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Submit a ProposalPower Electronics for Green Energy Conversion
 | Edited by Mahajan Sagar Bhaskar, Nikita Gupta, Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban, Jens Bo Holm-Nielsen, and Umashankar Subramaniam Copyright: 2022 | Status: Published ISBN: 9781119786481 | Hardcover | Price: $225 USD  |
One Line Description
Written and edited by a team of renowned experts, this exciting new volume explores the concepts and practical applications of power electronics for green energy conversion, going into great detail with ample examples, for the engineer, scientist, or student.
Audience
Engineers, scientists, managers, researchers, students, and other professionals working in the field of renewable energy
Engineers, scientists, managers, researchers, students, and other professionals working in the field of renewable energy
Description
Power electronics has emerged as one of the most important technologies in the world and will play a big role in the conversion of the present power grid systems into smart grids. Applications like HVDC systems, FACTs devices, uninterruptible power systems, and renewable energy systems totally rely on advances in power electronic devices and control systems. Further, the need for renewable energy continues to grow, and the complete departure of fossil fuels and nuclear energy is not unrealistic thanks to power electronics. Therefore, the increasingly more important role of power electronics in the power sector industry remains paramount.
This groundbreaking new volume aims to cover these topics and trends of power electronic converters, bridging the research gap on green energy conversion system architectures, controls, and protection challenges to enable their wide-scale implementation. Covering not only the concepts of all of these topics, the editors and contributors describe real-world implementation of these ideas and how they can be used for practical applications. Whether for the engineer, scientist, researcher, or student, this outstanding contribution to the science is a must-have for any library.
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Power electronics has emerged as one of the most important technologies in the world and will play a big role in the conversion of the present power grid systems into smart grids. Applications like HVDC systems, FACTs devices, uninterruptible power systems, and renewable energy systems totally rely on advances in power electronic devices and control systems. Further, the need for renewable energy continues to grow, and the complete departure of fossil fuels and nuclear energy is not unrealistic thanks to power electronics. Therefore, the increasingly more important role of power electronics in the power sector industry remains paramount.
This groundbreaking new volume aims to cover these topics and trends of power electronic converters, bridging the research gap on green energy conversion system architectures, controls, and protection challenges to enable their wide-scale implementation. Covering not only the concepts of all of these topics, the editors and contributors describe real-world implementation of these ideas and how they can be used for practical applications. Whether for the engineer, scientist, researcher, or student, this outstanding contribution to the science is a must-have for any library.
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Author / Editor Details
M. S. Bhaskar, PhD, is with the Renewable Energy Lab, in the Department of Communications and Networks Engineering at the College of Engineering, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. After receiving his PhD in electrical and electronic engineering from the University of Johannesburg, South Africa in 2019, he was a post-doctoral researcher in the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, Esbjerg, Denmark. He has several years of research experience from several universities, and he has authored over 100 scientific papers in the area of DC/AC power, receiving several awards, as well. He is a member of a number of scientific societies and is a reviewer for several technical journals and conferences, including IEEE and IET.
M. S. Bhaskar, PhD, is with the Renewable Energy Lab, in the Department of Communications and Networks Engineering at the College of Engineering, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. After receiving his PhD in electrical and electronic engineering from the University of Johannesburg, South Africa in 2019, he was a post-doctoral researcher in the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, Esbjerg, Denmark. He has several years of research experience from several universities, and he has authored over 100 scientific papers in the area of DC/AC power, receiving several awards, as well. He is a member of a number of scientific societies and is a reviewer for several technical journals and conferences, including IEEE and IET.
Nikita Gupta, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering, University Institute of Technology, Himachal Pradesh University, India. She received her BTech degree in electrical and electronics engineering from the National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur, India in 2011 and MTech degree in power systems from Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India in 2014. She earned her PhD from the Department of Electrical Engineering at Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India, in 2018. Her research interests include power system analysis, power quality, power electronics applications in renewable energy, and microgrids.
Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban, PhD, is a faculty member with the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, Esbjerg, Denmark and works with CTIF Global Capsule (CGC), Department of Business Development and Technology, Aarhus University, Denmark. He received his PhD in electrical engineering from the University of Bologna, Italy. He has almost ten years of teaching, research and industrial experience and is an associate editor on a number of international scientific refereed journals. He has published more than 300 research papers and has won numerous awards for his research and teaching.
Jens Bo Holm-Nielsen currently works at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University and is head of the Esbjerg Energy Section. He helped establish the Center for Bioenergy and Green Engineering in 2009 and served as the head of the research group. He has served as technical advisor for many companies in this industry, and he has executed many large-scale European Union and United Nation projects. He has authored more than 300 scientific papers and has participated in over 500 various international conferences.
Umashankar Subramaniam, PhD, is at Renewable Energy Lab, College of Engineering, Prince Sultan University, Saudi Arabia and has over 15 years of teaching, research and industrial R&D experience. He has published more than 250 research papers in scientific and technical refereed journals and conferences. He has also authored, co-authored, or contributed to 12 books, including books for Scrivener Publishing. He is an editor of a highly-respected technical journal, and he has won several awards in the field.
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Table of Contents
Preface
1. Green Energy Technology-Based Energy-Efficient Appliances for Buildings Avanish Gautam Singh, Rahul Rajeevkumar Urs, Rajeev Kumar Chauhan and Prabhakar Tiwari
Nomenclature
Variables
1.1 Balance of System Appliances Needed for Green Energy Systems
1.1.1 Grid Interactive Inverters for Buildings with AC Wiring
1.1.2 Grid Interactive Inverter with No Battery Backup
1.1.3 Main Grid-Interactive Inverter (Hybrid Inverter)
1.1.4 DC-DC Converter for DC Building
1.1.5 Bidirectional Inverter
1.1.6 Battery Bank
1.2 Major Green Energy Home Appliances
1.2.1 DC Air Conditioners
1.2.2 DC Lighting
1.2.3 DC Refrigeration
1.2.4 Emerging Products for Grid Connected Homes and Businesses
1.2.5 Electrical Vehicle
1.3 Energy Savings Through Green Appliances
1.3.1 Appliance Scheduling
1.3.2 A Case Study of a Mid-Ranged Home with Green Home Appliances Versus Conventional Home Appliances: A Comparison of 1 Day Consumption
1.4 Conclusion
References
2. Integrated Electric Power Systems and Their Power Quality Issues
Akhil Gupta, Kamal Kant Sharma and Gagandeep Kaur
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Designing of a Hybrid Energy System
2.3 Classification of Hybrid Energy Systems
2.3.1 Hybrid Wind-Solar System
2.3.2 Hybrid Diesel-Wind System
2.3.3 Hybrid Wind-Hydro Power System
2.3.4 Hybrid Fuel Cell-Solar System
2.3.5 Hybrid Solar Thermal System
2.4 Power Quality Implications
2.4.1 Interruption
2.4.2 Undervoltage or Brownout
2.4.3 Voltage Sag or Dip
2.4.4 Noise
2.4.5 Frequency
2.4.6 Harmonic
2.4.7 Notching
2.4.8 Short-Circuit
2.4.9 Swell
2.4.10 Transient or Surges
2.5 Conclusion
References
3. Renewable Energy in India and World for Sustainable Development Kuldeep Jayaswal, D. K. Palwalia and Aditya Sharma
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The Energy Framework
3.3 Status of Solar PV Energy
3.4 Boons of Renewable Energy
3.5 Energy Statistics
3.5.1 Coal
3.5.2 Natural Gas
3.5.3 Biofuels
3.5.4 Electricity
3.6 Renewable Energy Resources
3.7 Conclusion
Abbreviations
References
4. Power Electronics: Technology for Wind Turbines
K.T. Maheswari, P. Prem and Jagabar Sathik
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Overview of Wind Power Generation
4.1.1.1 India-Wind Potential
4.1.2 Advancement of Wind Power Technologies
4.1.3 Power Electronics Technologies for Wind Turbines
4.2 Power Converter Topologies for Wind Turbines
4.2.1 Matrix Converter
4.2.2 Z Source Matrix Converter
4.3 Quasi Z Source Direct Matrix Converter
4.3.1 Principle of Operation
4.3.2 Modulation Strategy
4.3.2.1 Closed Loop Control of QZSDMC
4.3.3 Simulation Results and Discussion
4.4 Conclusion
References
5. Investigation of Current Controllers for Grid Interactive Inverters
Aditi Chatterjee and Kanungo Barada Mohanty
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Current Control System for Single-Phase Grid Interactive Inverters
5.2.1 Hysteresis Current Controller
5.2.2 Proportional Integral Current Control
5.2.3 Proportional Resonant Current Control
5.2.4 Dead Beat Current Control
5.2.5 Model Predictive Current Control
5.2.5.1 Analysis of Discretized System Model Dynamics
5.2.5.2 Cost Function Assessment
5.3 Simulation Results and Analysis
5.3.1 Results in Steady-State Operating Mode
5.3.2 Results in Dynamic Operating Mode
5.3.3 Comparative Assessment of the Current Controllers
5.3.4 Hardware Implementation
5.3.4.1 Hardware Components
5.3.4.2 Digital Implementation
5.4 Experimental Results
5.5 Future Scope
5.6 Conclusion
References
6. Multilevel Converter for Static Synchronous Compensators: State-of-the-Art Applications and Trends
Dayane do Carmo Mendonça, Renata Oliveira de Sousa, João Victor Matos Farias, Heverton Augusto Pereira, Seleme Isaac Seleme Júnior and Allan Fagner Cupertino
6.1 Introduction
6.2 STATCOM Realization
6.2.1 Two-Level Converters
6.2.2 Early Multilevel Converters
6.2.3 Cascaded Multilevel Converters
6.2.4 Summary of Topologies
6.3 STATCOM Control Objectives
6.3.1 Operating Principle
6.3.2 Control Objectives
6.3.2 Modulation Schemes
6.3.3 NLC
6.3.4 PS-PWM
6.4 Benchmarking of Cascaded Topologies
6.4.1 Design Assumptions
6.4.1.1 Y-CHB
6.4.1.2 ∆-CHB
6.4.1.3 HB-MMC
6.4.1.4 FB-MMC
6.4.2 Current Stress in Semiconductor Devices
6.4.3 Current Stress in Submodule Capacitor
6.4.4 Comparison of Characteristics
6.5 STATCOM Trends
6.5.1 Cost Reduction
6.5.2 Reliability Requirements
6.5.3 Modern Grid Codes Requirements
6.5.4 Energy Storage Systems
6.6 Conclusions and Future Trends
References
7. Topologies and Comparative Analysis of Reduced Switch Multilevel Inverters for Renewable Energy Applications
Aishwarya V. and Gnana Sheela K.
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Reduced-Switch Multilevel Inverters
7.3 Comparative Analysis
7.4 Conclusion
References
8. A Novel Step-Up Switched-Capacitor-Based Multilevel Inverter Topology Feasible for Green Energy Harvesting
Erfan Hallaji and Kazem Varesi
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Proposed Basic Topology
8.3 Proposed Extended Topology
8.3.1 First Algorithm (P1)
8.3.2 Second Algorithm (P2)
8.4 Operational Mode
8.4.1 Mode A
8.4.2 Mode B
8.4.3 Mode C
8.4.4 Mode D
8.4.5 Mode E
8.4.6 Mode F
8.4.7 Mode G
8.4.8 Mode H
8.4.9 Mode I
8.4.10 Mode J
8.4.11 Mode K
8.4.12 Mode L
8.4.13 Mode M
8.4.14 Mode N
8.4.15 Mode O
8.4.16 Mode P
8.4.17 Mode Q
8.5 Standing Voltage
8.5.1 Standing Voltage (SV) for the First Algorithm (P1)
8.5.2 Standing Voltage (SV) for the Second Algorithm (P2)
8.6 Proposed Cascaded Topology
8.6.1 First Algorithm (S1)
8.6.2 Second Algorithm (S2)
8.6.3 Third Algorithm (S3)
8.6.4 Fourth Algorithm (S4)
8.6.5 Fifth Algorithm (S5)
8.6.6 Sixth Algorithm (S6)
8.7 Modulation Method
8.8 Efficiency and Losses Analysis
8.8.1 Switching Losses
8.8.2 Conduction Losses
8.8.3 Ripple Losses
8.8.4 Efficiency
8.9 Capacitor Design
8.10 Comparison Results
8.11 Simulation Results
8.12 Conclusion
References
9. Classification of Conventional and Modern Maximum Power Point Tracking Techniques for Photovoltaic Energy Generation Systems
Mohammed Salah Bouakkaz, Ahcene Boukadoum, Omar Boudebbouz, Nadir Boutasseta, Issam Attoui and Ahmed Bouraiou
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Classification of MPPT Techniques
9.1.2 MPPT Algorithms Based on PV Side Parameters
9.2 MPPT Algorithms Based on Load Side Parameters
9.3 Conventional MPPT Algorithms
9.3.1 Indirect Techniques
9.3.1.1 MPPT Based on Constant Voltage (CV)
9.3.1.2 Fractional Voltage (FV) Technique
9.3.1.3 Fractional Currents (FC) Technique
9.3.2 Direct Techniques
9.3.2.1 Hill Climbing (HC) Technique
9.3.2.2 Perturb & Observe (P&O) Technique
9.3.2.3 Incremental Conductance (IC)
9.4 Soft Computing (SC) MPPT Techniques
9.4.1 MPPT Techniques Based on Artificial Intelligence (AI)
9.4.1.1 Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC) Technique
9.4.1.2 Artificial Neural Network (ANN)
9.4.1.3 Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS)
9.4.1.4 The Bayesian Network (BN)
9.4.2 Bioinspired (BI)-Based MPPT Techniques
9.4.2.1 Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
9.4.2.2 Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA)
9.4.2.3 Moth-Flame Optimization (MFO)
9.5 Hybrid MPPT Techniques
9.5.1 Conventional with Conventional (CV/CV)
9.5.1.1 Fractional Current (FC) With Incremental Conductance (IC)
9.5.2 Soft Computing with Soft Computing (SC/SC)
9.5.2.1 Fuzzy Logic Control with Genetic Algorithm (FLC/GA)
9.5.3 Conventional with Soft Computing (CV/SC)
9.5.3.1 Hill Climbing with Fuzzy Logic Control (HC/FLC)
9.5.4 Other Classifications of Hybrid Techniques
9.6 Discussion
9.7 Conclusion
References
10. A Simulation Analysis of Maximum Power Point Tracking Techniques for Battery-Operated PV Systems
Pankaj Sahu and Rajiv Dey
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Background of Conventional MPPT Methods
10.2.1 Perturb & Observe (P&O)
10.2.2 Incremental Conductance (IC)
10.2.3 Fractional Short Circuit Current (FSCC)
10.2.4 Fractional Open Circuit Voltage (FOCV)
10.2.5 Ripple Correlation Control (RCC)
10.3 Simulink Model of PV System with MPPT
10.4 Results and Discussions
10.4.1 (a) Simulation Results for P&O Method
10.4.2 (b) Simulation Results for Incremental Conductance (IC) Method
10.4.3 (c) Fractional Open Circuit Voltage (FOCV) Method
10.4.4 (d) Fractional Short Circuit Current (FSCC) Method
10.4.5 (e) Ripple Correlation Control (RCC)
10.4.6 (f) Performance Comparison
10.5 Conclusion
References
11 Power Electronics: Technology for Grid-Tied Solar Photovoltaic Power Generation Systems
K. Sateesh Kumar, A. Kirubakaran, N. Subrahmanyam and Umashankar Subramaniam
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Grid-Tied SPVPGS Technology
11.2.1 Module Inverters
11.2.2 String Inverters
11.2.3 Multistring Inverters
11.2.4 Central Inverters
11.3 Classification of PV Inverter Configurations
11.3.1 Singles-Stage Isolated Inverter Configuration
11.3.2 Single-Stage Nonisolated Inverter Configuration
11.3.3 Two-Stage Isolated Inverter Converter
11.3.4 Two-Stage Nonisolated Inverter Configuration
11.4 Analysis of Leakage Current in Nonisolated Inverter Topologies
11.5 Important Standards Dealing with the Grid-Connected SPVPGS
11.5.1 DC Current Injection and Leakage Current
11.5.2 Individual Harmonic Distortion and Total Harmonic Distortion
11.5.3 Voltage and Frequency Requirements
11.5.4 Reactive Power Capability
11.5.5 Anti-Islanding Detection
11.6 Various Topologies of Grid-Tied SPVPGS
11.6.1 AC Module Topologies
11.6.2 String Inverter Topologies
11.6.3 Multistring Inverter Topologies
11.6.4 Central Inverter Topologies
11.7 Scope for Future Research
11.8 Conclusions
References
12. Hybrid Solar-Wind System Modeling and Control
Issam Attoui, Naceredine Labed, Salim Makhloufi, Mohammed Salah Bouakkaz, Ahmed Bouraiou, Nadir Boutasseta, Nadir Fergani and Brahim Oudjani
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Description of the Proposed System
12.3 Model of System
12.3.1 Model of Wind Turbine
12.3.2 Dynamic Model of the DFIG
12.3.3 Mathematic Model of Filter
12.3.4 Medium-Term Energy Storage
12.3.5 Short-Term Energy Storage
12.3.6 Wind Speed Model
12.3.7 Photovoltaic Array Model
12.3.8 Boost Converter Model
12.4 System Control
12.4.1 Grid Side Converter GSC Control
12.4.2 Rotor Side Converter RSC Control
12.4.3 MPPT Control Algorithm for Wind Turbine
12.4.4 Two-Level Energy Storage System and Control Strategy
12.4.5 PSO-Based GMPPT for PV System
12.5 Results and Interpretation
12.6 Conclusion
References
13. Static/Dynamic Economic-Environmental Dispatch Problem Using Cuckoo Search Algorithm
Larouci Benyekhlef, Benasla Lahouari
and Sitayeb Abdelkader
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Problem Formulation
13.2.1 Static Economic Dispatch
13.2.2 Dynamic Economic Dispatch (DED)
13.3 Calculation of CO2, CH4, and N2O Emitted During the Combustion
13.3.1 Calculation of CO2
13.3.2 Calculating CH4 and N2O Emissions
13.4 The Cuckoo Search Algorithms
13.5 Application
13.5.1 Case I: The Static Economic Dispatch
13.5.2 Case II: The Dynamic Economic Dispatch
13.6 Conclusions
References
14. Power Electronics Converters for EVs and Wireless Chargers: An Overview on Existent Technology and Recent Advances
Sahand Ghaseminejad Liasi, Faezeh Kardan and Mohammad Tavakoli Bina
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Hybrid Power System for EV Technology
14.3 DC/AC Converters to Drive the EV
14.4 DC/DC Converters for EVs
14.4.1 Isolated and Nonisolated DC/DC Converters for EV Application
14.4.2 Multi-Input DC/DC Converters in Hybrid EVs
14.5 WBG Devices for EV Technology
14.6 High-Power and High-Density DC/DC Converters for Hybrid and EV Applications
14.7 DC Fast Chargers and Challenges
14.7.1 Fast-Charging Station Architectures
14.7.2 Impacts of Fast Chargers on Power Grid
14.7.3 Fast-Charging Stations Connected to MV Grid and Challenges
14.7.3.1 SST-Based EV Fast-Charging Station
14.8 Wireless Charging
14.8.1 Short History of Wireless Charging
14.8.2 Proficiencies
14.8.3 Deficiencies
14.9 Standards
14.9.1 SAE J1772
14.9.1.1 Revisions of SAE J1772
14.9.2 IEC 62196
14.9.3 SAE J2954
14.10 WPT Technology in Practice
14.11 Converters
14.12 Resonant Network Topologies
14.13 Appropriate DC/DC Converters
14.14 Single-Ended Wireless EV Charger
14.15 WPT and EV Motor Drive Using Single Inverter
14.15.1 Problem Definition
14.15.2 Wave Shaping Analysis
14.15.3 Convertor System
14.15.4 WPT System and Motor Drive Integration
14.16 Conclusion
References
15. Recent Advances in Fast-Charging Methods for Electric Vehicles
R. Chandrasekaran, M. Sathishkumar Reddy, B. Raja and K. Selvajyothi
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Levels of Charging
15.2.1 Level 1 Charging
15.2.2 Level 2 Charging
15.2.3 Level 3 Charging
15.3 EV Charging Standards
15.4 Battery Charging Methods
15.5 Constant Voltage Charging
15.6 Constant Current Charging
15.7 Constant Current-Constant Voltage (CC-CV) Charging
15.8 Multicurrent Level Charging
15.9 Pulse Charging
15.10 Converters and Its Applications
15.10.1 Buck Converter
15.10.2 Boost Converter
15.10.3 Interleaved Buck Converter
15.10.4 Interleaved Boost Converter
15.11 Design of DC-DC Converters
15.12 Results and Discussions
15.13 Conclusion
References
16. Recent Advances in Wireless Power Transfer for Electric Vehicle Charging
Sivagami K., Janamejaya Channegowda and Damodharan P.
16.1 Need for Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) in Electric Vehicles (EV)
16.2 WPT Theory
16.3 Operating Principle of IPT
16.3.1 Ampere’s Law
16.3.2 Faraday’s Law
16.4 Types of Wires
16.4.1 Litz Wire
16.4.2 Litz Magneto-Plate Wire (LMPW)
16.4.3 Tubular Conductor
16.4.4 REBCO Wire
16.4.5 Copper Clad Aluminium Wire
16.5 Ferrite Shapes
16.6 Couplers
16.7 Types of Charging
16.7.1 Static Charging
16.7.2 Dynamic Charging
16.7.3 Quasi-Dynamic Charging
16.8 Compensation Techniques
16.9 Power Converters in WPT Systems
16.9.1 Primary Side Converter
16.9.1.1 Unidirectional Charger
16.9.1.2 Bidirectional Charger
16.9.2 Secondary Side Converter
16.9.3 Recent Novel Converter
16.10 Standards
16.11 Conclusion
References
17. Flux Link Control Modulation Technique for Improving Power Transfer Characteristics of Bidirectional DC/DC Converter Used in FCEVS
Bandi Mallikarjuna Reddy, Naveenkumar Marati, Kathirvel Karuppazhagi and Balraj Vaithilingam
17.1 Introduction
17.2 GDAB-IBDC Converter
17.2.1 Analysis and Modeling of GDAB-IBDC
17.3 FLC Modulation Technique
17.3.1 Modes of Operation of GDAB-IBDC Converter
17.3.2 Analytical Modeling of SPS and FLC Modulation
17.4 Dead Band Analysis of GDAB-IBDC Converter
17.5 Simulation and Results
17.6 Conclusion
References
Index
Back to Top
Preface
1. Green Energy Technology-Based Energy-Efficient Appliances for Buildings Avanish Gautam Singh, Rahul Rajeevkumar Urs, Rajeev Kumar Chauhan and Prabhakar Tiwari
Nomenclature
Variables
1.1 Balance of System Appliances Needed for Green Energy Systems
1.1.1 Grid Interactive Inverters for Buildings with AC Wiring
1.1.2 Grid Interactive Inverter with No Battery Backup
1.1.3 Main Grid-Interactive Inverter (Hybrid Inverter)
1.1.4 DC-DC Converter for DC Building
1.1.5 Bidirectional Inverter
1.1.6 Battery Bank
1.2 Major Green Energy Home Appliances
1.2.1 DC Air Conditioners
1.2.2 DC Lighting
1.2.3 DC Refrigeration
1.2.4 Emerging Products for Grid Connected Homes and Businesses
1.2.5 Electrical Vehicle
1.3 Energy Savings Through Green Appliances
1.3.1 Appliance Scheduling
1.3.2 A Case Study of a Mid-Ranged Home with Green Home Appliances Versus Conventional Home Appliances: A Comparison of 1 Day Consumption
1.4 Conclusion
References
2. Integrated Electric Power Systems and Their Power Quality Issues
Akhil Gupta, Kamal Kant Sharma and Gagandeep Kaur
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Designing of a Hybrid Energy System
2.3 Classification of Hybrid Energy Systems
2.3.1 Hybrid Wind-Solar System
2.3.2 Hybrid Diesel-Wind System
2.3.3 Hybrid Wind-Hydro Power System
2.3.4 Hybrid Fuel Cell-Solar System
2.3.5 Hybrid Solar Thermal System
2.4 Power Quality Implications
2.4.1 Interruption
2.4.2 Undervoltage or Brownout
2.4.3 Voltage Sag or Dip
2.4.4 Noise
2.4.5 Frequency
2.4.6 Harmonic
2.4.7 Notching
2.4.8 Short-Circuit
2.4.9 Swell
2.4.10 Transient or Surges
2.5 Conclusion
References
3. Renewable Energy in India and World for Sustainable Development Kuldeep Jayaswal, D. K. Palwalia and Aditya Sharma
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The Energy Framework
3.3 Status of Solar PV Energy
3.4 Boons of Renewable Energy
3.5 Energy Statistics
3.5.1 Coal
3.5.2 Natural Gas
3.5.3 Biofuels
3.5.4 Electricity
3.6 Renewable Energy Resources
3.7 Conclusion
Abbreviations
References
4. Power Electronics: Technology for Wind Turbines
K.T. Maheswari, P. Prem and Jagabar Sathik
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Overview of Wind Power Generation
4.1.1.1 India-Wind Potential
4.1.2 Advancement of Wind Power Technologies
4.1.3 Power Electronics Technologies for Wind Turbines
4.2 Power Converter Topologies for Wind Turbines
4.2.1 Matrix Converter
4.2.2 Z Source Matrix Converter
4.3 Quasi Z Source Direct Matrix Converter
4.3.1 Principle of Operation
4.3.2 Modulation Strategy
4.3.2.1 Closed Loop Control of QZSDMC
4.3.3 Simulation Results and Discussion
4.4 Conclusion
References
5. Investigation of Current Controllers for Grid Interactive Inverters
Aditi Chatterjee and Kanungo Barada Mohanty
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Current Control System for Single-Phase Grid Interactive Inverters
5.2.1 Hysteresis Current Controller
5.2.2 Proportional Integral Current Control
5.2.3 Proportional Resonant Current Control
5.2.4 Dead Beat Current Control
5.2.5 Model Predictive Current Control
5.2.5.1 Analysis of Discretized System Model Dynamics
5.2.5.2 Cost Function Assessment
5.3 Simulation Results and Analysis
5.3.1 Results in Steady-State Operating Mode
5.3.2 Results in Dynamic Operating Mode
5.3.3 Comparative Assessment of the Current Controllers
5.3.4 Hardware Implementation
5.3.4.1 Hardware Components
5.3.4.2 Digital Implementation
5.4 Experimental Results
5.5 Future Scope
5.6 Conclusion
References
6. Multilevel Converter for Static Synchronous Compensators: State-of-the-Art Applications and Trends
Dayane do Carmo Mendonça, Renata Oliveira de Sousa, João Victor Matos Farias, Heverton Augusto Pereira, Seleme Isaac Seleme Júnior and Allan Fagner Cupertino
6.1 Introduction
6.2 STATCOM Realization
6.2.1 Two-Level Converters
6.2.2 Early Multilevel Converters
6.2.3 Cascaded Multilevel Converters
6.2.4 Summary of Topologies
6.3 STATCOM Control Objectives
6.3.1 Operating Principle
6.3.2 Control Objectives
6.3.2 Modulation Schemes
6.3.3 NLC
6.3.4 PS-PWM
6.4 Benchmarking of Cascaded Topologies
6.4.1 Design Assumptions
6.4.1.1 Y-CHB
6.4.1.2 ∆-CHB
6.4.1.3 HB-MMC
6.4.1.4 FB-MMC
6.4.2 Current Stress in Semiconductor Devices
6.4.3 Current Stress in Submodule Capacitor
6.4.4 Comparison of Characteristics
6.5 STATCOM Trends
6.5.1 Cost Reduction
6.5.2 Reliability Requirements
6.5.3 Modern Grid Codes Requirements
6.5.4 Energy Storage Systems
6.6 Conclusions and Future Trends
References
7. Topologies and Comparative Analysis of Reduced Switch Multilevel Inverters for Renewable Energy Applications
Aishwarya V. and Gnana Sheela K.
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Reduced-Switch Multilevel Inverters
7.3 Comparative Analysis
7.4 Conclusion
References
8. A Novel Step-Up Switched-Capacitor-Based Multilevel Inverter Topology Feasible for Green Energy Harvesting
Erfan Hallaji and Kazem Varesi
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Proposed Basic Topology
8.3 Proposed Extended Topology
8.3.1 First Algorithm (P1)
8.3.2 Second Algorithm (P2)
8.4 Operational Mode
8.4.1 Mode A
8.4.2 Mode B
8.4.3 Mode C
8.4.4 Mode D
8.4.5 Mode E
8.4.6 Mode F
8.4.7 Mode G
8.4.8 Mode H
8.4.9 Mode I
8.4.10 Mode J
8.4.11 Mode K
8.4.12 Mode L
8.4.13 Mode M
8.4.14 Mode N
8.4.15 Mode O
8.4.16 Mode P
8.4.17 Mode Q
8.5 Standing Voltage
8.5.1 Standing Voltage (SV) for the First Algorithm (P1)
8.5.2 Standing Voltage (SV) for the Second Algorithm (P2)
8.6 Proposed Cascaded Topology
8.6.1 First Algorithm (S1)
8.6.2 Second Algorithm (S2)
8.6.3 Third Algorithm (S3)
8.6.4 Fourth Algorithm (S4)
8.6.5 Fifth Algorithm (S5)
8.6.6 Sixth Algorithm (S6)
8.7 Modulation Method
8.8 Efficiency and Losses Analysis
8.8.1 Switching Losses
8.8.2 Conduction Losses
8.8.3 Ripple Losses
8.8.4 Efficiency
8.9 Capacitor Design
8.10 Comparison Results
8.11 Simulation Results
8.12 Conclusion
References
9. Classification of Conventional and Modern Maximum Power Point Tracking Techniques for Photovoltaic Energy Generation Systems
Mohammed Salah Bouakkaz, Ahcene Boukadoum, Omar Boudebbouz, Nadir Boutasseta, Issam Attoui and Ahmed Bouraiou
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Classification of MPPT Techniques
9.1.2 MPPT Algorithms Based on PV Side Parameters
9.2 MPPT Algorithms Based on Load Side Parameters
9.3 Conventional MPPT Algorithms
9.3.1 Indirect Techniques
9.3.1.1 MPPT Based on Constant Voltage (CV)
9.3.1.2 Fractional Voltage (FV) Technique
9.3.1.3 Fractional Currents (FC) Technique
9.3.2 Direct Techniques
9.3.2.1 Hill Climbing (HC) Technique
9.3.2.2 Perturb & Observe (P&O) Technique
9.3.2.3 Incremental Conductance (IC)
9.4 Soft Computing (SC) MPPT Techniques
9.4.1 MPPT Techniques Based on Artificial Intelligence (AI)
9.4.1.1 Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC) Technique
9.4.1.2 Artificial Neural Network (ANN)
9.4.1.3 Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS)
9.4.1.4 The Bayesian Network (BN)
9.4.2 Bioinspired (BI)-Based MPPT Techniques
9.4.2.1 Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
9.4.2.2 Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA)
9.4.2.3 Moth-Flame Optimization (MFO)
9.5 Hybrid MPPT Techniques
9.5.1 Conventional with Conventional (CV/CV)
9.5.1.1 Fractional Current (FC) With Incremental Conductance (IC)
9.5.2 Soft Computing with Soft Computing (SC/SC)
9.5.2.1 Fuzzy Logic Control with Genetic Algorithm (FLC/GA)
9.5.3 Conventional with Soft Computing (CV/SC)
9.5.3.1 Hill Climbing with Fuzzy Logic Control (HC/FLC)
9.5.4 Other Classifications of Hybrid Techniques
9.6 Discussion
9.7 Conclusion
References
10. A Simulation Analysis of Maximum Power Point Tracking Techniques for Battery-Operated PV Systems
Pankaj Sahu and Rajiv Dey
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Background of Conventional MPPT Methods
10.2.1 Perturb & Observe (P&O)
10.2.2 Incremental Conductance (IC)
10.2.3 Fractional Short Circuit Current (FSCC)
10.2.4 Fractional Open Circuit Voltage (FOCV)
10.2.5 Ripple Correlation Control (RCC)
10.3 Simulink Model of PV System with MPPT
10.4 Results and Discussions
10.4.1 (a) Simulation Results for P&O Method
10.4.2 (b) Simulation Results for Incremental Conductance (IC) Method
10.4.3 (c) Fractional Open Circuit Voltage (FOCV) Method
10.4.4 (d) Fractional Short Circuit Current (FSCC) Method
10.4.5 (e) Ripple Correlation Control (RCC)
10.4.6 (f) Performance Comparison
10.5 Conclusion
References
11 Power Electronics: Technology for Grid-Tied Solar Photovoltaic Power Generation Systems
K. Sateesh Kumar, A. Kirubakaran, N. Subrahmanyam and Umashankar Subramaniam
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Grid-Tied SPVPGS Technology
11.2.1 Module Inverters
11.2.2 String Inverters
11.2.3 Multistring Inverters
11.2.4 Central Inverters
11.3 Classification of PV Inverter Configurations
11.3.1 Singles-Stage Isolated Inverter Configuration
11.3.2 Single-Stage Nonisolated Inverter Configuration
11.3.3 Two-Stage Isolated Inverter Converter
11.3.4 Two-Stage Nonisolated Inverter Configuration
11.4 Analysis of Leakage Current in Nonisolated Inverter Topologies
11.5 Important Standards Dealing with the Grid-Connected SPVPGS
11.5.1 DC Current Injection and Leakage Current
11.5.2 Individual Harmonic Distortion and Total Harmonic Distortion
11.5.3 Voltage and Frequency Requirements
11.5.4 Reactive Power Capability
11.5.5 Anti-Islanding Detection
11.6 Various Topologies of Grid-Tied SPVPGS
11.6.1 AC Module Topologies
11.6.2 String Inverter Topologies
11.6.3 Multistring Inverter Topologies
11.6.4 Central Inverter Topologies
11.7 Scope for Future Research
11.8 Conclusions
References
12. Hybrid Solar-Wind System Modeling and Control
Issam Attoui, Naceredine Labed, Salim Makhloufi, Mohammed Salah Bouakkaz, Ahmed Bouraiou, Nadir Boutasseta, Nadir Fergani and Brahim Oudjani
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Description of the Proposed System
12.3 Model of System
12.3.1 Model of Wind Turbine
12.3.2 Dynamic Model of the DFIG
12.3.3 Mathematic Model of Filter
12.3.4 Medium-Term Energy Storage
12.3.5 Short-Term Energy Storage
12.3.6 Wind Speed Model
12.3.7 Photovoltaic Array Model
12.3.8 Boost Converter Model
12.4 System Control
12.4.1 Grid Side Converter GSC Control
12.4.2 Rotor Side Converter RSC Control
12.4.3 MPPT Control Algorithm for Wind Turbine
12.4.4 Two-Level Energy Storage System and Control Strategy
12.4.5 PSO-Based GMPPT for PV System
12.5 Results and Interpretation
12.6 Conclusion
References
13. Static/Dynamic Economic-Environmental Dispatch Problem Using Cuckoo Search Algorithm
Larouci Benyekhlef, Benasla Lahouari
and Sitayeb Abdelkader
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Problem Formulation
13.2.1 Static Economic Dispatch
13.2.2 Dynamic Economic Dispatch (DED)
13.3 Calculation of CO2, CH4, and N2O Emitted During the Combustion
13.3.1 Calculation of CO2
13.3.2 Calculating CH4 and N2O Emissions
13.4 The Cuckoo Search Algorithms
13.5 Application
13.5.1 Case I: The Static Economic Dispatch
13.5.2 Case II: The Dynamic Economic Dispatch
13.6 Conclusions
References
14. Power Electronics Converters for EVs and Wireless Chargers: An Overview on Existent Technology and Recent Advances
Sahand Ghaseminejad Liasi, Faezeh Kardan and Mohammad Tavakoli Bina
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Hybrid Power System for EV Technology
14.3 DC/AC Converters to Drive the EV
14.4 DC/DC Converters for EVs
14.4.1 Isolated and Nonisolated DC/DC Converters for EV Application
14.4.2 Multi-Input DC/DC Converters in Hybrid EVs
14.5 WBG Devices for EV Technology
14.6 High-Power and High-Density DC/DC Converters for Hybrid and EV Applications
14.7 DC Fast Chargers and Challenges
14.7.1 Fast-Charging Station Architectures
14.7.2 Impacts of Fast Chargers on Power Grid
14.7.3 Fast-Charging Stations Connected to MV Grid and Challenges
14.7.3.1 SST-Based EV Fast-Charging Station
14.8 Wireless Charging
14.8.1 Short History of Wireless Charging
14.8.2 Proficiencies
14.8.3 Deficiencies
14.9 Standards
14.9.1 SAE J1772
14.9.1.1 Revisions of SAE J1772
14.9.2 IEC 62196
14.9.3 SAE J2954
14.10 WPT Technology in Practice
14.11 Converters
14.12 Resonant Network Topologies
14.13 Appropriate DC/DC Converters
14.14 Single-Ended Wireless EV Charger
14.15 WPT and EV Motor Drive Using Single Inverter
14.15.1 Problem Definition
14.15.2 Wave Shaping Analysis
14.15.3 Convertor System
14.15.4 WPT System and Motor Drive Integration
14.16 Conclusion
References
15. Recent Advances in Fast-Charging Methods for Electric Vehicles
R. Chandrasekaran, M. Sathishkumar Reddy, B. Raja and K. Selvajyothi
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Levels of Charging
15.2.1 Level 1 Charging
15.2.2 Level 2 Charging
15.2.3 Level 3 Charging
15.3 EV Charging Standards
15.4 Battery Charging Methods
15.5 Constant Voltage Charging
15.6 Constant Current Charging
15.7 Constant Current-Constant Voltage (CC-CV) Charging
15.8 Multicurrent Level Charging
15.9 Pulse Charging
15.10 Converters and Its Applications
15.10.1 Buck Converter
15.10.2 Boost Converter
15.10.3 Interleaved Buck Converter
15.10.4 Interleaved Boost Converter
15.11 Design of DC-DC Converters
15.12 Results and Discussions
15.13 Conclusion
References
16. Recent Advances in Wireless Power Transfer for Electric Vehicle Charging
Sivagami K., Janamejaya Channegowda and Damodharan P.
16.1 Need for Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) in Electric Vehicles (EV)
16.2 WPT Theory
16.3 Operating Principle of IPT
16.3.1 Ampere’s Law
16.3.2 Faraday’s Law
16.4 Types of Wires
16.4.1 Litz Wire
16.4.2 Litz Magneto-Plate Wire (LMPW)
16.4.3 Tubular Conductor
16.4.4 REBCO Wire
16.4.5 Copper Clad Aluminium Wire
16.5 Ferrite Shapes
16.6 Couplers
16.7 Types of Charging
16.7.1 Static Charging
16.7.2 Dynamic Charging
16.7.3 Quasi-Dynamic Charging
16.8 Compensation Techniques
16.9 Power Converters in WPT Systems
16.9.1 Primary Side Converter
16.9.1.1 Unidirectional Charger
16.9.1.2 Bidirectional Charger
16.9.2 Secondary Side Converter
16.9.3 Recent Novel Converter
16.10 Standards
16.11 Conclusion
References
17. Flux Link Control Modulation Technique for Improving Power Transfer Characteristics of Bidirectional DC/DC Converter Used in FCEVS
Bandi Mallikarjuna Reddy, Naveenkumar Marati, Kathirvel Karuppazhagi and Balraj Vaithilingam
17.1 Introduction
17.2 GDAB-IBDC Converter
17.2.1 Analysis and Modeling of GDAB-IBDC
17.3 FLC Modulation Technique
17.3.1 Modes of Operation of GDAB-IBDC Converter
17.3.2 Analytical Modeling of SPS and FLC Modulation
17.4 Dead Band Analysis of GDAB-IBDC Converter
17.5 Simulation and Results
17.6 Conclusion
References
Index
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