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Submit a ProposalNanomaterials in Clinical Therapeutics
 | Synthesis and Applications Edited by Mainak Mukhopadhyay and Arindam Kuila Copyright: 2022 | Status: Published ISBN: 9781119857235 | Hardcover | 432 pages | 40 illustrations Price: $225 USD  |
One Line Description
In this rapidly developing field, the book focuses on the practical elements of nanomaterial creation, characterization, and development, as well as their usage in clinical research.
Audience
The book will be useful for researchers and graduate students in the many areas of science such as biomedicine, environmental biotechnology, bioprocess engineering, renewable energy, chemical engineering, nanotechnology, biotechnology, microbiology, etc.
The book will be useful for researchers and graduate students in the many areas of science such as biomedicine, environmental biotechnology, bioprocess engineering, renewable energy, chemical engineering, nanotechnology, biotechnology, microbiology, etc.
Description
Nanotechnology-based applications is a rapidly growing field encompassing a diverse range of disciplines that impact our daily lives. Nanotechnology is being used to carry out large-scale reactions in practically every field of biotechnology and healthcare. The incredible progress being made in these applications is particularly true for the healthcare sector, where they are used in cancer detection and treatment, medical implants, tissue engineering, and so forth. Expansions in this discipline are expected to continue in the future, resulting in the creation of a variety of life-saving medical technology and treatment procedures.
The primary goal of this book is to disseminate information on nanotechnology’s applications in the biological sciences. A broad array of nanotechnological approaches utilized in different biological applications are highlighted in the book’s 17 chapters, including the employment of nanotechnology in drug delivery. The first three chapters provide an overview of the history and principles of nanotechnology. The synthesis, characterization, and applications of nanomaterials are covered in the next 10 chapters. The last four chapters discuss the use of nanomaterials in clinical research.
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Nanotechnology-based applications is a rapidly growing field encompassing a diverse range of disciplines that impact our daily lives. Nanotechnology is being used to carry out large-scale reactions in practically every field of biotechnology and healthcare. The incredible progress being made in these applications is particularly true for the healthcare sector, where they are used in cancer detection and treatment, medical implants, tissue engineering, and so forth. Expansions in this discipline are expected to continue in the future, resulting in the creation of a variety of life-saving medical technology and treatment procedures.
The primary goal of this book is to disseminate information on nanotechnology’s applications in the biological sciences. A broad array of nanotechnological approaches utilized in different biological applications are highlighted in the book’s 17 chapters, including the employment of nanotechnology in drug delivery. The first three chapters provide an overview of the history and principles of nanotechnology. The synthesis, characterization, and applications of nanomaterials are covered in the next 10 chapters. The last four chapters discuss the use of nanomaterials in clinical research.
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Author / Editor Details
Mainak Mukhopadhyay, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Biotechnology, JIS University, Kolkata, India. He obtained his PhD from the Indian Institute of Technology in Kharagpur, India in 2014. His research interests include enzymology, nanobiotechnology, and biomass conversion technology. He was awarded Petrotech Research Fellowship in 2008. In 2016 he was awarded the Early Career Research Award from DST-SERB. He has co-authored 15 peer-reviewed papers and three review papers, edited one book and 15 book chapters, and filed three patents.
Mainak Mukhopadhyay, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Biotechnology, JIS University, Kolkata, India. He obtained his PhD from the Indian Institute of Technology in Kharagpur, India in 2014. His research interests include enzymology, nanobiotechnology, and biomass conversion technology. He was awarded Petrotech Research Fellowship in 2008. In 2016 he was awarded the Early Career Research Award from DST-SERB. He has co-authored 15 peer-reviewed papers and three review papers, edited one book and 15 book chapters, and filed three patents.
Arindam Kuila is an assistant professor at the Department of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan, India. Previously, he worked as a research associate at Hindustan Petroleum Green R&D Centre, Bangalore, India. He gained his PhD from the Agricultural & Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India in 2013 in the area of lignocellulosic biofuel production. He has co-authored 18 peer-reviewed research papers and seven review papers, edited four books and eight book chapters, and filed five patents.
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Table of Contents
Preface
Part 1: History and Basic Principles of Nanotechnology
1 Introduction to Nanotechnology
Rekha Sharma, Kritika S. Sharma and Dinesh Kumar
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Nanoscale Materials: Importance
1.3 Nanotechnology: Historical Advances
1.4 Nanofabrication Methods in Nanotechnology
1.4.1 Top-Down Method
1.4.2 Bottom-Up Method
1.5 Carbon Nanoallotropes
1.5.1 Fullerene
1.5.2 Carbon Nanotubes
1.5.3 Graphene
1.6 Classification of the Nanomaterials
1.6.1 Based on Dimensions
1.6.2 Based on the Structural Configuration
1.7 Applications of Nanotechnology
1.7.1 Chip-Based Plasmonic Sensors
1.7.2 Nanoparticle-Based Colorimetric Sensors
1.7.3 Colloidal Nanoparticle-Based Plasmonic Sensors
1.8 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgment
References
2. Functional Principal of Nanotechnology in Clinical Research
Kalyanee Bera, Biva Ghosh and Mainak Mukhopadhyay
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Nanoparticles
2.3 Carbon-Based Nanoparticles
2.4 Metal Nanoparticles
2.4.1 Gold Nanoparticles
2.4.2 Silver Nanoparticles
2.4.3 Zinc Nanoparticles
2.5 Magnetic Nanoparticles
2.6 Ceramic Nanoparticles
2.7 Lipid Nanoparticles
2.8 Polymeric Nanoparticles (Nanoparticles Made of Polymers)
2.8.1 Synthetic
2.8.2 Natural
2.9 Hydrogel
2.10 Nanofibers
2.11 Nanocomposites
2.12 Nanotechnologies for Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis
2.12.1 Nanotechnology-Based Biochips and Microarrays
2.12.2 Protein Microarrays/Chips
2.12.3 Nanobiosensors
2.12.4 PEBBLE Nanosensors (Probes Encapsulated by Biologically Localized Embedding)
2.12.5 Quantum Dots
2.12.6 Fluorescence Microscopy for Chromosomal Changes
2.12.7 Nanobarcodes
2.12.8 Protein Biobarcode Assay
2.12.9 Cantilever Arrays
2.12.10 DNA-Protein and Nanoparticles Conjugates
2.12.11 Resonance Light Scattering Technology
2.12.12 Method of Colorimetric DNA Detection
2.12.13 Upcoming Phosphor Technology Based on Nanoparticles
2.13 Clinical Uses of Nanotechnology
2.13.1 Application of Nanocrystals in Immunohistochemistry
2.13.2 Detection of Illness Biomarkers
2.13.3 Disease Gene Detection
2.13.4 Detection of Microorganisms
2.13.5 Dental Nanotechnology
2.14 Nanofilm Applications
2.15 Nanomedicine Implementation
2.16 Future Prospects
2.17 Conclusion
References
3. Application of Nanotechnology in Clinical Research: Present and Future Prospects
Mansi Sharma, Pragati Chauhan, Rekha Sharma and Dinesh Kumar
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Scope of Nanotechnology in Clinical Research
3.3 Classification
3.3.1 Nanomaterials
3.3.1.1 Nanocrystal
3.3.1.2 Nanostructures
3.3.2 Nanodevices
3.4 Applications of Nanotechnology
3.4.1 Drug Delivery
3.4.2 Cancer Treatment
3.4.3 Gene Therapy
3.4.4 Tissue Engineering
3.4.5 Wound Treatment
3.4.6 Visualization
3.4.7 Tuberculosis Treatment
3.4.8 In Ophthalmology
3.4.9 Neurodegenerative Treatment
3.4.10 Diabetes Treatment
3.4.11 Protein Detection
3.4.12 In Surgery
3.4.13 Antibiotic Resistance
3.4.14 Immune Response
3.4.15 Operative Dentistry
3.4.16 Diagnostic Techniques
3.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Part 2: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications of Nanomaterials
4 Fermentation Process Versus Nanotechnology
Nabya Nehal, Anushka Mathur, Modhumita Ganguli and Priyanka Singh
4.1 Overview of Microbial Technology
4.1.1 Biological Methodologies for Extraction and Purification of Biomolecules
4.1.2 Recent Advancements in Bioprocess Technology
4.1.2.1 Genetic Engineering and Random Mutagenesis
4.1.2.2 Immobilization Techniques
4.2 Nanotechnology
4.2.1 Classification of Nanostructures
4.2.1.1 Organic Nanocarriers
4.2.1.2 Inorganic Nanocarriers
4.2.2 Self-Assembly
4.2.3 Methodology for Synthesis of Nanoparticles
4.3 Biogenic Sources
4.3.1 From Bacteria
4.3.2 Filamentous Fungi
4.3.3 Plants
4.3.4 Microalgae
4.4 The Extent of Biogenic Nanoparticles in Industrial Sectors
4.4.1 Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sectors
4.4.2 Environmental Remediation
4.4.3 Food Sectors
References
5. Application of Geno-Sensors and Nanoparticles in Gene Therapy: A New Avenue for Gene Delivery
Sharmili Roy, Monalisha Ghosh Dastidar, Vivek Sharma, Beom Soo Kim and Rajiv Chandra Rajak
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Inorganic Nanomaterials and Their Application in Gene Delivery
5.2.1 Magnetic Nanoparticles
5.2.2 Quantum Dots
5.2.3 Gold, Silver, and Platinum Nanoparticles
5.2.4 Graphene-Based Nanoparticles
5.3 Carbon-Based Nanotubes and Their Applications in Gene Delivery
5.4 Polymer-Based Nanomaterials and Their Applications in Gene Delivery
5.5 Protein, Lipid, and Peptide-Based Nanomaterials and Their Advantages for Gene Delivery
5.6 Conclusion: Challenges and Outlook
References
6. Flexuous Plant Viruses as Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications
De Swarnalok
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Plant Virus Particle Structures
6.2.1 Viruses With Icosahedral Symmetry
6.2.2 Viruses with Helical Symmetry
6.2.2.1 Rigid Rod-Like Viruses
6.2.2.2 Flexuous Filament-Like Viruses
6.3 Virus Nanoparticles and Virus-Like Particles
6.3.1 VNPs
6.3.2 VLPs
6.4 Production Platforms for VNPs and VLPs
6.4.1 VNPs/VLPs in Plants
6.4.2 VLPs via In Vitro Assembly
6.5 Functionalization of Viruses
6.5.1 Genetic Engineering
6.5.2 Chemical Conjugation
6.5.3 Other Functionalization Strategies
6.6 Uses of Flexuous Plant Viruses in Medicine
6.6.1 Vaccination and Immunotherapy
6.6.2 3D Tissue Engineering
6.6.3 Drug Delivery and Targeting
6.6.4 Bioimaging
6.6.5 Biosensing
6.7 Conclusions
References
7. Role of Plants in Nanoparticle Synthesis
Tanya Kapoor, Md Azizur Rahman, Shally Pandit and Anand Prakash
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Characterization of Nanoparticles
7.3 Classification of Nanoparticles
7.4 Biochemical Synthesis of Nanoparticles
7.5 Green Synthesis Approach for NPs
7.6 Plants’ Role in the Green Synthesis of NPs
7.7 Green Synthesis Using Enzymes
7.8 Nanoparticles Role in Photosynthesis
7.9 Applications of Green Synthesis NPs
7.10 Conclusion
References
8. Static DNA Nanostructures and Their Applications
Debalina Bhattacharya
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 DNA Structure
8.1.2 Types of DNA Structures
8.2 Static DNA Nanostructures
8.2.1 DNA Tile Assembly
8.2.2 DNA Origami and Brick Assembly
8.3 DNA Origami Nanostructure
8.4 DNA Polyhedra
8.5 DNA-Functionalized Nanoparticles
8.6 Stability in Biological Fluid and Cellular Uptake of DNA-NSs and DNA-NPs
8.7 Application
8.7.1 DNA Nanostructures as Biosensors
8.7.2 DNA in Therapeutics
8.7.3 Photo Thermal Therapy and Photo Dynamic Therapy
8.7.4 DNA-Based Enzyme Reactors
8.7.5 DNA-Based Gene Delivery
8.7.6 DNA Scaffolds for Nanophotonics
8.7.7 Conclusion
References
9. Protein-Based Nanostructures
Ditipriya Hazra and Amlan Roychowdhury
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Peptide-Based Nanoparticle
9.3 Protein-Based Nanostructure
9.3.1 Oligomerization of Protein
9.3.2 Repeat Domain Proteins
9.3.3 Protein-Based 2D and 3D Lattice Assembly of Nanoparticles
9.3.4 Covalently Assembled Single Chain-Based Nanostructure
9.4 Application of Protein-Based Nanostructure in Therapeutics
9.4.1 Protein Nanoparticle for Drug Delivery
9.4.2 Nanoparticle-Based Vaccines
9.4.3 Hydrogel
References
10. Nanocomposites-Based Biodegradable Polymers
Pragati Chauhan, Mansi Sharma, Rekha Sharma and Dinesh Kumar
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Nanocomposite
10.3 Biodegradable Polymer
10.4 Biopolymer
10.5 Nanofillers
10.6 Cellulose and Its Sources
10.7 Nanocellulose
10.8 Nanocellulose Composite Processing
10.8.1 Melt Mixing Method
10.8.1.1 Injection Molding Method
10.8.1.2 Resin Transfer Molding Method
10.8.1.3 Extrusion Method
10.8.2 Solution Casting Method
10.8.3 Particle Suspensions Method
10.8.4 In-Situ Polymerization Method
10.8.5 Layer-by-Layer Lamination Method
10.9 Nanocomposites Used as Packaging Materials
10.10 Future Perspective and Application
10.11 Conclusions
References
11. Instrumentation for the Analysis and Characterization of Nanomaterials
Andrea Komesu, Johnatt Oliveira, Débora Kono Taketa Moreira, Yvan Jesus Olortiga Asencios, João Moreira Neto and Luiza Helena da Silva Martins
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy [SEM]
11.3 Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis [EDX]
11.4 Atomic Force Microscopy [AFM]
11.5 Transmission Electron Microscopy [TEM]
11.6 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy [STM]
11.7 Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy
11.8 Raman Spectroscopy
11.9 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
11.10 X-Ray Diffraction [XRD]
11.11 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy [XPS]
11.12 Zeta Potential
11.13 Conclusions
References
12. Application of Microbial Nanoparticles
Monika Yadav, Sneha Upreti and Priyanka Singh
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Categorization of Nanoparticles
12.2.1 Polymeric Nanoparticles
12.2.1.1 Polymeric Micelles
12.2.1.2 Nanosphere
12.2.1.3 Nanocapsules
12.2.1.4 Polymerosome
12.2.1.5 Nanogels
12.2.1.6 Dendrimers
12.2.1.7 Nanocomplex
12.2.2 Lipid-Based Nanoparticles
12.2.2.1 Liposomes
12.2.2.2 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
12.2.2.3 Lipoplexes
12.2.3 Inorganic Nanoparticles
12.2.3.1 Gold Nanoparticles
12.2.3.2 Magnetic Nanoparticles
12.2.3.3 Silica Nanoparticles
12.2.3.4 Quantum Dots
12.2.3.5 Nanocarbons
12.2.4 Bioinspired Nanoparticles
12.2.4.1 Exosomes
12.2.4.2 Protein Nanoparticles
12.2.4.3 DNA Nanostructures
12.2.5 Hybrid Nanoparticles
12.2.5.1 Cell Membrane-Coated Nanoparticles
12.2.5.2 Organic-Inorganic Nanocomposites
12.2.5.3 Lipid-Polymer Nanoparticles (LPNs)
12.3 Microbial-Mediated Synthesis of Nanoparticles for Therapeutic and Biomedical Applications
12.3.1 Bacteria
12.3.2 Molds and Yeast
12.3.3 Microalgae
12.4 Agriculture and Food Nanotechnology
12.4.1 Food Nanotechnology
12.4.1.1 Food Processing
12.4.1.2 Food Packaging
12.4.2 Agriculture Nanotechnology
12.4.3 Enzyme Nanotechnology
12.5 Role of Nanoparticles in the Medical Field
12.5.1 Nanoparticles Drug Delivery Applications
12.5.1.1 Drug Loading
12.5.1.2 Covalent Bonding (Prodrug)
12.5.1.3 Noncovalent Encapsulation
12.6 Application of Microbial Nanoparticles
12.6.1 Application of NPs in Food Industry
12.6.2 Applications of Nanoparticles in the Pharmaceuticals Industry
12.6.2.1 Biopolymeric Nanoparticles in Detection, Diagnosis and Imaging
12.6.2.2 In Drug Liberation
12.6.2.3 In Magnetic Partition and Recognition
12.6.3 Application of Nanoparticles in Cosmetic Sector
12.6.4 Nanoparticles in Bioremediation
12.6.4.1 Dendrimers in the Process of Bioremediation
12.6.4.2 Carbon Nanoparticles in Bioremediation
12.6.4.3 Biogenic Uraninite NMs in Bioremediation
12.7 Conclusion
References
13. Bio-Nanostructures: Applications and Perspectives
Tanya Kapoor, Shally Pandit and Anand Prakash
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Classification of Nanostructures
13.2.1 Self-Assembled Nanostructures
13.2.2 Carbon-Based Nanostructures
13.2.3 Nanocellulose Nanostructures
13.2.4 Graphene Oxide-Based Nanostructures
13.2.5 Silica-Based Nanostructures
13.3 Characterization Method of Nanostructures
13.4 Applications of Bio-Nanoparticles
13.5 Conclusion
References
Part 3: Application of Nanomaterials in Clinical Research
14. Nanomaterials for Tissue Grafting
Paramjeet Singh, Atanu Kotal and Avik Acharya Chowdhury
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Tissue Engineering
14.2.1 Bone Tissue Engineering
14.2.2 Cartilage Tissue Engineering
14.2.3 Tissue Grafting
14.3 What is Nanotechnology?
14.4 Nanomaterials and Nanoparticles
14.4.1 Nanomaterials
14.4.1.1 Organic Nanomaterials
14.4.1.2 Inorganic Nanomaterials
14.4.1.3 Composite Nanomaterials
14.4.2 Nanoparticles
14.4.2.1 Nanoparticles as Bioactive Agents
14.4.2.2 Scaffolds and Nanoparticles
14.5 Future Prospects
14.6 Conclusion
References
15. Nanoparticles for Cancer Therapy
Kaliyaperumal Rekha, Nalok Dutta, Muthu Thiruvengadam, Mohammad Ali Shariati, Muhammad Usman Khan, Muhammad Usman, Mihir Bhatta, Kunal Ghosh, Shaheer Arif and Muhammad Naeem
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery in Cancer Treatment
15.3 Drug Nanocarriers Classification
15.4 Organic Nanocarriers
15.4.1 Liposomes
15.4.2 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
15.4.3 Polymer Nanoparticles
15.4.4 Polymer Micelles
15.4.5 Dendrimers
15.4.6 Polymersomes
15.4.7 Hydrogel Nanoparticles
15.4.8 Mineral Nanoparticles
15.5 Tumor Targeting by Nanoparticles
15.6 Utilization of Nanoparticles in Imaging and Treatment for Cancer
15.7 Use of Nanoparticles in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer
15.8 The Use of Nanoparticles in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Brain Cancer
15.9 Conclusion
References
16. Nanoantibiotics
Rituparna Saha and Mainak Mukhopadhyay
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Nanoantibiotics—A Potent Alternative to Antibiotics?
16.3 Developmental Strategy of Nanoantibiotics Over Antibiotics
16.4 Mechanism of Action of Nanoantibiotics
16.5 Common Functions of Nanoantibiotics
16.6 Nanomaterials—A Suitable Source of Nanoantibiotics
16.7 Types of Nanoantibiotics
16.7.1 Through Direct Formulations
16.7.1.1 Metal-Based Nanoparticles
16.7.1.2 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
16.7.1.3 Nanoemulsions
16.7.1.4 Nanocomposites
16.7.2 Through Indirect Formulations
16.7.2.1 Polymers
16.7.2.2 Dendrimers
16.7.2.3 Hydrogels
16.7.2.4 Liposomes
16.8 Advantages of Nanoantibiotics
16.9 Disadvantages of Nanoantibiotics
16.10 Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria with Nanoantibiotics
16.11 Treatment of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus with Nanoantibiotics
16.12 Development of Targeted Therapy Using Nanoantibiotics
16.13 Future Prospects of Nanoantibiotics
16.14 Conclusion
References
17. Theranostic Nanomaterials and Its Use in Biomedicine
Arka Mukhopadhyay
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Biomedical Payloads
17.2.1 Imaging
17.2.1.1 Optical Imaging
17.2.1.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
17.2.1.3 Computed Tomography
17.2.1.4 Positron Emission Tomography
17.2.1.5 Photo Acoustic Tomography
17.2.1.6 Ultrasound
17.2.1.7 Multimodal Image Therapy
17.2.2 Photodynamic Therapy
17.2.3 Targeted Gene Therapy
17.2.4 Photothermal Therapy
17.3 Carrier
17.3.1 Polymers
17.3.2 Lipids
17.3.3 Dendrimers
17.3.4 Inorganic Nanocarriers
17.4 Theranostic Nanomaterials and Applications
17.4.1 Magnetic Nanoparticles
17.4.2 Quantum Dots
17.4.3 Anisotropic Nanoparticles
17.4.4 Upconverting Nanoparticles
17.4.5 Carbon Nanotubes
17.4.6 Dendrimers
17.4.7 Other Nanomaterials
17.4.7.1 Gold (Au) Nanoparticles (GNPs)
17.4.7.2 Conjugated Polymers
17.5 Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
17.6 Conclusions: Challenges and Future Perspectives
References
Appendix
Index
Back to Top
Preface
Part 1: History and Basic Principles of Nanotechnology
1 Introduction to Nanotechnology
Rekha Sharma, Kritika S. Sharma and Dinesh Kumar
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Nanoscale Materials: Importance
1.3 Nanotechnology: Historical Advances
1.4 Nanofabrication Methods in Nanotechnology
1.4.1 Top-Down Method
1.4.2 Bottom-Up Method
1.5 Carbon Nanoallotropes
1.5.1 Fullerene
1.5.2 Carbon Nanotubes
1.5.3 Graphene
1.6 Classification of the Nanomaterials
1.6.1 Based on Dimensions
1.6.2 Based on the Structural Configuration
1.7 Applications of Nanotechnology
1.7.1 Chip-Based Plasmonic Sensors
1.7.2 Nanoparticle-Based Colorimetric Sensors
1.7.3 Colloidal Nanoparticle-Based Plasmonic Sensors
1.8 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgment
References
2. Functional Principal of Nanotechnology in Clinical Research
Kalyanee Bera, Biva Ghosh and Mainak Mukhopadhyay
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Nanoparticles
2.3 Carbon-Based Nanoparticles
2.4 Metal Nanoparticles
2.4.1 Gold Nanoparticles
2.4.2 Silver Nanoparticles
2.4.3 Zinc Nanoparticles
2.5 Magnetic Nanoparticles
2.6 Ceramic Nanoparticles
2.7 Lipid Nanoparticles
2.8 Polymeric Nanoparticles (Nanoparticles Made of Polymers)
2.8.1 Synthetic
2.8.2 Natural
2.9 Hydrogel
2.10 Nanofibers
2.11 Nanocomposites
2.12 Nanotechnologies for Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis
2.12.1 Nanotechnology-Based Biochips and Microarrays
2.12.2 Protein Microarrays/Chips
2.12.3 Nanobiosensors
2.12.4 PEBBLE Nanosensors (Probes Encapsulated by Biologically Localized Embedding)
2.12.5 Quantum Dots
2.12.6 Fluorescence Microscopy for Chromosomal Changes
2.12.7 Nanobarcodes
2.12.8 Protein Biobarcode Assay
2.12.9 Cantilever Arrays
2.12.10 DNA-Protein and Nanoparticles Conjugates
2.12.11 Resonance Light Scattering Technology
2.12.12 Method of Colorimetric DNA Detection
2.12.13 Upcoming Phosphor Technology Based on Nanoparticles
2.13 Clinical Uses of Nanotechnology
2.13.1 Application of Nanocrystals in Immunohistochemistry
2.13.2 Detection of Illness Biomarkers
2.13.3 Disease Gene Detection
2.13.4 Detection of Microorganisms
2.13.5 Dental Nanotechnology
2.14 Nanofilm Applications
2.15 Nanomedicine Implementation
2.16 Future Prospects
2.17 Conclusion
References
3. Application of Nanotechnology in Clinical Research: Present and Future Prospects
Mansi Sharma, Pragati Chauhan, Rekha Sharma and Dinesh Kumar
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Scope of Nanotechnology in Clinical Research
3.3 Classification
3.3.1 Nanomaterials
3.3.1.1 Nanocrystal
3.3.1.2 Nanostructures
3.3.2 Nanodevices
3.4 Applications of Nanotechnology
3.4.1 Drug Delivery
3.4.2 Cancer Treatment
3.4.3 Gene Therapy
3.4.4 Tissue Engineering
3.4.5 Wound Treatment
3.4.6 Visualization
3.4.7 Tuberculosis Treatment
3.4.8 In Ophthalmology
3.4.9 Neurodegenerative Treatment
3.4.10 Diabetes Treatment
3.4.11 Protein Detection
3.4.12 In Surgery
3.4.13 Antibiotic Resistance
3.4.14 Immune Response
3.4.15 Operative Dentistry
3.4.16 Diagnostic Techniques
3.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Part 2: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications of Nanomaterials
4 Fermentation Process Versus Nanotechnology
Nabya Nehal, Anushka Mathur, Modhumita Ganguli and Priyanka Singh
4.1 Overview of Microbial Technology
4.1.1 Biological Methodologies for Extraction and Purification of Biomolecules
4.1.2 Recent Advancements in Bioprocess Technology
4.1.2.1 Genetic Engineering and Random Mutagenesis
4.1.2.2 Immobilization Techniques
4.2 Nanotechnology
4.2.1 Classification of Nanostructures
4.2.1.1 Organic Nanocarriers
4.2.1.2 Inorganic Nanocarriers
4.2.2 Self-Assembly
4.2.3 Methodology for Synthesis of Nanoparticles
4.3 Biogenic Sources
4.3.1 From Bacteria
4.3.2 Filamentous Fungi
4.3.3 Plants
4.3.4 Microalgae
4.4 The Extent of Biogenic Nanoparticles in Industrial Sectors
4.4.1 Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sectors
4.4.2 Environmental Remediation
4.4.3 Food Sectors
References
5. Application of Geno-Sensors and Nanoparticles in Gene Therapy: A New Avenue for Gene Delivery
Sharmili Roy, Monalisha Ghosh Dastidar, Vivek Sharma, Beom Soo Kim and Rajiv Chandra Rajak
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Inorganic Nanomaterials and Their Application in Gene Delivery
5.2.1 Magnetic Nanoparticles
5.2.2 Quantum Dots
5.2.3 Gold, Silver, and Platinum Nanoparticles
5.2.4 Graphene-Based Nanoparticles
5.3 Carbon-Based Nanotubes and Their Applications in Gene Delivery
5.4 Polymer-Based Nanomaterials and Their Applications in Gene Delivery
5.5 Protein, Lipid, and Peptide-Based Nanomaterials and Their Advantages for Gene Delivery
5.6 Conclusion: Challenges and Outlook
References
6. Flexuous Plant Viruses as Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications
De Swarnalok
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Plant Virus Particle Structures
6.2.1 Viruses With Icosahedral Symmetry
6.2.2 Viruses with Helical Symmetry
6.2.2.1 Rigid Rod-Like Viruses
6.2.2.2 Flexuous Filament-Like Viruses
6.3 Virus Nanoparticles and Virus-Like Particles
6.3.1 VNPs
6.3.2 VLPs
6.4 Production Platforms for VNPs and VLPs
6.4.1 VNPs/VLPs in Plants
6.4.2 VLPs via In Vitro Assembly
6.5 Functionalization of Viruses
6.5.1 Genetic Engineering
6.5.2 Chemical Conjugation
6.5.3 Other Functionalization Strategies
6.6 Uses of Flexuous Plant Viruses in Medicine
6.6.1 Vaccination and Immunotherapy
6.6.2 3D Tissue Engineering
6.6.3 Drug Delivery and Targeting
6.6.4 Bioimaging
6.6.5 Biosensing
6.7 Conclusions
References
7. Role of Plants in Nanoparticle Synthesis
Tanya Kapoor, Md Azizur Rahman, Shally Pandit and Anand Prakash
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Characterization of Nanoparticles
7.3 Classification of Nanoparticles
7.4 Biochemical Synthesis of Nanoparticles
7.5 Green Synthesis Approach for NPs
7.6 Plants’ Role in the Green Synthesis of NPs
7.7 Green Synthesis Using Enzymes
7.8 Nanoparticles Role in Photosynthesis
7.9 Applications of Green Synthesis NPs
7.10 Conclusion
References
8. Static DNA Nanostructures and Their Applications
Debalina Bhattacharya
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 DNA Structure
8.1.2 Types of DNA Structures
8.2 Static DNA Nanostructures
8.2.1 DNA Tile Assembly
8.2.2 DNA Origami and Brick Assembly
8.3 DNA Origami Nanostructure
8.4 DNA Polyhedra
8.5 DNA-Functionalized Nanoparticles
8.6 Stability in Biological Fluid and Cellular Uptake of DNA-NSs and DNA-NPs
8.7 Application
8.7.1 DNA Nanostructures as Biosensors
8.7.2 DNA in Therapeutics
8.7.3 Photo Thermal Therapy and Photo Dynamic Therapy
8.7.4 DNA-Based Enzyme Reactors
8.7.5 DNA-Based Gene Delivery
8.7.6 DNA Scaffolds for Nanophotonics
8.7.7 Conclusion
References
9. Protein-Based Nanostructures
Ditipriya Hazra and Amlan Roychowdhury
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Peptide-Based Nanoparticle
9.3 Protein-Based Nanostructure
9.3.1 Oligomerization of Protein
9.3.2 Repeat Domain Proteins
9.3.3 Protein-Based 2D and 3D Lattice Assembly of Nanoparticles
9.3.4 Covalently Assembled Single Chain-Based Nanostructure
9.4 Application of Protein-Based Nanostructure in Therapeutics
9.4.1 Protein Nanoparticle for Drug Delivery
9.4.2 Nanoparticle-Based Vaccines
9.4.3 Hydrogel
References
10. Nanocomposites-Based Biodegradable Polymers
Pragati Chauhan, Mansi Sharma, Rekha Sharma and Dinesh Kumar
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Nanocomposite
10.3 Biodegradable Polymer
10.4 Biopolymer
10.5 Nanofillers
10.6 Cellulose and Its Sources
10.7 Nanocellulose
10.8 Nanocellulose Composite Processing
10.8.1 Melt Mixing Method
10.8.1.1 Injection Molding Method
10.8.1.2 Resin Transfer Molding Method
10.8.1.3 Extrusion Method
10.8.2 Solution Casting Method
10.8.3 Particle Suspensions Method
10.8.4 In-Situ Polymerization Method
10.8.5 Layer-by-Layer Lamination Method
10.9 Nanocomposites Used as Packaging Materials
10.10 Future Perspective and Application
10.11 Conclusions
References
11. Instrumentation for the Analysis and Characterization of Nanomaterials
Andrea Komesu, Johnatt Oliveira, Débora Kono Taketa Moreira, Yvan Jesus Olortiga Asencios, João Moreira Neto and Luiza Helena da Silva Martins
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy [SEM]
11.3 Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis [EDX]
11.4 Atomic Force Microscopy [AFM]
11.5 Transmission Electron Microscopy [TEM]
11.6 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy [STM]
11.7 Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy
11.8 Raman Spectroscopy
11.9 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
11.10 X-Ray Diffraction [XRD]
11.11 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy [XPS]
11.12 Zeta Potential
11.13 Conclusions
References
12. Application of Microbial Nanoparticles
Monika Yadav, Sneha Upreti and Priyanka Singh
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Categorization of Nanoparticles
12.2.1 Polymeric Nanoparticles
12.2.1.1 Polymeric Micelles
12.2.1.2 Nanosphere
12.2.1.3 Nanocapsules
12.2.1.4 Polymerosome
12.2.1.5 Nanogels
12.2.1.6 Dendrimers
12.2.1.7 Nanocomplex
12.2.2 Lipid-Based Nanoparticles
12.2.2.1 Liposomes
12.2.2.2 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
12.2.2.3 Lipoplexes
12.2.3 Inorganic Nanoparticles
12.2.3.1 Gold Nanoparticles
12.2.3.2 Magnetic Nanoparticles
12.2.3.3 Silica Nanoparticles
12.2.3.4 Quantum Dots
12.2.3.5 Nanocarbons
12.2.4 Bioinspired Nanoparticles
12.2.4.1 Exosomes
12.2.4.2 Protein Nanoparticles
12.2.4.3 DNA Nanostructures
12.2.5 Hybrid Nanoparticles
12.2.5.1 Cell Membrane-Coated Nanoparticles
12.2.5.2 Organic-Inorganic Nanocomposites
12.2.5.3 Lipid-Polymer Nanoparticles (LPNs)
12.3 Microbial-Mediated Synthesis of Nanoparticles for Therapeutic and Biomedical Applications
12.3.1 Bacteria
12.3.2 Molds and Yeast
12.3.3 Microalgae
12.4 Agriculture and Food Nanotechnology
12.4.1 Food Nanotechnology
12.4.1.1 Food Processing
12.4.1.2 Food Packaging
12.4.2 Agriculture Nanotechnology
12.4.3 Enzyme Nanotechnology
12.5 Role of Nanoparticles in the Medical Field
12.5.1 Nanoparticles Drug Delivery Applications
12.5.1.1 Drug Loading
12.5.1.2 Covalent Bonding (Prodrug)
12.5.1.3 Noncovalent Encapsulation
12.6 Application of Microbial Nanoparticles
12.6.1 Application of NPs in Food Industry
12.6.2 Applications of Nanoparticles in the Pharmaceuticals Industry
12.6.2.1 Biopolymeric Nanoparticles in Detection, Diagnosis and Imaging
12.6.2.2 In Drug Liberation
12.6.2.3 In Magnetic Partition and Recognition
12.6.3 Application of Nanoparticles in Cosmetic Sector
12.6.4 Nanoparticles in Bioremediation
12.6.4.1 Dendrimers in the Process of Bioremediation
12.6.4.2 Carbon Nanoparticles in Bioremediation
12.6.4.3 Biogenic Uraninite NMs in Bioremediation
12.7 Conclusion
References
13. Bio-Nanostructures: Applications and Perspectives
Tanya Kapoor, Shally Pandit and Anand Prakash
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Classification of Nanostructures
13.2.1 Self-Assembled Nanostructures
13.2.2 Carbon-Based Nanostructures
13.2.3 Nanocellulose Nanostructures
13.2.4 Graphene Oxide-Based Nanostructures
13.2.5 Silica-Based Nanostructures
13.3 Characterization Method of Nanostructures
13.4 Applications of Bio-Nanoparticles
13.5 Conclusion
References
Part 3: Application of Nanomaterials in Clinical Research
14. Nanomaterials for Tissue Grafting
Paramjeet Singh, Atanu Kotal and Avik Acharya Chowdhury
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Tissue Engineering
14.2.1 Bone Tissue Engineering
14.2.2 Cartilage Tissue Engineering
14.2.3 Tissue Grafting
14.3 What is Nanotechnology?
14.4 Nanomaterials and Nanoparticles
14.4.1 Nanomaterials
14.4.1.1 Organic Nanomaterials
14.4.1.2 Inorganic Nanomaterials
14.4.1.3 Composite Nanomaterials
14.4.2 Nanoparticles
14.4.2.1 Nanoparticles as Bioactive Agents
14.4.2.2 Scaffolds and Nanoparticles
14.5 Future Prospects
14.6 Conclusion
References
15. Nanoparticles for Cancer Therapy
Kaliyaperumal Rekha, Nalok Dutta, Muthu Thiruvengadam, Mohammad Ali Shariati, Muhammad Usman Khan, Muhammad Usman, Mihir Bhatta, Kunal Ghosh, Shaheer Arif and Muhammad Naeem
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery in Cancer Treatment
15.3 Drug Nanocarriers Classification
15.4 Organic Nanocarriers
15.4.1 Liposomes
15.4.2 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
15.4.3 Polymer Nanoparticles
15.4.4 Polymer Micelles
15.4.5 Dendrimers
15.4.6 Polymersomes
15.4.7 Hydrogel Nanoparticles
15.4.8 Mineral Nanoparticles
15.5 Tumor Targeting by Nanoparticles
15.6 Utilization of Nanoparticles in Imaging and Treatment for Cancer
15.7 Use of Nanoparticles in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer
15.8 The Use of Nanoparticles in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Brain Cancer
15.9 Conclusion
References
16. Nanoantibiotics
Rituparna Saha and Mainak Mukhopadhyay
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Nanoantibiotics—A Potent Alternative to Antibiotics?
16.3 Developmental Strategy of Nanoantibiotics Over Antibiotics
16.4 Mechanism of Action of Nanoantibiotics
16.5 Common Functions of Nanoantibiotics
16.6 Nanomaterials—A Suitable Source of Nanoantibiotics
16.7 Types of Nanoantibiotics
16.7.1 Through Direct Formulations
16.7.1.1 Metal-Based Nanoparticles
16.7.1.2 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
16.7.1.3 Nanoemulsions
16.7.1.4 Nanocomposites
16.7.2 Through Indirect Formulations
16.7.2.1 Polymers
16.7.2.2 Dendrimers
16.7.2.3 Hydrogels
16.7.2.4 Liposomes
16.8 Advantages of Nanoantibiotics
16.9 Disadvantages of Nanoantibiotics
16.10 Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria with Nanoantibiotics
16.11 Treatment of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus with Nanoantibiotics
16.12 Development of Targeted Therapy Using Nanoantibiotics
16.13 Future Prospects of Nanoantibiotics
16.14 Conclusion
References
17. Theranostic Nanomaterials and Its Use in Biomedicine
Arka Mukhopadhyay
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Biomedical Payloads
17.2.1 Imaging
17.2.1.1 Optical Imaging
17.2.1.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
17.2.1.3 Computed Tomography
17.2.1.4 Positron Emission Tomography
17.2.1.5 Photo Acoustic Tomography
17.2.1.6 Ultrasound
17.2.1.7 Multimodal Image Therapy
17.2.2 Photodynamic Therapy
17.2.3 Targeted Gene Therapy
17.2.4 Photothermal Therapy
17.3 Carrier
17.3.1 Polymers
17.3.2 Lipids
17.3.3 Dendrimers
17.3.4 Inorganic Nanocarriers
17.4 Theranostic Nanomaterials and Applications
17.4.1 Magnetic Nanoparticles
17.4.2 Quantum Dots
17.4.3 Anisotropic Nanoparticles
17.4.4 Upconverting Nanoparticles
17.4.5 Carbon Nanotubes
17.4.6 Dendrimers
17.4.7 Other Nanomaterials
17.4.7.1 Gold (Au) Nanoparticles (GNPs)
17.4.7.2 Conjugated Polymers
17.5 Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
17.6 Conclusions: Challenges and Future Perspectives
References
Appendix
Index
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