.2.1.2 CPP-NP Conjugates in Cancer
2.2.1.3 CPP-NP Conjugates in Inflammation
2.2.1.4 CPP-NPs Conjugates in Central Nervous System Disorders
2.2.2 Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs)
2.2.2.1 Nanomedicines for Antimicrobial Peptides Delivery
2.2.3 Peptide Toxins
2.2.3.1 Action Mechanism of Peptide Toxins
2.2.3.2 Therapeutic Applications of Peptide Toxins from Various Sources
2.2.4 Modifications of Natural Peptides for NP and Drug Design
2.3 Role of Nanoparticles in Peptide Drug Delivery
2.3.1 Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) NPs for Diagnostics and for Controlled
and Targeted Drug Delivery
2.3.1.1 NPs for VIP Drug Delivery
2.3.1.2 Structural Basis for Neuropeptide VIP-Targeted Drug Delivery Aided by Nanotechnology
2.4 Protein
2.4.1 Protein and Peptide Drug Conjugates
2.4.1.1 Protein-Drug Conjugates
2.4.1.2 Strategies for Chemical Conjugation
2.5 Role of Nanoparticles (NPs) in Protein Drug Delivery
2.5.1 Liposomes
2.5.2 Nanoparticles (NPs) Made from Polymer
2.5.3 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
2.5.4 Other Metal Nanoparticles (NPs)
2.6 Summary
References
3. Biomimetic Nanomaterials as Smart Scaffolds for Tissue Regeneration
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Concept of Tissue Engineering (TE)
3.1.2 A Brief Look at the Type of Tissue-Specific Stem Cells Being Engineered for Tissue Regeneration
3.1.3 Growth Factor
3.2 Scaffold
3.2.1 Basic Requirements for Scaffold
3.2.1.1 Biocompatibility of Scaffold Material
3.2.1.2 Biodegradability of Scaffold Material
3.2.1.3 Mechanical Properties of Scaffold Material
3.2.1.4 Porosity in Scaffold Architecture
3.2.1.5 Surface Chemistry of Scaffold
3.2.2 Biological Scaffold Fabrication Techniques
3.2.2.1 Conventional Fabrication Techniques
3.2.2.2 Rapid Prototyping (RP) Technique or Solid Free-From Fabrication Technique
3.2.2.3 Decellularization
3.2.2.4 Tissue Vascularization and Integration
3.2.2.5 3D Bioprinting or Cell Printing
3.2.2.6 Crosslinking of Hydrogel
3.3 Biomaterials for the Fabrication of Scaffold
3.3.1 Natural Biomaterials and Extracellular Matrix Material (ECM) Used for Scaffolding
3.3.1.1 Collagen
3.3.1.2 Fibrin
3.3.1.3 Gelatin
3.3.1.4 Silk Fiber
3.3.1.5 Proteoglycan (PG)
3.3.1.6 Hyaluronan or Hyaluronic Acid (HA)
3.3.1.7 Chitosan
3.3.1.8 Alginate
3.3.1.9 Silica
3.3.1.10 Poly(Ethylene Glycol) (PEG)
3.3.2 Synthetic Biodegradable Polymer Biomaterials Used for Scaffolding
3.3.2.1 Poly(L-lactic Acid) (PLA) Scaffold
3.3.2.2 Polyglycolide (PGA) Scaffold
3.3.2.3 Poly(Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) Scaffold
3.3.2.4 Polycaprolactone (PCL) Scaffold
3.3.2.5 Hydrogel
3.3.3 Ceramics
3.3.4 Functionality of Types of Scaffolds
3.3.4.1 Injectable Material for Scaffolds or ‘Injectabone’
3.3.4.2 Scaffold as Delivery System for Growth Factor and Drugs
3.3.4.3 Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Processing of Polymers
3.3.4.4 Customized Scaffold via 3D Printing
3.3.4.5 Plasma Modification of Scaffold Surfaces
3.4 Nanomaterials for Versatile Scaffolds
3.4.1 Carbon-Based Nanoparticle Carbon Nanotubes as Versatile Scaffolds
3.4.2 Metal Nanoparticles
3.4.2.1 Tantalum (Ta)
3.4.2.2 Magnesium and Its Alloys
3.4.2.3 Titanium and Its Alloys
3.4.2.4 Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs)
3.4.2.5 Aluminum Nanoparticles (AlNPs)
3.4.2.6 Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs)
3.4.2.7 Copper Nanoparticles (CuNPs)
3.4.2.8 Iron (Fe), Iron Oxide and Its Conjugate Nanoparticles
3.4.2.9 Nickel Nanoparticles (NiNPs)
3.4.2.10 Zirconium Nanoparticles (ZrNPs)
3.4.3 Polymeric Nanoparticles and Nanofibers
3.4.4 Lipid-Based Nanoparticles
3.4.4.1 Liposomes
3.4.5 Ceramic Nanoparticles (CNPs)
3.4.5.1 Bioactive Ceramic Nanoparticles
3.4.5.2 Bioinert Ceramic Nanoparticles
3.4.5.3 Bioresorbable Ceramic Nanoparticles
3.4.6 Natural Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
3.5 Application of Scaffold for Various Tissue Regeneration and Incorporation of Nanomaterials
3.5.1 Scaffold for Bone Tissue Regeneration
3.5.2 Scaffold for Cartilage Tissue Regeneration
3.5.3 Scaffold for Cardiovascular Tissue Regeneration
3.5.4 Scaffold for Liver Tissue Regeneration
3.5.5 Scaffold for Muscle Tissues Regeneration
3.5.6 Scaffold for Nerve Tissue Regeneration
3.5.7 Scaffold for Skin Tissue Regeneration
3.5.8 Scaffold for Tendon and Ligament Tissue Regeneration
3.6 Considerations for Manufacturing a Scaffold at Commercial Level
3.7 Conclusion
References
Part II: The Cardinal Role of Biomedical Nanotechnology
4. Nanodiagnostics and Nanotherapeutics: A Powerful Tool for Ablation of Cancer
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Molecular Diagnostics
4.2.1 Radioimmunoassay (RIA)
4.2.2 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
4.2.3 SDS-Page and Western Blot
4.2.4 Immunoprecipitation (IP)
4.2.5 Immunofluorescence
4.2.6 Immunoelectron Microscopy
4.2.7 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
4.3 Radiological Diagnostics for Cancer
4.3.1 Computerized Tomography (CT) Scan
4.3.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
4.3.3 Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
4.4 Biopsy
4.5 Nanodiagnostics for Cancer
4.5.1 Brain Cancer
4.5.1.1 Brain Cancer and Nanotechnology
4.5.2 Breast Cancer
4.5.2.1 Breast Cancer and Nanodiagnostic
4.5.3 Colon/Colorectal Cancer
4.5.3.1 Colon/Colorectal Cancer and Nanodiagnostic
4.5.4 Liver Cancer or Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC)
4.5.4.1 Liver Cancer and Nanotechnology
4.5.5 Lung Cancer
4.5.5.1 Lung Cancer and Nanotechnology
4.5.6 Melanoma and Skin Cancer
4.5.6.1 Melanoma and Nanotechnology
4.5.7 Oral Cancer
4.5.7.1 Oral Cancer and Nanotechnology
4.5.8 Ovarian Cancer
4.5.8.1 Ovarian Cancer and Nanotechnology
4.5.9 Pancreatic Cancer
4.5.9.1 Pancreatic Cancer and Nanotechnology
4.5.10 Prostate Cancer
4.5.10.1 Prostate Cancer and Nanotechnology
4.5.11 Renal Cancer/Kidney Cancer
4.5.11.1 Renal Cancer and Nanotechnology
4.5.12 Urinary Bladder Cancer
4.5.12.1 Urinary Bladder Cancer and Nanotechnology
4.6 Summary
References
5. Genetic Diseases and Nanotechnology-Based Theranostics
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Nanotechnologies and Microchips in Genetic Diseases
5.3 Nanotechnology and Gene Therapy for Genetic Disease
5.3.1 Diabetic Retinopathy (DR)
5.3.2 Some Diseases Successfully Treated with Nanotechnology + Gene Therapy 5.4 Gene Silencing Therapy
5.5 Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) Therapy and Nanotechnology
5.6 Nanoparticles-Based Therapies for Various Chromosomal Disorders
5.6.1 Down Syndrome
5.6.1.1 Mosaic Down Syndrome
5.6.1.2 Translocation Down Syndrome
5.6.1.3 Klinefelter Syndrome (47,XXY)
5.6.1.4 Turner Syndrome
5.6.1.5 Williams Syndrome
5.6.1.6 Cri du Chat Syndrome
5.6.2 Single-Gene Disorder
5.6.2.1 Niemann-Pick Type C1 Disease (NPC1)
5.6.2.2 Cystic Fibrosis
5.6.2.3 Galactosemia
5.6.2.4 Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)
5.6.2.5 Sickle Cell Disease (SCD)
5.6.2.6 Huntington’s Disease (HD)
5.6.2.7 Tay-Sachs Disease
5.6.3 Multifactorial Disorders
5.6.3.1 Thalassemia
5.6.3.2 Mitochondrial Disease
5.7 Summary
References
6. The Role of Biomedical Nanotechnology in CNS and Neurological Disorders
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Parkinson’s Disease
6.2.1 Nanotheranostic for Parkinson’s Disease (PD)
6.3 Alzheimer’s Disease
6.3.1 Nanotheranostic for Alzheimer’s Disease
6.4 Epilepsy/Seizure Disorder
6.4.1 Nanotheranostic for Epilepsy
6.5 Schizophrenia
6.5.1 Nanotheranostic for Schizophrenia
6.6 Summary
References
7. Nanotechnology-Based Theranostics for Fighting Infectious Diseases
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Diseases Caused by Prions
7.2.1 Nanotheranostic for Diseases Caused by Prions
7.3 Diseases Caused by Virus
7.3.1 HIV/AIDS (Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) and Nanotheranostic
7.3.2 Hepatitis C Virus and Nanotheranostic
7.3.3 Dengue Virus and Nanotheranostic
7.3.4 Polio Virus and Nanotheranostic
7.3.5 Meningitis-Causing Virus and Nanotheranostic
7.3.6 Herpes-Causing Virus and Nanotheranostic
7.3.7 Influenza (Flu)-Causing Virus and Nanotheranostic
7.3.8 COVID-19 (Coronavirus) Nanotheranostic
7.4 Diseases Caused by Bacteria
7.4.1 Nanotheranostics for Diseases Caused by Bacteria
7.4.1.1 Antibacterial Nanoparticles, Nanoantibiotics and Nanotechnology
7.4.1.2 Nano-Strategies to Fight Multidrug- Resistant (MDR) Bacteria
7.4.1.3 Theranostics to Combat Biofilms of Bacteria
7.4.1.4 Theranostics for Bloodstream Infection
7.4.1.5 Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery
7.4.1.6 Modulation of Immune Response by Nanoparticles for Efficient Vaccination
7.5 Diseases Caused by Fungi
7.5.1 Nanotheranostic for Diseases Caused by Fungi
7.5.1.1 Nanotechnology for Cutaneous Fungal Infection Therapy
7.5.1.2 Nanotechnology for Invasive Mycoses Therapy
7.5.1.3 Nanotechnology for Ocular Mycoses Therapy
7.6 Diseases Caused by Parasitic Protozoa
7.6.1 Nanotheranostics for Diseases Caused by Parasitic Protozoa
7.6.1.1 Leishmaniasis, Chagas Disease and African Trypanosomiasis
7.6.1.2 Malaria
7.6.1.3 Amebiasis
7.6.1.4 Giardiasis
7.7 Diseases Caused by Helminths
7.7.1 Nanotheranostic for Diseases Caused by Parasitic Helminths
7.7.1.1 Nanotherapeutics and Nematodes (Roundworms)
7.7.1.2 Nanotherapeutics and Trematodes (Flatworms)
7.7.1.3 Nanotherapeutics and Cestodes (Tapeworms)
7.8 Summary
References
8. Nanotheranostics for Cardiovascular Diseases
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 The Human Heart
8.1.2 Blood Vessels
8.1.3 Heart or Cardiovascular Diseases
8.1.4 Diseases of the Blood Vessels
8.1.5 Diagnostics and Therapeutics of Cardiovascular Disease
8.2 Nanotheranostics for Cardiovascular Diseases
8.2.1 Nanodiagnostics for Cardiovascular Disease
8.2.2 Nanotherapeutics for Cardiovascular Disease
8.2.2.1 Liposome NP for Cardiovascular Therapy
8.2.2.2 Polymeric Nanoparticles for Cardiovascular Therapy
8.2.2.3 Micelle NP for Cardiovascular Therapy
8.2.2.4 Dendrimers for Cardiovascular Therapy
8.2.2.5 Gel Nanoparticles for Cardiovascular Therapy
8.2.2.6 Metal Nanoparticles for Cardiovascular Therapy
8.2.2.7 Nanocoated Stents for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG), Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA) and Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI)
8.2.2.8 Nano Patch and Scaffold for Cardiovascular Disease
8.2.2.9 Suitability of Carbon Nanotubes for Cardiovascular Therapy
8.3 Summary
References
9. Role of Nanotechnology in Combatting Disease and Disorders of Ophthalmology
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Structure and Anatomy of the Human Eye
9.3 Eye Diseases and Disorders
9.3.1 Diseases and Disorders of Accessory Structures
9.3.1.1 Dry Eye
9.3.1.2 Conjunctivitis
9.3.1.3 Blepharitis/Blepharoptosis (Ptosis)
9.3.1.4 Hordeolum (Stye)
9.3.1.5 Chalazion (Meibomian Cyst)
9.3.1.6 Entropion
9.3.1.7 Ectropion
9.3.2 Diseases and Disorders of Fibrous Tunic
9.3.2.1 Keratoconus
9.3.2.2 Refractive Errors
9.3.3 Diseases and Disorders of Vascular Tunic
9.3.3.1 Uveitis
9.3.4 Diseases and Disorders of Nervous Tunic
9.3.4.1 Color Blindness
9.3.4.2 Retinal Detachment
9.3.4.3 Diabetic Retinopathy (DR)
9.3.4.4 Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)
9.3.5 Diseases and Disorders of Interior Eyeball
9.3.5.1 Glaucoma
9.3.5.2 Cataract
9.3.5.3 Floater
9.3.6 Diseases and Disorders of Cornea and Uveal Tract
9.3.6.1 Pterygium
9.3.6.2 Keratitis
9.3.6.3 Scleritis
9.3.6.4 Iritis
9.3.7 Muscular Disorders
9.3.7.1 Nystagmus
9.3.7.2 Strabismus (Crossed Eyes)
9.4 Blindness
9.4.1 Trachoma
9.5 Nanotherapy for Ocular Diseases and Disorders
9.5.1 Nanotechnology for Regenerative Ophthalmology
9.5.1.1 Nanoscaffolds for Retinal Tissue Regeneration
9.5.1.2 Nanoscaffolds for Corneal Tissue Regeneration
9.5.2 Nanomaterials as Gene Delivery Devices to Reprogram Cells for Ocular Regeneration
9.5.2.1 Lipoplexes: Liposome-Protamine-DNA (LPD) Nanocomplexes
9.5.2.2 Polyplexes
9.5.2.3 Mesoporous Nanoparticles
9.5.2.4 Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Nanocrystals
9.5.2.5 NanoScript Nanoparticle
9.5.2.6 Self-Assembling DNA and Magnetic Nanoparticles
9.5.3 Nanomaterials as Immunomodulator in Ocular Regeneration
9.6 Glaucoma: Potential Implications of Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine
9.6.1 Drug Delivery System for Arresting Glaucoma
9.7 Cataract: Potential Implications of Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine
9.7.1 Nanoscaffolds for Lens Regeneration (Cataract)
9.7.2 Nanofiber-Based Hydrogel
9.8 Uveitis (Eye Inflammation) Therapy by Nanozyme (Superoxide Dismutase 1)
9.9 Contact Lenses for Ocular Theranostic
9.10 Nanodiagnostic for Ocular Diseases and Disorders
9.11 Summary and Future Perspective
References
10. Use of Nanotechnology in Dentistry
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Structure of Human Teeth
10.1.2 Types of Human Teeth
10.2 Diseases and Disorders of Teeth
10.2.1 Plaque Formation
10.2.2 Caries (Cavities)
10.2.3 Periodontal Disease
10.2.3.1 Periodontitis
10.2.3.2 Gingivitis
10.2.4 Trench Mouth
10.2.5 Thrush
10.2.6 Periapical Abscess (Dentoalveolar Abscess)
10.2.7 Malocclusion 498 10.2.8 Dry Mouth
10.2.9 Herpetic Gingivostomatitis
10.2.10 Mumps
10.2.11 Mouth Ulcer
10.2.12 Stained Teeth
10.2.13 Hyperdontia (Extra Teeth)
10.3 Nanotheranostics Used in Dentistry
10.3.1 Nanotechnology for Diagnosis
10.3.1.1 Nanocantilevers for Diagnostics
10.3.1.2 Nanopores/Porous Nanoparticles for Diagnostics
10.3.1.3 Nanotubes for Diagnostics
10.3.1.4 Quantum Dots (QD) for Diagnostics
10.3.1.5 Nanoelectromechanical Systems (NEMS) for Diagnostics
10.3.1.6 Lab-on-a-Chip or Biochips and Salivary Biomarkers for Diagnostics
10.3.1.7 Oral Fluid Nanosensor Test (OFNASET) for Diagnostics
10.3.1.8 Nanorobots or Dentifrobots for Diagnostics
10.3.1.9 Digital Dental Imaging for Diagnostics
10.3.2 Nanomaterials Used in Dental Therapeutics
10.3.2.1 Organic Nanomaterials for Therapeutics
10.3.2.2 Inorganic Nanomaterials for Therapeutics
10.3.2.3 Nanocomposites for Therapeutics
10.3.2.4 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Therapeutics
10.3.2.5 Nonsolution (Nano Adhesive) for Therapeutics
10.3.2.6 Nano Light-Curing Glass Ionomer Restorative
10.3.2.7 Nanoneedles
10.3.3 Role of Nanotechnology in Dental Tissue Engineering
10.3.3.1 Nanotechnology in Bone Grafting/ Regeneration and Oral Maxillofacial
Surgery
10.3.3.2 Nanotechnology for Dental Pulp Regeneration
10.3.3.3 Nanostructures and Enamel Tissues Engineering/Restoration
10.3.3.4 Nanotechnology and Nerve Regeneration
10.3.4 Bio-Nanofunctionalized Surface of Dental Implants
10.3.4.1 Prosthodontics and Nanotechnology
10.3.5 Nanomaterials for Periodontal Drug Delivery
10.3.6 Endodontics
10.3.7 Nanoanesthesia
10.3.8 Nanotechnology and Dental Disease Prevention
10.3.8.1 Nano Toothbrush
10.3.8.2 Nano-Modified Toothpaste and Mouthwash
10.3.8.3 Nanomaterials for Prevention of Caries
10.3.8.4 Nanomaterials for Prevention of Periodontal Disease
10.3.9 Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (APDT)
10.4 Conclusion
References
Index
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