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Submit a ProposalHerbal Drugs for the Management of Infectious Diseases
 | Edited by Inderbir Singh, Rakesh K. Sindhu, Atul Shirkhedkar, Pharkphoom Panichayupakaranant
Copyright: 2022 | Status: Published ISBN: 9781119818724 | Hardcover | 544 pages | 105 illustrations Price: $249 USD  |
One Line Description
The book is a comprehensive compilation of herbal drug applications for the treatment and management of infectious diseases and addresses issues related to development, challenges, and future prospects associated with the use of herbal medicine.
Audience
Chemists, pharmaceutical scientists, biologists, herbal/Ayurvedic/medicinal practitioners, as well all those in the medical sciences working on medicinal plants and infectious diseases.
Chemists, pharmaceutical scientists, biologists, herbal/Ayurvedic/medicinal practitioners, as well all those in the medical sciences working on medicinal plants and infectious diseases.
Description
The use of herbal medicines has evolved in various cultures around the world over many millennia. In many developing Asian and African countries, the use of herbal medicines, as supplied by traditional medicinal practitioners, has always been popular. In the last two to three decades, many people in developed countries have begun to turn to alternative or complementary therapies, including the use of herbal medicines, nutraceuticals, functional foods, and other supplements. This resurgence in interest in plant-derived medicines is partly due to the growing dissatisfaction with allopathic medicines, as well as the perception that plant-derived medicines are natural and therefore pure and without side effects, and the progress in the production of higher quality herbal medicines including some with proven clinical efficacy and safety.
Infectious diseases are generally caused by pathogenic microorganisms, like bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungi, and are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Therefore, the 16 chapters of this book have been intentionally sequenced to cover the therapeutic potential and applications of herbal extracts and phytochemicals for the management of various infectious diseases. Disease pathophysiology, an overview of current medication or treatment, in-vitro and in-vivo evaluations of relevant biological activities of herbal extracts and phytochemicals, mechanisms of action, clinical trials, and novel technologies for the delivery of herbal bioactive compounds as well as patents have also been included.
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The use of herbal medicines has evolved in various cultures around the world over many millennia. In many developing Asian and African countries, the use of herbal medicines, as supplied by traditional medicinal practitioners, has always been popular. In the last two to three decades, many people in developed countries have begun to turn to alternative or complementary therapies, including the use of herbal medicines, nutraceuticals, functional foods, and other supplements. This resurgence in interest in plant-derived medicines is partly due to the growing dissatisfaction with allopathic medicines, as well as the perception that plant-derived medicines are natural and therefore pure and without side effects, and the progress in the production of higher quality herbal medicines including some with proven clinical efficacy and safety.
Infectious diseases are generally caused by pathogenic microorganisms, like bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungi, and are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Therefore, the 16 chapters of this book have been intentionally sequenced to cover the therapeutic potential and applications of herbal extracts and phytochemicals for the management of various infectious diseases. Disease pathophysiology, an overview of current medication or treatment, in-vitro and in-vivo evaluations of relevant biological activities of herbal extracts and phytochemicals, mechanisms of action, clinical trials, and novel technologies for the delivery of herbal bioactive compounds as well as patents have also been included.
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Author / Editor Details
Inderbir Singh, PhD, is a professor at Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Patiala, Punjab, and has a total experience of 19 years in both industry and academia. He has published more than 103 research/review articles in national and international journals, 6 books, 15 book chapters, 2 patents granted, and 11 patents (applied).
Inderbir Singh, PhD, is a professor at Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Patiala, Punjab, and has a total experience of 19 years in both industry and academia. He has published more than 103 research/review articles in national and international journals, 6 books, 15 book chapters, 2 patents granted, and 11 patents (applied).
Rakesh K. Sindhu, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India. He has published more than 50 research papers in reputed journals, three books, and 6 patents.
Atul A. Shirkhedkar, PhD, is a professor and vice-principal of the Dept. of Pharm. Chem., R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, India. He has published more than 160 research papers in National and International journals.
Pharkphoom Panichayupakaranant is at the Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Prince of Songkla University, Thailand. He has published more than 200 publications in ISI journals, 12 patents, and received 7 international invention awards.
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Table of Contents
Preface
1. Essential Oils as Potent Antimicrobial Agents
Rakesh K. Sindhu, Prabhjot Kaur, Parneet Kaur, Sumitra Singh and Simona Cavalu
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Essential Oils
1.2.1 Classification of Essential Oils
1.2.2 Methods of Extraction
1.2.3 Applications
1.3 Chemical Composition of Essential Oils
1.4 Mechanism of Action of Essential Oils as Antimicrobials
1.4.1 Action Against Bacterial Pathogens
1.4.2 Action Against the Fungi
1.4.3 Actions Against the Viruses
1.5 Factors Affecting Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oil
1.6 Essential Oils as Combination Therapy
1.7 Evaluation of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Essential Oils
1.7.1 Agar Disk Diffusion Methods
1.7.2 Dilution Method
1.7.3 Time-Kill Method
1.7.4 Checkerboard Testing
1.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
2. Herbal Antibiotics for Treating Drug-Resistant Bacteria
Haixia Chen and Shuqin Li
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Resistance Mechanism of Strains
2.2.1 Intrinsic Resistance
2.2.2 Acquired Resistance to Horizontal Gene Transfer and Gene Mutation
2.2.3 Adaptive Resistance
2.2.4 Biofilm Formation
2.3 The Classification of Herbal Secondary Metabolites for Drug Resistance
2.3.1 Terpenoids
2.3.2 Flavonoids
2.3.3 Alkaloids
2.3.4 Saponins
2.3.5 Tannins
2.3.6 Antimicrobial Peptides
2.4 Mechanism
2.4.1 Cell Wall Biosynthesis and Membrane Permeability
2.4.2 Enzyme Activity Inhibition
2.4.3 Antibiofilm Formation
2.4.4 Clinical Studies and the Patents of Plant-Originated Antimicrobials
2.5 Conclusion and Perspectives
References
3. Phytopharmaceuticals for the Management of Fungal Infections Kampanart Huanbutta and Tanikan Sangnim
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Nature of Fungi and Classification of Fungal Disease
3.3 Epidemiology of Fungal Infection
3.4 Limitations of Modern Medicines
3.5 Medicinal Plants With Antifungal Activities
3.6 Phytopharmaceuticals With Antifungal Activities
3.6.1 Terpenoids
3.6.2 Saponins
3.6.3 Flavonoid
3.6.4 Phenolic Compounds
3.6.5 Protein and Peptides
3.6.6 Essential Oils
3.7 Activity and Mechanism of Action of Antifungal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals
3.8 Conclusion and Future Prospect of Phytopharmaceuticals for the Management of Fungal Infections
Acknowledgement
References
4. Herbal Bioactives for the Management of Influenza Viral Infection Shaveta Bhardwaj, Jobanpreet Kaur, Atinderpal Kaur, Satvinder Kaur, Anu Jindal and Inderbir Singh
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Various Herbal Bioactives With Anti-Influenza Property
4.2.1 Alkaloids
4.2.2 Polyphenols
4.2.3 Unspecified Extract
4.2.4 Proteins and Sugars
4.2.5 Organic or Aromatic Compounds
4.3 Mechanism of an Anti-Influenza Effect
4.3.1 Inhibiting Acidification of the Viral Membrane or Virus-Endosome Fusion
4.3.2 Inhibiting Viral Entry
4.3.3 Suppressing Viral RNA Synthesis or Interfering With Virus Replication
4.3.4 Inhibiting Neuraminidase/Sialidase Inhibitory Activity
4.4 Conclusion
References
5. Herbal Bioactives for Treating Respiratory Infections
Chandrakantsing V. Pardeshi, Sagar R. Pardeshi, Jitendra B. Naik, Atul A. Shirkhedkar and Sanjay J. Surana
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Overview of Respiratory Tract Infections
5.2.1 Upper Respiratory Tract Infections
5.2.2 Lower Respiratory Tract Infections
5.3 Herbal Bioactives for the Management of RTIs
5.3.1 Alkaloid-Based Phytomedicines
5.3.2 Polyphenol-Based Phytomedicines
5.3.3 Diterpenoid-Based Phytomedicines
5.4 Bioactives and Their Derivatives Against Novel Coronavirus Disease
5.5 Emerging Drug Delivery Strategies for Biomedicines in the Management of RTIs 5.5.1 Nanoparticles
5.5.2 Liposomes
5.5.3 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
5.5.4 Nanoemulsion
5.5.5 Nanomicelles
5.6 Clinical Status: Opportunities and Challenges
5.7 Patent Perspectives
5.8 Future Perspectives
5.9 Conclusion
References
6. Herbal Bioactives for the Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders Manish Kumar, Inderjeet Verma, Rakesh Kumar Sindhu and Rishabh Srivastava
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Classification of GIT Disorders
6.3 The Science of Herbal Medicine
6.3.1 Rosmarinus Officinalis
6.3.2 Curcuma Longa (Common Name is Turmeric in English)
6.3.3 Licorice
6.3.4 Aloe Vera
6.3.5 Boswellia Serrata
6.3.6 Butyrate
6.3.7 Elm Slick (Ulmus Fulva)
6.3.8 Bromelain
6.3.9 The Grass of Wheat (Triticum Aestivum)
6.3.10 Some Other Herbal Formulations
6.3.10.1 Foodstuff for Germinated Barley
6.4 Need of Herbal Medicine
6.5 Indirect Adverse Effects of Herbal Therapy
6.6 Herbal Bioactive-Based Formulation
6.7 Recent Patents for Herbal Drug Delivery Systems
6.8 Future Perspective
6.9 Conclusion
References
7. Herbal Drugs for the Treatment of Ocular Infections
A. A. Shirkhedkar, Mukesh S. Patil, A. S. Patil and Inderbir Singh
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Eye Essential Anatomy and Physiology
7.2.1 Structural Framework and Crucial Functions
7.2.2 Corneal Assembly
7.3 Preparation and Method of Use
7.3.1 Ophthalmic Ayurvedic Therapies
7.3.2 Importance of Topical Drug Therapy
7.3.3 Therapies for Eye Disorders
7.3.3.1 Seka
7.3.3.2 Anjan
7.3.3.3 Arka
7.3.3.4 Paste
7.3.3.5 Washing
7.3.4 Historical Issues of Ayurvedic Drug Preparations
7.4 Modern Investigations and Findings
7.4.1 Identified Disorders
7.4.1.1 Presbyopia
7.4.1.2 Floaters
7.4.1.3 Dry Eyes
7.4.1.4 Tearing
7.4.1.5 Cataracts
7.4.1.6 Glaucoma
7.4.1.7 Conjunctivitis
7.4.1.8 Corneal Disorder
7.4.1.9 Eyelid Problems
7.4.1.10 Temporal Arteritis
7.4.2 Novel Modification in Ocular Drug Delivery System
7.4.2.1 Modifiers of Viscosity
7.4.2.2 Mucoadhesive Polymers
7.5 Patents Recently Issued on Herbal Formulations
7.6 Conclusion
References
8. Phytopharmaceuticals for Treating Sexually Transmitted Diseases Kenneth Chinedu Ugoeze
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Disease
8.3 Infectious Diseases
8.4 Types of Infectious Diseases
8.4.1 Sexually Transmitted Diseases
8.4.1.1 Types of Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Mode of Infection, and Symptoms 8.5 Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Diseases
8.5.1 Diagnosis of Sexually Transmitted Diseases
8.5.2 Drugs for the Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)
8.5.3 The Contemporary Position With Antibiotics or Antiviral Agents in the Management of STDs
8.5.4 Prospects for Tackling the Challenges due to the Use of Antibiotics or Antiviral Agents in the Management of STDs
8.6 Phytochemicals
8.7 Phytopharmaceuticals
8.7.1 Historical Progression and Prospects of the Phytopharmaceuticals
8.7.2 Some Gains of the Phytopharmaceuticals
8.7.2.1 Exploitation of the Isolated Compounds Versus Herbal Extracts
8.7.2.2 Natural Synergism
8.7.3 Essential Challenges Facing Scientists Relating to the Phytopharmaceuticals 8.7.3.1 Assumptions of Lack of Efficacy
8.7.3.2 Challenges in Standardization and Validation of Phytoconstituents
8.7.3.3 Lack of Correct Information of the Health Authorities About Phytopharmaceuticals
8.7.3.4 Wrong Assumptions About the Phytopharmaceuticals
8.7.4 Bases of Phytopharmaceuticals with Antimicrobial Activities
8.7.4.1 Categories of Leading Assemblies of Antimicrobial Compounds of Plant Origin
8.7.5 Some Plants Retaining Phytopharmaceuticals with Antimicrobial Activities
8.7.5.1 Hypericum perforatum (St. John’s wort)
8.7.5.2 Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston
8.7.5.3 Citrullus colocynthis
8.7.5.4 Bryophyllum calycinum
8.7.5.5 Bryophylllum pinnatum
8.7.5.6 Aspilia africana
8.7.5.7 Cymbopogon citratus
8.7.5.8 Brassica juncea
8.7.5.9 Curcuma longa
8.7.5.10 Azadirachta indica
8.7.5.11 The Convolvulus
8.7.5.12 Schizophyllum commune
8.7.5.13 Withania somnifera
8.7.5.14 Prunus africana
8.7.5.15 Plectranthus barbatus
8.7.5.16 Coriandrum sativum L
8.7.5.17 Terminalia bellirica
8.7.6 Applications of Phytopharmaceuticals in the Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Diseases
8.7.6.1 Treatment of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
8.7.6.2 Treatment of Genital Herpes
8.7.6.3 Treatment of Genital Warts
8.7.6.4 Treatment of Chlamydial Genital Infections
8.7.6.5 Treatment of Trichomoniasis
8.7.6.6 Vaginal Formulations of Herbal Origin
8.8 Future View of Phytopharmaceuticals: The Need for Patenting
8.9 Summary
8.10 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
9. Herbal Bioactives for Treating Infectious Skin Diseases
Darshan R. Telange, Saurabh B. Ganorkar and Atul A. Shirkhedkar
9.1 History of Treating Skin Diseases With Herbs
9.2 Herbal Bioactives for Treating Infectious Skin Diseases
9.2.1 Acne
9.2.2 Alopecia
9.2.3 Skin Infections (Bacterial and Fungal)
9.2.4 Psoriasis
9.2.5 Wounds and Burns
9.3 Herbs of Choice for Skin Infections
9.3.1 Allium Cepa
9.3.2 Allium Sativum
9.3.3 Beta Vulgaris
9.3.4 Azadirachta Indica
9.3.5 Eucalyptus Globulus
9.3.6 Curcuma Longa
9.3.7 Nicotiana Tabacum
9.3.8 Calotropis Gigantea
9.3.9 Citrus Bergamia
9.3.10 Piper Nigrum
9.4 Herbal Bioactive–Based Formulations for Skin Infections
9.5 Patent Perspective
9.6 Futuristic View
9.7 Conclusion
References
10. Plant-Based Vaccines: Challenges and Opportunities
Navgeet Kaur, Anju Goyal and Rakesh K. Sindhu
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Production Process of Plant-Based Vaccines
10.2.1 Gene Selection
10.2.2 Plant Selection
10.2.3 Microbial Gene Insertion in the Selected Plant
10.2.3.1 Direct Gene Delivery Process
10.2.3.2 Indirect Gene Delivery Process
10.2.4 Collection and Usage of the Vaccine
10.3 Current Scenario of the Vaccines
10.4 Challenges
10.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
11. Herbal Medicines for HIV Infection and AIDS
Thongtham Suksawat and Pharkphoom Panichayupakaranant
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Pathophysiology of HIV Infections
11.2.1 Etiology and Epidemiology
11.2.2 Risk Factors
11.2.3 Pathogenesis
11.3 Current Treatments for HIV/AIDS
11.4 Targeting for Novel Drug Therapy Against HIV/AIDS
11.4.1 Viral Entry Inhibitors
11.4.2 HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
11.4.3 HIV-1 Integrase Inhibitors
11.4.4 HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors
11.5 Herbal Extract and Phytochemicals with Anti-HIV Effects
11.5.1 Anti–HIV-1 Assay
11.5.2 Herbal Extracts Possessing Anti-HIV Effects
11.5.3 Phytochemicals Possessing Anti–HIV-1 Effects
11.5.3.1 Viral Entry Inhibitors
11.5.3.2 Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
11.5.3.3 Integrase Inhibitors
11.5.3.4 Protease Inhibitors
11.6 Patents of Herbal and Phytochemical Products for Anti–HIV-1 Infections
11.7 Conclusions
References
12. Anthelmintic Potential of Herbal Drugs
Kalpana Nagpal, Pravin Pawar, Ritu Rathi, Nishant Gaur and Inderbir Singh
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Drugs Used as Anthelmintics
12.2.1 Albendazole
12.2.2 Mebendazole
12.2.3 Praziquantel
12.2.4 Piperazine
12.2.5 Pyrantel Pamoate
12.2.6 Diethylcarbamazine
12.2.7 Levamisole
12.2.8 Ivermectin
12.2.9 Niclosamide
12.2.10 Oxamniquine
12.2.10.1 Medicinal Plants as Sources of Herbal Anthelmintics
12.3 Active Principles Derived From Medicinal Plants as Anthelmintic Compounds
12.4 Conclusion
References
13. Herbal Drugs for the Management and Treatment of Herpes Simplex Infections
Wiwit Suttithumsatid and Pharkphoom Panichayupakaranant
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Pathophysiology of HSV Infections
13.3 Current Treatments for HSV Infection
13.4 Targeting for Novel Drug Therapy Against Herpes Simplex Infection
13.5 Herbal Extracts and Phytochemicals With Anti-HSV Activity
13.5.1 Aloe vera or A. barbadensis
13.5.2 Cassia javanica
13.5.3 Centella asiatica
13.5.4 Clinacanthus nutans and C. siamensis
13.5.5 Curcuma longa
13.5.6 Digitalis lanata
13.5.7 Houttuynia cordata
13.5.8 Lobelia chinensis
13.5.9 Maclura cochinchinensis
13.5.10 Mangifera indica
13.5.11 Melissa officinalis
13.5.12 Moringa oleifera
13.5.13 Nephelium lappaceum
13.5.14 Punica granatum
13.5.15 Terminalia chebula
13.6 Recommended Herbal Extracts Used for Herpes Simplex Infection and Futuristic View
13.7 Patents on Herbal Medicine for Anti-Herpes Simplex Infections
13.8 Conclusions
References
14. Herbs and Plants Used for the Management and Treatment of Hepatitis Infections
Omonike O. Ogbole, Temitayo A. Ajayi and Oluwatoyin A. Odeku
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Hepatitis
14.2.1 Viral Hepatitis
14.2.2 Hepatitis A Virus
14.2.3 Hepatitis B Virus
14.2.4 Hepatitis C Virus
14.2.5 Hepatitis D Virus
14.2.6 Hepatitis E Virus
14.2.7 Drug-Induced Hepatitis
14.2.8 Alcohol-Induced Hepatitis
14.3 Herbal Medicine and Control of Viral Infection
14.4 Major Classes of Medicinal Plants Having Activity Against Hepatitis Virus 14.4.1 Fungi
14.4.2 Marine Polysaccharides
14.4.3 Selected Plants Against Viral Hepatitis
14.4.4 Some Plants With Anti-Hepatitis B Virus (Anti-HBV) Activity
14.4.5 Some Plants With Anti-Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Property
14.4.6 Anti-Hepatitis A, D, and E
14.5 The Common Classes of Bioactive Compounds with Anti-Hepatitis Virus Activities
14.5.1 Alkaloids
14.5.2 Flavonoids
14.5.3 Phenolics
14.5.4 Terpenoids
14.5.5 Anthraquinones
References
15. Herbal Bioactives for Treating Urinary TractInfections
Kashish Wilson, Manish Kumar, Prerna Sharma, Harkiran Nehra and Inderjeet Verma
15.1 Introduction
15.1.1 Anatomical and Physiological Factors
15.1.2 Age
15.1.3 Sex
15.2 Discussion on Medicinal Plants
15.3 Causes of UTI
15.4 Symptoms of a UTI
15.5 Management
15.6 Herbs Employed for Therapy of Urinary Tract Infection
15.7 Causative Agents in Infection of Urinary Tract
15.8 Mechanism of Herbs
15.9 Future Prospective
15.10 Conclusion
References
16. Herbs Used in Parasitic Infection—Malaria
M.G. Kalaskar, B. Duraiswami, S.J. Surana and A.A. Shirkhedkar
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Parasitic Infections
16.3 Antiparasitic Medicinal Plants and Their Mode of Action
16.3.1 Inhibition of DNA Replication
16.3.2 Inhibition of Cytoskeleton Proteins and Enzymes
16.3.3 Inhibiting the Cell Wall
16.3.4 Inhibiting Nervous System
16.4 Antimalarial Herb
16.4.1 Herbs as Antimalarial
16.4.1.1 Artemisia annua L.
16.4.1.2 Cinchona sp.
16.4.1.3 Dichroia febrifuga Lour.
16.4.1.4 Cryptolepis sanguinolenta (Lindl.) Schlechter
16.4.1.5 Vernonia amygdalina Del.
References
Index
Back to Top
Preface
1. Essential Oils as Potent Antimicrobial Agents
Rakesh K. Sindhu, Prabhjot Kaur, Parneet Kaur, Sumitra Singh and Simona Cavalu
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Essential Oils
1.2.1 Classification of Essential Oils
1.2.2 Methods of Extraction
1.2.3 Applications
1.3 Chemical Composition of Essential Oils
1.4 Mechanism of Action of Essential Oils as Antimicrobials
1.4.1 Action Against Bacterial Pathogens
1.4.2 Action Against the Fungi
1.4.3 Actions Against the Viruses
1.5 Factors Affecting Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oil
1.6 Essential Oils as Combination Therapy
1.7 Evaluation of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Essential Oils
1.7.1 Agar Disk Diffusion Methods
1.7.2 Dilution Method
1.7.3 Time-Kill Method
1.7.4 Checkerboard Testing
1.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
2. Herbal Antibiotics for Treating Drug-Resistant Bacteria
Haixia Chen and Shuqin Li
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Resistance Mechanism of Strains
2.2.1 Intrinsic Resistance
2.2.2 Acquired Resistance to Horizontal Gene Transfer and Gene Mutation
2.2.3 Adaptive Resistance
2.2.4 Biofilm Formation
2.3 The Classification of Herbal Secondary Metabolites for Drug Resistance
2.3.1 Terpenoids
2.3.2 Flavonoids
2.3.3 Alkaloids
2.3.4 Saponins
2.3.5 Tannins
2.3.6 Antimicrobial Peptides
2.4 Mechanism
2.4.1 Cell Wall Biosynthesis and Membrane Permeability
2.4.2 Enzyme Activity Inhibition
2.4.3 Antibiofilm Formation
2.4.4 Clinical Studies and the Patents of Plant-Originated Antimicrobials
2.5 Conclusion and Perspectives
References
3. Phytopharmaceuticals for the Management of Fungal Infections Kampanart Huanbutta and Tanikan Sangnim
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Nature of Fungi and Classification of Fungal Disease
3.3 Epidemiology of Fungal Infection
3.4 Limitations of Modern Medicines
3.5 Medicinal Plants With Antifungal Activities
3.6 Phytopharmaceuticals With Antifungal Activities
3.6.1 Terpenoids
3.6.2 Saponins
3.6.3 Flavonoid
3.6.4 Phenolic Compounds
3.6.5 Protein and Peptides
3.6.6 Essential Oils
3.7 Activity and Mechanism of Action of Antifungal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals
3.8 Conclusion and Future Prospect of Phytopharmaceuticals for the Management of Fungal Infections
Acknowledgement
References
4. Herbal Bioactives for the Management of Influenza Viral Infection Shaveta Bhardwaj, Jobanpreet Kaur, Atinderpal Kaur, Satvinder Kaur, Anu Jindal and Inderbir Singh
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Various Herbal Bioactives With Anti-Influenza Property
4.2.1 Alkaloids
4.2.2 Polyphenols
4.2.3 Unspecified Extract
4.2.4 Proteins and Sugars
4.2.5 Organic or Aromatic Compounds
4.3 Mechanism of an Anti-Influenza Effect
4.3.1 Inhibiting Acidification of the Viral Membrane or Virus-Endosome Fusion
4.3.2 Inhibiting Viral Entry
4.3.3 Suppressing Viral RNA Synthesis or Interfering With Virus Replication
4.3.4 Inhibiting Neuraminidase/Sialidase Inhibitory Activity
4.4 Conclusion
References
5. Herbal Bioactives for Treating Respiratory Infections
Chandrakantsing V. Pardeshi, Sagar R. Pardeshi, Jitendra B. Naik, Atul A. Shirkhedkar and Sanjay J. Surana
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Overview of Respiratory Tract Infections
5.2.1 Upper Respiratory Tract Infections
5.2.2 Lower Respiratory Tract Infections
5.3 Herbal Bioactives for the Management of RTIs
5.3.1 Alkaloid-Based Phytomedicines
5.3.2 Polyphenol-Based Phytomedicines
5.3.3 Diterpenoid-Based Phytomedicines
5.4 Bioactives and Their Derivatives Against Novel Coronavirus Disease
5.5 Emerging Drug Delivery Strategies for Biomedicines in the Management of RTIs 5.5.1 Nanoparticles
5.5.2 Liposomes
5.5.3 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
5.5.4 Nanoemulsion
5.5.5 Nanomicelles
5.6 Clinical Status: Opportunities and Challenges
5.7 Patent Perspectives
5.8 Future Perspectives
5.9 Conclusion
References
6. Herbal Bioactives for the Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders Manish Kumar, Inderjeet Verma, Rakesh Kumar Sindhu and Rishabh Srivastava
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Classification of GIT Disorders
6.3 The Science of Herbal Medicine
6.3.1 Rosmarinus Officinalis
6.3.2 Curcuma Longa (Common Name is Turmeric in English)
6.3.3 Licorice
6.3.4 Aloe Vera
6.3.5 Boswellia Serrata
6.3.6 Butyrate
6.3.7 Elm Slick (Ulmus Fulva)
6.3.8 Bromelain
6.3.9 The Grass of Wheat (Triticum Aestivum)
6.3.10 Some Other Herbal Formulations
6.3.10.1 Foodstuff for Germinated Barley
6.4 Need of Herbal Medicine
6.5 Indirect Adverse Effects of Herbal Therapy
6.6 Herbal Bioactive-Based Formulation
6.7 Recent Patents for Herbal Drug Delivery Systems
6.8 Future Perspective
6.9 Conclusion
References
7. Herbal Drugs for the Treatment of Ocular Infections
A. A. Shirkhedkar, Mukesh S. Patil, A. S. Patil and Inderbir Singh
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Eye Essential Anatomy and Physiology
7.2.1 Structural Framework and Crucial Functions
7.2.2 Corneal Assembly
7.3 Preparation and Method of Use
7.3.1 Ophthalmic Ayurvedic Therapies
7.3.2 Importance of Topical Drug Therapy
7.3.3 Therapies for Eye Disorders
7.3.3.1 Seka
7.3.3.2 Anjan
7.3.3.3 Arka
7.3.3.4 Paste
7.3.3.5 Washing
7.3.4 Historical Issues of Ayurvedic Drug Preparations
7.4 Modern Investigations and Findings
7.4.1 Identified Disorders
7.4.1.1 Presbyopia
7.4.1.2 Floaters
7.4.1.3 Dry Eyes
7.4.1.4 Tearing
7.4.1.5 Cataracts
7.4.1.6 Glaucoma
7.4.1.7 Conjunctivitis
7.4.1.8 Corneal Disorder
7.4.1.9 Eyelid Problems
7.4.1.10 Temporal Arteritis
7.4.2 Novel Modification in Ocular Drug Delivery System
7.4.2.1 Modifiers of Viscosity
7.4.2.2 Mucoadhesive Polymers
7.5 Patents Recently Issued on Herbal Formulations
7.6 Conclusion
References
8. Phytopharmaceuticals for Treating Sexually Transmitted Diseases Kenneth Chinedu Ugoeze
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Disease
8.3 Infectious Diseases
8.4 Types of Infectious Diseases
8.4.1 Sexually Transmitted Diseases
8.4.1.1 Types of Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Mode of Infection, and Symptoms 8.5 Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Diseases
8.5.1 Diagnosis of Sexually Transmitted Diseases
8.5.2 Drugs for the Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)
8.5.3 The Contemporary Position With Antibiotics or Antiviral Agents in the Management of STDs
8.5.4 Prospects for Tackling the Challenges due to the Use of Antibiotics or Antiviral Agents in the Management of STDs
8.6 Phytochemicals
8.7 Phytopharmaceuticals
8.7.1 Historical Progression and Prospects of the Phytopharmaceuticals
8.7.2 Some Gains of the Phytopharmaceuticals
8.7.2.1 Exploitation of the Isolated Compounds Versus Herbal Extracts
8.7.2.2 Natural Synergism
8.7.3 Essential Challenges Facing Scientists Relating to the Phytopharmaceuticals 8.7.3.1 Assumptions of Lack of Efficacy
8.7.3.2 Challenges in Standardization and Validation of Phytoconstituents
8.7.3.3 Lack of Correct Information of the Health Authorities About Phytopharmaceuticals
8.7.3.4 Wrong Assumptions About the Phytopharmaceuticals
8.7.4 Bases of Phytopharmaceuticals with Antimicrobial Activities
8.7.4.1 Categories of Leading Assemblies of Antimicrobial Compounds of Plant Origin
8.7.5 Some Plants Retaining Phytopharmaceuticals with Antimicrobial Activities
8.7.5.1 Hypericum perforatum (St. John’s wort)
8.7.5.2 Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston
8.7.5.3 Citrullus colocynthis
8.7.5.4 Bryophyllum calycinum
8.7.5.5 Bryophylllum pinnatum
8.7.5.6 Aspilia africana
8.7.5.7 Cymbopogon citratus
8.7.5.8 Brassica juncea
8.7.5.9 Curcuma longa
8.7.5.10 Azadirachta indica
8.7.5.11 The Convolvulus
8.7.5.12 Schizophyllum commune
8.7.5.13 Withania somnifera
8.7.5.14 Prunus africana
8.7.5.15 Plectranthus barbatus
8.7.5.16 Coriandrum sativum L
8.7.5.17 Terminalia bellirica
8.7.6 Applications of Phytopharmaceuticals in the Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Diseases
8.7.6.1 Treatment of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
8.7.6.2 Treatment of Genital Herpes
8.7.6.3 Treatment of Genital Warts
8.7.6.4 Treatment of Chlamydial Genital Infections
8.7.6.5 Treatment of Trichomoniasis
8.7.6.6 Vaginal Formulations of Herbal Origin
8.8 Future View of Phytopharmaceuticals: The Need for Patenting
8.9 Summary
8.10 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
9. Herbal Bioactives for Treating Infectious Skin Diseases
Darshan R. Telange, Saurabh B. Ganorkar and Atul A. Shirkhedkar
9.1 History of Treating Skin Diseases With Herbs
9.2 Herbal Bioactives for Treating Infectious Skin Diseases
9.2.1 Acne
9.2.2 Alopecia
9.2.3 Skin Infections (Bacterial and Fungal)
9.2.4 Psoriasis
9.2.5 Wounds and Burns
9.3 Herbs of Choice for Skin Infections
9.3.1 Allium Cepa
9.3.2 Allium Sativum
9.3.3 Beta Vulgaris
9.3.4 Azadirachta Indica
9.3.5 Eucalyptus Globulus
9.3.6 Curcuma Longa
9.3.7 Nicotiana Tabacum
9.3.8 Calotropis Gigantea
9.3.9 Citrus Bergamia
9.3.10 Piper Nigrum
9.4 Herbal Bioactive–Based Formulations for Skin Infections
9.5 Patent Perspective
9.6 Futuristic View
9.7 Conclusion
References
10. Plant-Based Vaccines: Challenges and Opportunities
Navgeet Kaur, Anju Goyal and Rakesh K. Sindhu
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Production Process of Plant-Based Vaccines
10.2.1 Gene Selection
10.2.2 Plant Selection
10.2.3 Microbial Gene Insertion in the Selected Plant
10.2.3.1 Direct Gene Delivery Process
10.2.3.2 Indirect Gene Delivery Process
10.2.4 Collection and Usage of the Vaccine
10.3 Current Scenario of the Vaccines
10.4 Challenges
10.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
11. Herbal Medicines for HIV Infection and AIDS
Thongtham Suksawat and Pharkphoom Panichayupakaranant
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Pathophysiology of HIV Infections
11.2.1 Etiology and Epidemiology
11.2.2 Risk Factors
11.2.3 Pathogenesis
11.3 Current Treatments for HIV/AIDS
11.4 Targeting for Novel Drug Therapy Against HIV/AIDS
11.4.1 Viral Entry Inhibitors
11.4.2 HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
11.4.3 HIV-1 Integrase Inhibitors
11.4.4 HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors
11.5 Herbal Extract and Phytochemicals with Anti-HIV Effects
11.5.1 Anti–HIV-1 Assay
11.5.2 Herbal Extracts Possessing Anti-HIV Effects
11.5.3 Phytochemicals Possessing Anti–HIV-1 Effects
11.5.3.1 Viral Entry Inhibitors
11.5.3.2 Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
11.5.3.3 Integrase Inhibitors
11.5.3.4 Protease Inhibitors
11.6 Patents of Herbal and Phytochemical Products for Anti–HIV-1 Infections
11.7 Conclusions
References
12. Anthelmintic Potential of Herbal Drugs
Kalpana Nagpal, Pravin Pawar, Ritu Rathi, Nishant Gaur and Inderbir Singh
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Drugs Used as Anthelmintics
12.2.1 Albendazole
12.2.2 Mebendazole
12.2.3 Praziquantel
12.2.4 Piperazine
12.2.5 Pyrantel Pamoate
12.2.6 Diethylcarbamazine
12.2.7 Levamisole
12.2.8 Ivermectin
12.2.9 Niclosamide
12.2.10 Oxamniquine
12.2.10.1 Medicinal Plants as Sources of Herbal Anthelmintics
12.3 Active Principles Derived From Medicinal Plants as Anthelmintic Compounds
12.4 Conclusion
References
13. Herbal Drugs for the Management and Treatment of Herpes Simplex Infections
Wiwit Suttithumsatid and Pharkphoom Panichayupakaranant
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Pathophysiology of HSV Infections
13.3 Current Treatments for HSV Infection
13.4 Targeting for Novel Drug Therapy Against Herpes Simplex Infection
13.5 Herbal Extracts and Phytochemicals With Anti-HSV Activity
13.5.1 Aloe vera or A. barbadensis
13.5.2 Cassia javanica
13.5.3 Centella asiatica
13.5.4 Clinacanthus nutans and C. siamensis
13.5.5 Curcuma longa
13.5.6 Digitalis lanata
13.5.7 Houttuynia cordata
13.5.8 Lobelia chinensis
13.5.9 Maclura cochinchinensis
13.5.10 Mangifera indica
13.5.11 Melissa officinalis
13.5.12 Moringa oleifera
13.5.13 Nephelium lappaceum
13.5.14 Punica granatum
13.5.15 Terminalia chebula
13.6 Recommended Herbal Extracts Used for Herpes Simplex Infection and Futuristic View
13.7 Patents on Herbal Medicine for Anti-Herpes Simplex Infections
13.8 Conclusions
References
14. Herbs and Plants Used for the Management and Treatment of Hepatitis Infections
Omonike O. Ogbole, Temitayo A. Ajayi and Oluwatoyin A. Odeku
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Hepatitis
14.2.1 Viral Hepatitis
14.2.2 Hepatitis A Virus
14.2.3 Hepatitis B Virus
14.2.4 Hepatitis C Virus
14.2.5 Hepatitis D Virus
14.2.6 Hepatitis E Virus
14.2.7 Drug-Induced Hepatitis
14.2.8 Alcohol-Induced Hepatitis
14.3 Herbal Medicine and Control of Viral Infection
14.4 Major Classes of Medicinal Plants Having Activity Against Hepatitis Virus 14.4.1 Fungi
14.4.2 Marine Polysaccharides
14.4.3 Selected Plants Against Viral Hepatitis
14.4.4 Some Plants With Anti-Hepatitis B Virus (Anti-HBV) Activity
14.4.5 Some Plants With Anti-Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Property
14.4.6 Anti-Hepatitis A, D, and E
14.5 The Common Classes of Bioactive Compounds with Anti-Hepatitis Virus Activities
14.5.1 Alkaloids
14.5.2 Flavonoids
14.5.3 Phenolics
14.5.4 Terpenoids
14.5.5 Anthraquinones
References
15. Herbal Bioactives for Treating Urinary TractInfections
Kashish Wilson, Manish Kumar, Prerna Sharma, Harkiran Nehra and Inderjeet Verma
15.1 Introduction
15.1.1 Anatomical and Physiological Factors
15.1.2 Age
15.1.3 Sex
15.2 Discussion on Medicinal Plants
15.3 Causes of UTI
15.4 Symptoms of a UTI
15.5 Management
15.6 Herbs Employed for Therapy of Urinary Tract Infection
15.7 Causative Agents in Infection of Urinary Tract
15.8 Mechanism of Herbs
15.9 Future Prospective
15.10 Conclusion
References
16. Herbs Used in Parasitic Infection—Malaria
M.G. Kalaskar, B. Duraiswami, S.J. Surana and A.A. Shirkhedkar
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Parasitic Infections
16.3 Antiparasitic Medicinal Plants and Their Mode of Action
16.3.1 Inhibition of DNA Replication
16.3.2 Inhibition of Cytoskeleton Proteins and Enzymes
16.3.3 Inhibiting the Cell Wall
16.3.4 Inhibiting Nervous System
16.4 Antimalarial Herb
16.4.1 Herbs as Antimalarial
16.4.1.1 Artemisia annua L.
16.4.1.2 Cinchona sp.
16.4.1.3 Dichroia febrifuga Lour.
16.4.1.4 Cryptolepis sanguinolenta (Lindl.) Schlechter
16.4.1.5 Vernonia amygdalina Del.
References
Index
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