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Submit a ProposalAdvances in Novel Formulations for Drug Delivery
 | Edited by Raj K. Keservani, Rajesh Kumar Kesharwani and Anil K. Sharma Copyright: 2023 | Status: Published ISBN: 9781394166435 | Hardcover | 547 pages Price: $225 USD  |
One Line Description
The 27 chapters describe novel strategies for drug/nutraceutical delivery and embrace the development of formulations with herbal ingredients, while also highlighting disease therapeutics.
Audience
Researchers, scientists, industry professionals, formulators and product developers, regulatory agencies in a variety of settings including novel drug delivery research laboratories, pharmaceutical, and pharmacy industries, biomedical sciences, food and nutraceuticals manufacturers, and nanotechnology.
Researchers, scientists, industry professionals, formulators and product developers, regulatory agencies in a variety of settings including novel drug delivery research laboratories, pharmaceutical, and pharmacy industries, biomedical sciences, food and nutraceuticals manufacturers, and nanotechnology.
Description
Drug delivery technology has witnessed many advancements purported to cater to the customized needs of its ultimate beneficiaries—the patients. Today, dosage forms are not confined to conventional tablets, capsules, or injectables, but have evolved to cover novel drug carriers such as particulates, vesicles, and many others. Nanotechnological advancements have played a major role in this paradigm shift in ways of delivering active pharmaceutical ingredients.
A new dimension in the use of food as medicine has also gained prominence in recent years. A portmanteau of nutrition and pharmaceuticals is “nutraceuticals,” also known as functional foods and dietary supplements. The technologies which were earlier included in drug delivery have been attempted for the delivery of nutraceuticals as well. Herbal actives have received increased attention due to their low risk-to-benefit ratio. The field of drug delivery is quite dynamic in nature, as witnessed by its evolution from conventional dosage forms to nanotechnology-assisted drug products. A variety of formulations via different drug delivery routes have been developed to treat/cure/mitigate diseases or disorders.
This book, comprising of 27 chapters, is a thorough compilation of information relevant to drug delivery systems with an emphasis on products based on nanotechnology.
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Drug delivery technology has witnessed many advancements purported to cater to the customized needs of its ultimate beneficiaries—the patients. Today, dosage forms are not confined to conventional tablets, capsules, or injectables, but have evolved to cover novel drug carriers such as particulates, vesicles, and many others. Nanotechnological advancements have played a major role in this paradigm shift in ways of delivering active pharmaceutical ingredients.
A new dimension in the use of food as medicine has also gained prominence in recent years. A portmanteau of nutrition and pharmaceuticals is “nutraceuticals,” also known as functional foods and dietary supplements. The technologies which were earlier included in drug delivery have been attempted for the delivery of nutraceuticals as well. Herbal actives have received increased attention due to their low risk-to-benefit ratio. The field of drug delivery is quite dynamic in nature, as witnessed by its evolution from conventional dosage forms to nanotechnology-assisted drug products. A variety of formulations via different drug delivery routes have been developed to treat/cure/mitigate diseases or disorders.
This book, comprising of 27 chapters, is a thorough compilation of information relevant to drug delivery systems with an emphasis on products based on nanotechnology.
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Author / Editor Details
Raj K. Keservani, MPharm, is an associate professor in the Faculty of B. Pharmacy, CSM Group of Institutions, Prayagraj, India. He has more than 12 years of academic (teaching) experience from various institutes in India in pharmaceutical education. He has published more than 30 peer-reviewed papers in the field of pharmaceutical sciences in national and international journals, 1 patent, 43 book chapters, three co-authored books, and 19 edited books. His research interests include nutraceutical and functional foods, novel drug delivery systems (NDDS), transdermal drug delivery/drug delivery, health science, cancer biology, and neurobiology.
Raj K. Keservani, MPharm, is an associate professor in the Faculty of B. Pharmacy, CSM Group of Institutions, Prayagraj, India. He has more than 12 years of academic (teaching) experience from various institutes in India in pharmaceutical education. He has published more than 30 peer-reviewed papers in the field of pharmaceutical sciences in national and international journals, 1 patent, 43 book chapters, three co-authored books, and 19 edited books. His research interests include nutraceutical and functional foods, novel drug delivery systems (NDDS), transdermal drug delivery/drug delivery, health science, cancer biology, and neurobiology.
Rajesh K. Kesharwani, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Computer Application, Nehru Gram Bharati (Deemed to be University), Prayagraj, India. He has more than 11 years of research and 9 years of teaching experience in various institutes in India. He has authored more than 55 peer-reviewed articles, 24 book chapters, and 15 edited books. His research fields of interest are medical informatics, protein structure and function prediction, computer-aided drug designing, structural biology, drug delivery, cancer biology, nano-biotechnology, and biomedical sciences.
Anil K. Sharma, M.Pharm., PhD, is an assistant professor (Pharmaceutics) at the School of Medical and Allied Sciences, GD Goenka University, Gurugram, India. He has experience of more than 13 years in academics. He has published 30 peer-reviewed papers in the field of pharmaceutical sciences in nationally and internationally reputed journals as well as 16 book chapters and 15 edited books. His research interests encompass nutraceutical and functional foods, novel drug delivery systems (NDDS), drug delivery, nanotechnology, health science/life science, and biology/cancer biology/neurobiology.
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Table of Contents
Preface
Part I: Novel Drug Carriers and Therapeutics
1. Nanoarchitectured Materials: Their Applications and Present Scenarios in Drug Delivery
Moreshwar P. Patil and Lalita S. Nemade
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Liposomes
1.3 Nanoparticles
1.3.1 Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery
1.4 Nanoemulsions
1.4.1 Advantages and Shortcomings of Nanoemulsions
1.4.2 Application of Nanoemulsion in Drug Delivery
1.5 Dendrimers
1.5.1 Synthesis of Dendrimers
1.5.2 Advantages of Dendrimers
1.5.3 Applications of Dendrimers in Drug Delivery
1.6 Aquasomes
1.6.1 Properties of Aquasomes
1.6.2 Application of Aquasomes in Drug Delivery
1.7 Nanogel
1.7.1 Properties of Nanogels
1.7.2 Nanogels in Drug Delivery
1.8 Quantum Dots
1.8.1 Applications of Quantum Dots in Drug Delivery
1.9 Carbon Nanotubes
1.9.1 Features of Carbon Nanotubes
1.9.2 Carbon Nanotubes in Drug Delivery
References
2. Nanopharmaceuticals for Drug Delivery
Swapnali Ashish Patil, Akshadha Atul Bakliwal, Vijay Sharad Chudiwal and Swati Gokul Talele
2.1 Introduction
2.2 What Are Nanopharmaceuticals and What Do They Do?
2.3 Nanopharmaceuticals Importance
2.4 Nanotechnology
2.5 Pharmaceutical Companies and Nanotechnology
2.6 Applications and Advantages of Nanopharmaceuticals as Drug Carriers
2.7 Characteristics of Nanoparticles in Nanopharmaceuticals
2.7.1 Particle Size
2.7.2 Surface Properties of Nanoparticles
2.7.3 Drug Loading
2.7.4 Drug Release
2.8 Targeted Drug Delivery
2.9 Types of Nanoparticles
2.10 Nanoparticle Preparation Methods
2.11 Evaluation of Nanoparticles
2.12 Efficiency of Drug Entrapment
2.13 Particle Shape
2.14 Size of the Particles
2.15 Zeta Potential
2.16 Rise of Nanopharmaceuticals
2.17 Nanopharmaceuticals Approval Regulations (FDA Rules & Regulations)
2.18 Conclusions and Prospects for the Future
References
3. Applications and Prospects of Nanopharmaceuticals Delivery
Hemant K. S. Yadav, Fejer Al mohammedawi and Rawan J. I. Abujarad
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Nanopharmaceuticals
3.3 Development of Nanopharmaceuticals
3.3.1 From Lab to the Marketplace
3.3.2 Techniques
3.3.3 Cost
3.3.4 Ethics
3.3.5 Nanopharmaceuticals Approval Regulations (FDA Rules & Regulations)
3.4 Clinical Applications of Nanotechnology
3.4.1 Diagnostic Applications
3.4.1.1 Detection
3.4.1.2 Protein Chips
3.4.1.3 Individual Target Probes
3.4.1.4 Nanotechnology as a Tool in Imaging
3.4.1.5 Sparse Cell Detection
3.4.2 Therapeutic Applications
3.4.2.1 Surfaces
3.4.2.2 Gene Delivery
3.4.2.3 Drug Delivery
3.4.2.4 Liposomes
3.4.2.5 Nanotechnology in Orthopedic Applications
3.4.2.6 Nanotechnology in Cardiac Therapy
3.4.2.7 Nanotechnology in Dental Care
3.4.2.8 Biomolecular Engineering
3.4.2.9 Biopharmaceuticals
3.5 Nanopharmaceuticals Delivery—Recent Applications
3.5.1 Nanoparticulate Systems for Vaccine
3.5.1.1 Polyanhydride-Based NPs
3.5.1.2 Biodegradable Synthetic PLGA NPs
3.5.1.3 Liposome-Based NPs
3.5.1.4 Polysaccharide-Based NPs
3.5.2 Chemotherapy
3.5.2.1 Increasing the Concentration of Chemotherapeutic Agents in Tumor Tissue
3.5.3 Drug/Gene Delivery
3.5.3.1 Nanoparticles Used in Drug Delivery System
3.5.3.2 Cellulose
3.6 Nanotechnology in Neurodegenerative Disorders Treatment
3.7 Future Perspective
3.8 Issues with Current Nanopharmaceutical Concepts
3.8.1 Large-Scale Manufacturing
3.8.2 Biological Challenges
3.8.3 Intellectual Property (IP)
3.8.4 Biocompatibility and Safety
3.8.5 Government Regulations
3.9 Conclusion
References
4. Nanomedicine Regulation and Future Prospects
Md Anwar Nawaz R., Darul Raiyaan G. I., Sivakumar K. and Kantha D. Arunachalam
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Importance of Regulation of Nanomedicine
4.3 Regulatory Challenges Faced by Nanomaterial in Medicine
4.3.1 Performing Various Functions
4.3.2 Nanomedicine Classification Issues
4.3.3 Variation in Size of the Particle
4.3.4 Manufacturing Process
4.3.5 Difficulties to Create CQA
4.3.6 Nanotoxicology and Cellular Response
4.3.7 Administering Right Doses
4.3.8 Pharmacokinetics
4.3.9 Developing Guidelines
4.4 Nanomedicine Future Aspects
4.5 Challenges that Threaten the Future of Nanomedicine
4.5.1 Financial Crisis
4.5.2 Lack of Confidence
4.5.3 Potential Dangers
4.5.4 Unsuccessful Patenting
4.5.5 Breakdowns in the Pharmaceuticals and Financial Markets
4.5.6 Limited Regulation
4.6 Future Prospects for Nanomedicine
4.6.1 Emerging Nanomaterials
4.6.2 Personalized Nanomedicine
4.6.3 Nanorobots and Nanodevices
4.6.4 Orthopedic Augmentations and Cytocompatibility
4.6.5 Cardiology and Nanotechnology
4.6.6 Cancer and Nanotechnology
4.6.7 NAPT
4.6.8 Gene, Protein, Lab-on-a-Chip Devices
4.6.9 Polymeric Nanoparticles in Medicine
References
5. Nanotechnology Application in Drug Delivery for Medicinal Plants
Bui Thanh Tung, Duong Van Thanh and Nguyen Phuong Thanh
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Nanodrug Delivery Systems (NDDS)
5.2 Nanoherbals
5.2.1 Cucuma longa (Cucurmin)
5.2.2 Gingko biloba
5.2.3 Artemisia
5.2.4 Silybum marianum—Silymarin
5.2.5 Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen)
5.2.6 Glycyrrhiza glabra (L.)
5.2.7 Camellia sinensis (Green tea)
5.2.8 Camptotheca acuminata
5.2.9 Leea indica
5.2.10 Ziziphus mauritiana (Malay apple)
5.2.11 Cuscuta chinensis
5.3 Conclusion
References
6. Nanosystems Trends in Nutraceutical Delivery
Aristote Buya
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Classification of Nutraceuticals
6.3 Biopharmaceutical Issues Associated with Nutraceuticals
6.4 Nanosystems for Delivery of Nutraceuticals
6.4.1 Nanoemulsions
6.4.2 Self-Emulsifying Systems
6.4.3 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Lipid Carriers
6.4.4 Liposomes
6.4.5 Polymeric Nanoparticles
6.4.6 Inorganic Nanoparticles
6.5 Challenges
6.6 Market Potential
6.7 Conclusion and Perspective
References
7. Nanoencapsulated Systems for Delivery of Phytopharmaceuticals
Jacqueline Renovato-Núñez, Luis Enrique Cobos-Puc, Ezequiel Viveros-Valdez,
Anna Iliná, Elda Patricia Segura-Ceniceros, Raúl Rodríguez-Herrera and Sonia Yesenia Silva-Belmares
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Nanoencapsulation Techniques in Phytopharmaceuticals
7.1.1.1 Physical-Chemical Techniques
7.1.1.2 Chemicals Techniques
7.1.1.3 Mechanical Techniques
7.1.2 Characterization of Nanoencapsulates
7.1.2.1 Morphological Characterization
7.1.2.2 Physicochemical Characterization
7.1.3 Nanoencapsulated Systems for Free Delivery of Phytopharmaceuticals
7.1.4 Studies to Evaluate Phytopharmaceuticals Nanoencapsulates
7.2 Conclusions
References
8. Topical Drug Delivery Using Liposomes and Liquid Crystalline Phases
for Skin Cancer Therapy
Karina Alexandre Barros Nogueira, Jéssica Roberta Pereira Martins, Thayane Soares Lima, Jose Willams Bandeira Alves Junior, Alanna Letícia do Carmo Aquino, Lorena Maria Ferreira de Lima, Josimar O. Eloy and Raquel Petrilli
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Liposomes for Topical Application
8.2.1 Development of Liposomal Nanoparticles
8.3 Liquid Crystals and Liquid Crystalline Nanodispersions for Topical Application
8.3.1 Characterization Techniques
8.4 Physical Methods Applied to Nanoparticles Delivery
8.4.1 Sonophoresis
8.4.2 Microneedles
8.5 Conclusions and Perspectives
Acknowledgements
References
9. Vesicular Drug Delivery in Arthritis Treatment
Nilesh Gorde, Sandeep O. Waghulde, Ajay Kharche and Mohan Kale
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Skin Penetration Pathways
9.2.1 Intercellular Pathway
9.2.2 Transcellular Pathway
9.2.3 Appendgeal Pathway
9.3 Principles of Drug Permeation Through Skin
9.4 Problems Associated with Conventional Dosage Forms
9.5 Novel Treatment Strategies for Arthritis
9.5.1 Traditional Liposomes as Skin Drug Delivery Systems
9.5.2 Transferosomes (Ultradeformable Liposomes) as Skin Drug Delivery Systems
9.5.3 Ethosomes as Skin Drug Delivery Systems
9.5.4 Niosomes as Skin Drug Delivery Systems
9.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
10. Perspectives of Novel Drug Delivery in Mycoses
D. Maheswary, Kakithakara Vajravelu Leela and Sujith Ravi
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Role of Conventional Drugs in Antifungal Therapy
10.3 Mechanism of Action of Conventional Antifungals
10.4 Summary of Nanoparticles and Their Role in Antifungal Therapy
10.4.1 Lipid Nanoparticles
10.4.2 Liposome
10.4.3 Transfersomes
10.4.4 Transethosomes
10.4.5 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN)
10.4.6 Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLC)
10.4.7 Polymer Lipid Hybrid Nanoparticles (PLN)
10.4.8 Polymeric Nanoparticles
10.4.9 Microsponge and Nanosponge Systems
10.4.10 Polymeric Micelles
10.4.11 Polymersomes
10.4.12 Dendrimers
10.4.13 Metallic Nanoparticles
10.5 Other Drug Delivery Systems
10.5.1 Niosomes
10.5.2 Spanlastics
10.5.3 Microemulsions and Nanoemulsions
10.5.4 Silicon Dioxide Nanoparticles
10.6 Conclusion
References
11. Nano-Based Drug Delivery in Eliminating Tuberculosis
Anusha Gopinathan, Shweta Sagar Naik, Leela K.V. and Sujith Ravi
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Latent and Active Tuberculosis
11.1.2 Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB)
11.1.3 Extensively Drug-Resistant TB
11.2 Antitubercular Therapy
11.3 Therapies Based on Nanotechnology
11.3.1 Nanoparticles for Anti-TB Therapy
11.3.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Nanoparticles
11.3.3 Types of Nanoparticles and Their Characteristics
11.3.3.1 TB Dendrimers
11.3.3.2 Cyclodextrins
11.3.3.3 Polymeric Micelles
11.3.3.4 Liposomes
11.3.3.5 Nanoemulsions
11.3.3.6 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
11.3.3.7 Niosomes
11.3.3.8 Polymeric Nanoparticles
11.4 Routes of Administration of Nanoparticles
11.4.1 Oral Administration of Nanoparticles
11.4.2 Inhalational Administration of Nanoparticles
11.4.3 Intravenous Administration of Nanoparticles
11.4.4 Other Routes of Administration
11.5 Conclusion
References
12. Promising Approaches in Drug Delivery Against Resistant Bacteria
Shweta Sagar Naik, Anusha G., KakithakaraVajravelu Leela and Sujith Ravi
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Drug Delivery Systems
12.2.1 Microneedles
12.2.2 Nanoparticles
12.2.2.1 Inorganic Nanoparticles
12.2.2.2 Polymer-Based Nanomedicines
12.2.3 Lipid-Based Nanoformulations
12.2.4 Stimuli-Responsive Nanocarriers
12.2.4.1 Endogenous Stimuli
12.2.4.2 Exogeneous Stimuli
12.2.5 Nanogels
12.2.6 Nanofibers
12.2.7 Biomedical Implants
12.2.8 Wound Dressing
12.3 Biofilm Disruption
12.4 Conclusion
References
13. Emulgels: A Novel Approach for Enhanced Topical Drug Delivery Systems
Shanti Bhushan Mishra, Shradhanjali Singh, Amit Kumar Singh, Anil Kumar Singh and Divya Rani Sharma
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Approaches Used for Topical Drug Delivery
13.3 Factors Affecting Topical Absorption of Drug
13.4 Drug Delivery Across the Skin
13.5 Emulgels
13.5.1 Types of Emulgels
13.5.2 Advantages of Emulgel
13.5.3 Rationale of Emulgel as a Topical Drug Delivery System
13.5.4 Formulation Considerations
13.5.5 Excipients Used in the Formulation of Emulgel
13.5.5.1 Vehicle
13.5.5.2 Emulsifying Agents
13.5.5.3 Gelling Agent
13.5.5.4 Penetration Enhancers
13.5.5.5 Preservatives
13.5.5.6 Antioxidants
13.5.5.7 Humectant
13.5.6 Formulation Methods
13.5.7 Routes of Administration for Emulgel Formulation
13.5.8 Evaluation of Emulgels
13.5.8.1 Physical Appearance
13.5.8.2 Spreading Coefficient
13.5.8.3 Rheological Studies
13.5.8.4 Globule Size and its Distribution in Emulgel
13.5.8.5 Swelling Index
13.5.8.6 Extrudability Study of Topical Emulgel (Tube Test)
13.5.8.7 Skin Irritation Test (Patch Test)
13.5.8.8 Drug Content Determination
13.5.8.9 In Vitro Release/Permeation Studies
13.5.8.10 Ex Vivo Bioadhesive Strength Measurement of Topical Emulgel (Mice Shaven Skin)
13.5.8.11 Microbiological Assay
13.5.8.12 Drug Release Kinetic Study
13.5.8.13 Stability Studies
13.5.9 Marketed Preparations
13.5.10 Future Prospective of Emulgel as Topical Drug Delivery
13.5.11 Therapeutic Profile of Emulgel
13.6 Conclusions
References
14. Electrospun Nanofibers in Drug Delivery
Sathish Kumar Karuppannan, Saravannan Mani, Jayandra Bushion, Mohammed Junaid Hussain Dowlath and Kantha Deivi Arunachalam
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Electrospinning Setup
14.3 Polymers Used to Produce Electrospun Nanofibers
14.4 Drug Release
14.5 Matrix Type NFs
14.5.1 Monolithic
14.5.2 Blended NFs
14.6 Core-Shell Nanofibers
14.6.1 Multimatrix Core-Shell NFs
14.6.2 Reservoir Type Core-Shell NFs
14.7 Electrospun Nanofiber for Drug Delivery Applications
14.7.1 Nucleic Acid Delivery Using NFs
14.7.2 Antibiotics Delivery Using NFs
14.7.3 Vaginal Drug Delivery Using NFs
14.7.4 Ocular Drug Delivery Using NFs
14.7.5 Other Drug Delivery Using NFs
14.8 Conclusion
References
Part II: Drug Carriers in Drug Delivery
15. Role of Nanotechnology-Based Materials in Drug Delivery
Manasa R. and Mahesh Shivananjappa
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Nano-Based Drug Delivery Systems
15.3 Types of Nanoparticles
15.3.1 Polymeric Nanoparticles (PNPs)
15.3.2 Dendrimers
15.3.3 Polymeric Micelles
15.3.4 Liposomes
15.3.5 Quantum Dots (QDs)
15.3.6 Nanocrystals
15.3.7 Gold Nanoparticles
15.3.8 Carbon Nanoparticles
15.3.8.1 CNTs
15.3.8.2 CNH
15.3.8.3 Fullerenes
15.3.9 Magnetic Nanoparticles (MNPs)
15.4 Advantages of Nanoparticles
15.5 Toxicity of Nanoparticles
15.6 Conclusion
References
16. Nanomedicine Drug Delivery System
Akshada Atul Bakliwal, Swapnali Ashish Patil, Vijay Sharad Chudiwal, Swati Gokul Talele, Gokul Shravan Talele and Anil Govindrao Jadhav
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Background
16.3 Five Overlapping Subthemes of Nanomedicine
16.4 How Nanomedicine Work?
16.5 Nanomedicine for Screening of Individuals with Serious Diseases
16.6 Objectives of Nanomedicine
16.7 Advantages of Nanomedicine
16.8 Physiological Principles for Nanomedicines
16.9 Nanotoxicology from Nanomedicines
16.9.1 Health and Safety Issues
16.9.2 Cell Death and Altered Gene Expression
16.9.3 Cell Death and Gene Therapy
16.9.4 Pseudoallergy and Idiosyncratic Reactions
16.9.5 Cytotoxicity
16.9.6 Implications for Nanotoxicology from Nonmedical Nanoparticles
16.10 Nanomedicine Applications
16.10.1 Analytical and Diagnostic Tools
16.10.1.1 In Vitro Diagnostic Devices
16.10.1.2 In Vivo Imaging
16.10.2 Drug Delivery
16.10.2.1 Micelles
16.10.2.2 Nanoemulsions
16.10.2.3 Solid Nanoparticles
16.10.3 Regenerative Medicine
16.11 Toxicological and Ethical Issues in Nanomedicine
16.11.1 Toxicity Issues
16.11.2 Ethical Issues
16.12 Conclusions
References
17. Nanocarriers-Based Topical Formulations for Acne Treatment
Júlia Scherer Santos
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Acne Therapeutics
17.2.1 Nanocarriers Toward Topical Acne Therapy
17.3 Efficacy and Safety of Nanotechnology-Based Acne Therapeutics
17.3.1 Ex Vivo and In Vitro Assays
17.3.2 Animal Assays
17.3.3 Clinical Assays
17.4 Improvement of Acne Therapy by Nanocarrier-Based Formulations
17.4.1 Conventional Drugs in Nanocarriers
17.4.2 Alternatives Drugs in Nanocarriers
17.5 Conclusion
References
18. Emerging Trends of Ocular Drug Delivery
Sora Yasri and Viroj Wiwanitkit
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Barriers to Ocular Drug Delivery
18.3 Classical Drug Delivery Technology
18.3.1 Anterior Segment
18.3.2 Posterior Segment
18.4 Novel Interventions for Ocular Drug Delivery
18.4.1 Ocular Implants
18.4.2 Punctum Plugs
18.4.3 Drug-Eluting Contact Lenses
18.4.4 Ocular Iontophoresis
18.4.5 Intravitreal Implants
18.4.6 Ocular Vaccination
18.5 Applied Nanotechnology for Ocular Drug Delivery
18.5.1 Nanomicelle
18.5.2 Liposomes
18.5.3 Chitosan-Based Nanoparticles
18.5.4 Niosomes
18.5.5 Nanospheres
18.5.6 Nanocapsules
18.5.7 Dendrimers
18.5.8 Nanowafers
18.5.9 Micronanosurgery for Ocular Drug Delivery
18.6 Conclusion
References
19. Microspheres: An Overview on Recent Advances in Novel Drug Delivery System
Sarang Kumar Jain, Swati Saxena and Raj K. Keservani
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Advantages of Novel Drug Delivery System
19.3 Classification of Novel Drug Delivery System
19.3.1 Microspheres
19.3.1.1 Types of Microspheres
19.3.2 Ideal Properties of Microparticulate Carriers
19.3.3 Polymers Used in Preparation of Microspheres
19.3.4 Advantages of Microspheres
19.3.5 Disadvantages of Microspheres
19.3.6 Classification of Microspheres
19.3.6.1 Bioadhesive Microspheres
19.3.6.2 Magnetic Microspheres
19.3.6.3 Floating Microspheres
19.3.6.4 Radioactive Microspheres
19.3.6.5 Polymeric Microspheres
19.3.7 Method of Preparation of Microspheres
19.3.7.1 Single Emulsion Technique
19.3.7.2 Double Emulsion Method
19.3.7.3 Polymerization Technique
19.3.7.4 Phase Separation Coacervation Technique
19.3.7.5 Spray Drying and Spray Congealing Method
19.3.7.6 Solvent Evaporation Method
19.3.8 Evaluation Parameters of Microspheres
19.3.8.1 Particle Size and Shape
19.3.8.2 Chemical Analysis by Electron Spectroscopy
19.3.8.3 FTIR Spectroscopy
19.3.8.4 Determination of Density
19.3.8.5 Isoelectric Point Determination
19.3.8.6 Entrapment Efficiency
19.3.8.7 Angle of Contact
19.3.8.8 Swelling Index
19.3.8.9 Production Yield
19.3.8.10 In Vitro Drug Release Study
19.3.8.11 Drug Release Kinetics
19.3.8.12 Stability Studies
19.3.9 Applications of Microspheres
References
20. Drug Delivery Systems and Oral Biofilm
Elda Patricia Segura Ceniceros, Luis Méndez González, Reginaldo Tijerina, Eduardo Osorio Ramos, Francisco Javier Mendoza González, Verónica Leticia Rodríguez Contreras, Alejandra Isabel Vargas Segura and Luis Antonio Vázquez Olvera
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Oral Biofilm
20.2.1 Biofilm Related Infections in The Oral Cavity
20.2.1.1 Oral Biofilm and Periodontal Disease
20.2.1.2 Oral Biofilm and Endodontic Infections
20.2.1.3 Oral Biofilm and Dental Caries
20.3 Drug Delivery Systems
20.3.1 Nanoparticles
20.3.2 Hydrogels
20.3.3 Dendrimers
20.4 Applications of Drug Delivery Systems for Treatment of Oral Biofilm Infection
20.4.1 DDS and Dental Caries
20.4.2 DDS and Periodontal Disease
20.4.3 DDS and Other Oral Pathologies
20.5 Conclusion
References
21. Oral Drug Delivery System: An Overview on Recent Advances in Novel Drug Delivery System
Sarang Kumar Jain, Ankita Sahu and Raj K. Keservani
21.1 Introduction
21.1.1 Oral Route
21.1.2 Oral Health
21.1.3 Oral Hygiene
21.2 Oral Drug Administration Sites
21.2.1 Oral Mucosal Drug Delivery System
21.2.1.1 Physiology of Oral Mucosa
21.2.1.2 Importance of Saliva and Mucin
21.2.2 Buccal and Sublingual Drug Absorption
21.3 Factors Affecting Drug Absorption
21.3.1 Lipid Solubility, pH, and Degree of Ionization
21.3.2 Molecule Weight and Size of Drug
21.3.3 Formulation Physiochemical Properties Related Factors
21.3.4 Permeability Enhancer
21.4 Drug Delivery for Periodontitis
21.4.1 Periodontal Pocket
21.4.1.1 Classification of Periodontal Pockets According to their Morphology
21.4.1.2 Classification of Periodontal Pocket According to the Involvement of Tooth Surfaces
21.5 Oral Periodontitis Drug Delivery System
21.5.1 Antibacterial DDS for Periodontitis
21.5.2 Remineralizing DDS
21.5.3 Inflammation Modulating and Alveolar Bone Repairing DDS for Periodontitis
21.5.3.1 DDS for Peri-Implantitis
21.6 Teeth Treatments
21.7 Periodontal Local Drug Delivery
21.8 Carriers of Oral and Periodontitis Drug Delivery System
21.8.1 Hydrogel
21.8.2 Dendrimers
21.8.3 Chewing Gum
21.8.4 Lozenges
21.8.5 Tablets
21.9 Mucoadhesive Drug Delivery System/Buccal Adhesive Drug Delivery System
21.9.1 Patches and Films
21.9.2 Oral Suspension
21.9.3 Spray
21.9.4 Liposome
21.9.5 Nanoparticles
21.9.6 Laminated Film
21.9.7 Injectable Gels
21.9.8 Fibers
21.9.9 Strips and Compacts
References
22. Cancer Nanotheranostics: A Review
Ozge Esim and Canan Hascikek
22.1 Introduction
22.1.1 Lipid and Polymer-Based Nanosystems
22.1.2 Magnetic Nanoparticles
22.1.3 Quantum Dots (QD)
22.1.4 Other Metal-Derived Nanoparticles
22.2 Conclusion
References
23. Nanomedicine in Lung Cancer Therapy
Jagdale Swati C., Hable Asawaree A., and Chabukswar Anuruddha R.
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Nanotechnology
23.3 Nanomedicines for Lung Cancer Therapy
23.3.1 Nanoparticles
23.3.1.1 Gold and Silver Nanoparticles
23.3.1.2 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
23.3.1.3 Inhalable Nanoparticles
23.3.2 Micelles
23.3.3 Dendrimers
23.3.4 Liposome
23.3.5 Carbon Nanotubes
23.3.6 Quantum Dots
23.3.7 Nanofibers
23.3.8 Nanoshells
23.4 Evaluation of Nanoformulations
23.5 Application of Nanoformulations
23.6 Marketed Therapies
23.7 Challenges
23.8 Potential
23.9 Future Scope
23.10 Conclusion
References
24. Delivering Herbal Drugs Using Nanotechnology
Manasa R. and Mahesh Shivananjappa
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Methods of Preparation of Nanoparticles
24.3 Novel Drug Delivery Systems (NDDS) for Herbal Drugs
24.3.1 Liposomes
24.3.2 Phytosomes
24.3.3 Transferosome
24.3.4 Niosomes
24.3.5 Ethosomes
24.3.6 Dendrimers
24.3.7 Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS)
24.3.8 Self-Micro Emulsifying Drug Delivery System (SMEDDS)
24.4 Conclusion
References
25. Nanoherbals Drug Delivery System for Treatment of Chronic Asthma
Harsh Yadav, Satish Dubey, Naureen Shaba Khan and Ashwini Kumar Dixit
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Mechanism of Asthma Physiopathology
25.3 Asthma Etiology
25.4 Severity of Asthma
25.5 Asthma Phenotypes
25.6 Asthma Epidemiology
25.7 Asthma Treatment
25.7.1 Adverse Effects of Current Treatment Techniques
25.8 Need of Natural Products as Alternative
25.9 Selected Medicinal Plants in Asthma Treatment
25.9.1 Piper betel Linn
25.9.2 Bacopa monnieri L.
25.9.3 Momordica charantia
25.9.4 Ficus bengalensis (Linn.)
25.9.5 Clerodendrum serratum (Linn.) Moon
25.10 Potentials of Nanotechnology in Asthma Drug Delivery
25.11 Nanoherbals as Asthma Drug Delivery System
25.12 Future Prospectus of Nanoherbal Drug Delivery
25.13 Conclusion
References
26. Nutrients Delivery for Management and Prevention of Diseases
Darul Raiyaan G. I., Sameera Khathoon A. and Kantha D. Arunachalam
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Nutrients in Management and Prevention of Disease
26.2.1 Herbal Nutrients
26.2.2 FDA Regulations on Herbal Drugs
26.3 Phenolic Nutraceuticals
26.3.1 Polyphenols and Neurodegeneration
26.3.2 Polyphenols and Brain Tumors
26.3.3 Phenols and Other Cancer Treatments
26.3.4 Phenols and Hepatotoxicity
26.3.5 Clinical Trials
26.3.6 Curcumin
26.4 Routes for Nutrients Delivery
26.4.1 Oral Route
26.4.2 Intranasal Delivery
26.4.3 Transdermal Route
26.5 Nanoparticle-Based Nutrients Delivery System
26.5.1 Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLCs)
26.5.2 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs)
26.5.3 Liposomes
26.5.4 Nanocrystals
26.5.5 α-Lactalbumin
26.5.6 Carbon Nanotubes
26.5.7 Nanocochleates
26.5.8 Nanosized Self-Assembled Liquid Structures
26.5.9 Polysaccharide-Based Nanoscale Delivery of Nutrients
26.5.10 Chitosan
26.5.11 Alginate
26.5.12 Pectin
26.5.13 Gum Arabic
26.5.14 Cashew Gum
26.6 Protein-Based Nanoscale Delivery of Nutrients
26.6.1 Zein
26.6.2 Gliadin
26.6.3 Soy Protein Isolates (SPI)
26.6.4 Whey Protein
26.6.5 Casein
26.6.6 Other Proteins
26.7 Micelles
26.8 Advantages of Nanomaterials in Nutraceuticals
26.9 Safety and Toxicity of Nanostructures Applied in Food Systems
26.10 Conclusion
References
27. Nanonutraceuticals for Drug Delivery
Charu Gupta and Dhan Prakash
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Approaches to Enhance Oral Bioavailability of Nutraceuticals
27.2.1 Protection of Labile Compounds
27.2.2 Extension of Gastric Retention Time
27.2.3 Intonation of Metabolic Activities
27.3 Carriers for Nutraceutical Delivery
27.3.1 Nanoparticles for Nutraceuticals Delivery
27.3.2 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs) for Nutraceutical Delivery
27.3.3 Niosomes
27.3.4 Nanospheres
27.3.5 Nanoliposomes
27.3.6 Nanofibers
27.3.7 Nanoemulsion
27.4 Nanotechnology in Food Sector
27.4.1 Nanotechnology in Nutraceuticals
27.4.2 Nanotechnology in Medications
27.4.3 Commercial Nanonutraceuticals
27.4.4 Nanosized Self-Assembled Structured Liquids
27.5 Delivery of Nutraceuticals
27.5.1 In-Feed or Oral Nanodelivery
27.5.2 Dermal Delivery
27.5.3 Ophthalmic Delivery
27.6 Constraints in Nanodrug Delivery Systems
27.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Index
Back to Top
Preface
Part I: Novel Drug Carriers and Therapeutics
1. Nanoarchitectured Materials: Their Applications and Present Scenarios in Drug Delivery
Moreshwar P. Patil and Lalita S. Nemade
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Liposomes
1.3 Nanoparticles
1.3.1 Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery
1.4 Nanoemulsions
1.4.1 Advantages and Shortcomings of Nanoemulsions
1.4.2 Application of Nanoemulsion in Drug Delivery
1.5 Dendrimers
1.5.1 Synthesis of Dendrimers
1.5.2 Advantages of Dendrimers
1.5.3 Applications of Dendrimers in Drug Delivery
1.6 Aquasomes
1.6.1 Properties of Aquasomes
1.6.2 Application of Aquasomes in Drug Delivery
1.7 Nanogel
1.7.1 Properties of Nanogels
1.7.2 Nanogels in Drug Delivery
1.8 Quantum Dots
1.8.1 Applications of Quantum Dots in Drug Delivery
1.9 Carbon Nanotubes
1.9.1 Features of Carbon Nanotubes
1.9.2 Carbon Nanotubes in Drug Delivery
References
2. Nanopharmaceuticals for Drug Delivery
Swapnali Ashish Patil, Akshadha Atul Bakliwal, Vijay Sharad Chudiwal and Swati Gokul Talele
2.1 Introduction
2.2 What Are Nanopharmaceuticals and What Do They Do?
2.3 Nanopharmaceuticals Importance
2.4 Nanotechnology
2.5 Pharmaceutical Companies and Nanotechnology
2.6 Applications and Advantages of Nanopharmaceuticals as Drug Carriers
2.7 Characteristics of Nanoparticles in Nanopharmaceuticals
2.7.1 Particle Size
2.7.2 Surface Properties of Nanoparticles
2.7.3 Drug Loading
2.7.4 Drug Release
2.8 Targeted Drug Delivery
2.9 Types of Nanoparticles
2.10 Nanoparticle Preparation Methods
2.11 Evaluation of Nanoparticles
2.12 Efficiency of Drug Entrapment
2.13 Particle Shape
2.14 Size of the Particles
2.15 Zeta Potential
2.16 Rise of Nanopharmaceuticals
2.17 Nanopharmaceuticals Approval Regulations (FDA Rules & Regulations)
2.18 Conclusions and Prospects for the Future
References
3. Applications and Prospects of Nanopharmaceuticals Delivery
Hemant K. S. Yadav, Fejer Al mohammedawi and Rawan J. I. Abujarad
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Nanopharmaceuticals
3.3 Development of Nanopharmaceuticals
3.3.1 From Lab to the Marketplace
3.3.2 Techniques
3.3.3 Cost
3.3.4 Ethics
3.3.5 Nanopharmaceuticals Approval Regulations (FDA Rules & Regulations)
3.4 Clinical Applications of Nanotechnology
3.4.1 Diagnostic Applications
3.4.1.1 Detection
3.4.1.2 Protein Chips
3.4.1.3 Individual Target Probes
3.4.1.4 Nanotechnology as a Tool in Imaging
3.4.1.5 Sparse Cell Detection
3.4.2 Therapeutic Applications
3.4.2.1 Surfaces
3.4.2.2 Gene Delivery
3.4.2.3 Drug Delivery
3.4.2.4 Liposomes
3.4.2.5 Nanotechnology in Orthopedic Applications
3.4.2.6 Nanotechnology in Cardiac Therapy
3.4.2.7 Nanotechnology in Dental Care
3.4.2.8 Biomolecular Engineering
3.4.2.9 Biopharmaceuticals
3.5 Nanopharmaceuticals Delivery—Recent Applications
3.5.1 Nanoparticulate Systems for Vaccine
3.5.1.1 Polyanhydride-Based NPs
3.5.1.2 Biodegradable Synthetic PLGA NPs
3.5.1.3 Liposome-Based NPs
3.5.1.4 Polysaccharide-Based NPs
3.5.2 Chemotherapy
3.5.2.1 Increasing the Concentration of Chemotherapeutic Agents in Tumor Tissue
3.5.3 Drug/Gene Delivery
3.5.3.1 Nanoparticles Used in Drug Delivery System
3.5.3.2 Cellulose
3.6 Nanotechnology in Neurodegenerative Disorders Treatment
3.7 Future Perspective
3.8 Issues with Current Nanopharmaceutical Concepts
3.8.1 Large-Scale Manufacturing
3.8.2 Biological Challenges
3.8.3 Intellectual Property (IP)
3.8.4 Biocompatibility and Safety
3.8.5 Government Regulations
3.9 Conclusion
References
4. Nanomedicine Regulation and Future Prospects
Md Anwar Nawaz R., Darul Raiyaan G. I., Sivakumar K. and Kantha D. Arunachalam
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Importance of Regulation of Nanomedicine
4.3 Regulatory Challenges Faced by Nanomaterial in Medicine
4.3.1 Performing Various Functions
4.3.2 Nanomedicine Classification Issues
4.3.3 Variation in Size of the Particle
4.3.4 Manufacturing Process
4.3.5 Difficulties to Create CQA
4.3.6 Nanotoxicology and Cellular Response
4.3.7 Administering Right Doses
4.3.8 Pharmacokinetics
4.3.9 Developing Guidelines
4.4 Nanomedicine Future Aspects
4.5 Challenges that Threaten the Future of Nanomedicine
4.5.1 Financial Crisis
4.5.2 Lack of Confidence
4.5.3 Potential Dangers
4.5.4 Unsuccessful Patenting
4.5.5 Breakdowns in the Pharmaceuticals and Financial Markets
4.5.6 Limited Regulation
4.6 Future Prospects for Nanomedicine
4.6.1 Emerging Nanomaterials
4.6.2 Personalized Nanomedicine
4.6.3 Nanorobots and Nanodevices
4.6.4 Orthopedic Augmentations and Cytocompatibility
4.6.5 Cardiology and Nanotechnology
4.6.6 Cancer and Nanotechnology
4.6.7 NAPT
4.6.8 Gene, Protein, Lab-on-a-Chip Devices
4.6.9 Polymeric Nanoparticles in Medicine
References
5. Nanotechnology Application in Drug Delivery for Medicinal Plants
Bui Thanh Tung, Duong Van Thanh and Nguyen Phuong Thanh
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Nanodrug Delivery Systems (NDDS)
5.2 Nanoherbals
5.2.1 Cucuma longa (Cucurmin)
5.2.2 Gingko biloba
5.2.3 Artemisia
5.2.4 Silybum marianum—Silymarin
5.2.5 Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen)
5.2.6 Glycyrrhiza glabra (L.)
5.2.7 Camellia sinensis (Green tea)
5.2.8 Camptotheca acuminata
5.2.9 Leea indica
5.2.10 Ziziphus mauritiana (Malay apple)
5.2.11 Cuscuta chinensis
5.3 Conclusion
References
6. Nanosystems Trends in Nutraceutical Delivery
Aristote Buya
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Classification of Nutraceuticals
6.3 Biopharmaceutical Issues Associated with Nutraceuticals
6.4 Nanosystems for Delivery of Nutraceuticals
6.4.1 Nanoemulsions
6.4.2 Self-Emulsifying Systems
6.4.3 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Lipid Carriers
6.4.4 Liposomes
6.4.5 Polymeric Nanoparticles
6.4.6 Inorganic Nanoparticles
6.5 Challenges
6.6 Market Potential
6.7 Conclusion and Perspective
References
7. Nanoencapsulated Systems for Delivery of Phytopharmaceuticals
Jacqueline Renovato-Núñez, Luis Enrique Cobos-Puc, Ezequiel Viveros-Valdez,
Anna Iliná, Elda Patricia Segura-Ceniceros, Raúl Rodríguez-Herrera and Sonia Yesenia Silva-Belmares
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Nanoencapsulation Techniques in Phytopharmaceuticals
7.1.1.1 Physical-Chemical Techniques
7.1.1.2 Chemicals Techniques
7.1.1.3 Mechanical Techniques
7.1.2 Characterization of Nanoencapsulates
7.1.2.1 Morphological Characterization
7.1.2.2 Physicochemical Characterization
7.1.3 Nanoencapsulated Systems for Free Delivery of Phytopharmaceuticals
7.1.4 Studies to Evaluate Phytopharmaceuticals Nanoencapsulates
7.2 Conclusions
References
8. Topical Drug Delivery Using Liposomes and Liquid Crystalline Phases
for Skin Cancer Therapy
Karina Alexandre Barros Nogueira, Jéssica Roberta Pereira Martins, Thayane Soares Lima, Jose Willams Bandeira Alves Junior, Alanna Letícia do Carmo Aquino, Lorena Maria Ferreira de Lima, Josimar O. Eloy and Raquel Petrilli
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Liposomes for Topical Application
8.2.1 Development of Liposomal Nanoparticles
8.3 Liquid Crystals and Liquid Crystalline Nanodispersions for Topical Application
8.3.1 Characterization Techniques
8.4 Physical Methods Applied to Nanoparticles Delivery
8.4.1 Sonophoresis
8.4.2 Microneedles
8.5 Conclusions and Perspectives
Acknowledgements
References
9. Vesicular Drug Delivery in Arthritis Treatment
Nilesh Gorde, Sandeep O. Waghulde, Ajay Kharche and Mohan Kale
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Skin Penetration Pathways
9.2.1 Intercellular Pathway
9.2.2 Transcellular Pathway
9.2.3 Appendgeal Pathway
9.3 Principles of Drug Permeation Through Skin
9.4 Problems Associated with Conventional Dosage Forms
9.5 Novel Treatment Strategies for Arthritis
9.5.1 Traditional Liposomes as Skin Drug Delivery Systems
9.5.2 Transferosomes (Ultradeformable Liposomes) as Skin Drug Delivery Systems
9.5.3 Ethosomes as Skin Drug Delivery Systems
9.5.4 Niosomes as Skin Drug Delivery Systems
9.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
10. Perspectives of Novel Drug Delivery in Mycoses
D. Maheswary, Kakithakara Vajravelu Leela and Sujith Ravi
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Role of Conventional Drugs in Antifungal Therapy
10.3 Mechanism of Action of Conventional Antifungals
10.4 Summary of Nanoparticles and Their Role in Antifungal Therapy
10.4.1 Lipid Nanoparticles
10.4.2 Liposome
10.4.3 Transfersomes
10.4.4 Transethosomes
10.4.5 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN)
10.4.6 Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLC)
10.4.7 Polymer Lipid Hybrid Nanoparticles (PLN)
10.4.8 Polymeric Nanoparticles
10.4.9 Microsponge and Nanosponge Systems
10.4.10 Polymeric Micelles
10.4.11 Polymersomes
10.4.12 Dendrimers
10.4.13 Metallic Nanoparticles
10.5 Other Drug Delivery Systems
10.5.1 Niosomes
10.5.2 Spanlastics
10.5.3 Microemulsions and Nanoemulsions
10.5.4 Silicon Dioxide Nanoparticles
10.6 Conclusion
References
11. Nano-Based Drug Delivery in Eliminating Tuberculosis
Anusha Gopinathan, Shweta Sagar Naik, Leela K.V. and Sujith Ravi
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Latent and Active Tuberculosis
11.1.2 Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB)
11.1.3 Extensively Drug-Resistant TB
11.2 Antitubercular Therapy
11.3 Therapies Based on Nanotechnology
11.3.1 Nanoparticles for Anti-TB Therapy
11.3.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Nanoparticles
11.3.3 Types of Nanoparticles and Their Characteristics
11.3.3.1 TB Dendrimers
11.3.3.2 Cyclodextrins
11.3.3.3 Polymeric Micelles
11.3.3.4 Liposomes
11.3.3.5 Nanoemulsions
11.3.3.6 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
11.3.3.7 Niosomes
11.3.3.8 Polymeric Nanoparticles
11.4 Routes of Administration of Nanoparticles
11.4.1 Oral Administration of Nanoparticles
11.4.2 Inhalational Administration of Nanoparticles
11.4.3 Intravenous Administration of Nanoparticles
11.4.4 Other Routes of Administration
11.5 Conclusion
References
12. Promising Approaches in Drug Delivery Against Resistant Bacteria
Shweta Sagar Naik, Anusha G., KakithakaraVajravelu Leela and Sujith Ravi
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Drug Delivery Systems
12.2.1 Microneedles
12.2.2 Nanoparticles
12.2.2.1 Inorganic Nanoparticles
12.2.2.2 Polymer-Based Nanomedicines
12.2.3 Lipid-Based Nanoformulations
12.2.4 Stimuli-Responsive Nanocarriers
12.2.4.1 Endogenous Stimuli
12.2.4.2 Exogeneous Stimuli
12.2.5 Nanogels
12.2.6 Nanofibers
12.2.7 Biomedical Implants
12.2.8 Wound Dressing
12.3 Biofilm Disruption
12.4 Conclusion
References
13. Emulgels: A Novel Approach for Enhanced Topical Drug Delivery Systems
Shanti Bhushan Mishra, Shradhanjali Singh, Amit Kumar Singh, Anil Kumar Singh and Divya Rani Sharma
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Approaches Used for Topical Drug Delivery
13.3 Factors Affecting Topical Absorption of Drug
13.4 Drug Delivery Across the Skin
13.5 Emulgels
13.5.1 Types of Emulgels
13.5.2 Advantages of Emulgel
13.5.3 Rationale of Emulgel as a Topical Drug Delivery System
13.5.4 Formulation Considerations
13.5.5 Excipients Used in the Formulation of Emulgel
13.5.5.1 Vehicle
13.5.5.2 Emulsifying Agents
13.5.5.3 Gelling Agent
13.5.5.4 Penetration Enhancers
13.5.5.5 Preservatives
13.5.5.6 Antioxidants
13.5.5.7 Humectant
13.5.6 Formulation Methods
13.5.7 Routes of Administration for Emulgel Formulation
13.5.8 Evaluation of Emulgels
13.5.8.1 Physical Appearance
13.5.8.2 Spreading Coefficient
13.5.8.3 Rheological Studies
13.5.8.4 Globule Size and its Distribution in Emulgel
13.5.8.5 Swelling Index
13.5.8.6 Extrudability Study of Topical Emulgel (Tube Test)
13.5.8.7 Skin Irritation Test (Patch Test)
13.5.8.8 Drug Content Determination
13.5.8.9 In Vitro Release/Permeation Studies
13.5.8.10 Ex Vivo Bioadhesive Strength Measurement of Topical Emulgel (Mice Shaven Skin)
13.5.8.11 Microbiological Assay
13.5.8.12 Drug Release Kinetic Study
13.5.8.13 Stability Studies
13.5.9 Marketed Preparations
13.5.10 Future Prospective of Emulgel as Topical Drug Delivery
13.5.11 Therapeutic Profile of Emulgel
13.6 Conclusions
References
14. Electrospun Nanofibers in Drug Delivery
Sathish Kumar Karuppannan, Saravannan Mani, Jayandra Bushion, Mohammed Junaid Hussain Dowlath and Kantha Deivi Arunachalam
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Electrospinning Setup
14.3 Polymers Used to Produce Electrospun Nanofibers
14.4 Drug Release
14.5 Matrix Type NFs
14.5.1 Monolithic
14.5.2 Blended NFs
14.6 Core-Shell Nanofibers
14.6.1 Multimatrix Core-Shell NFs
14.6.2 Reservoir Type Core-Shell NFs
14.7 Electrospun Nanofiber for Drug Delivery Applications
14.7.1 Nucleic Acid Delivery Using NFs
14.7.2 Antibiotics Delivery Using NFs
14.7.3 Vaginal Drug Delivery Using NFs
14.7.4 Ocular Drug Delivery Using NFs
14.7.5 Other Drug Delivery Using NFs
14.8 Conclusion
References
Part II: Drug Carriers in Drug Delivery
15. Role of Nanotechnology-Based Materials in Drug Delivery
Manasa R. and Mahesh Shivananjappa
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Nano-Based Drug Delivery Systems
15.3 Types of Nanoparticles
15.3.1 Polymeric Nanoparticles (PNPs)
15.3.2 Dendrimers
15.3.3 Polymeric Micelles
15.3.4 Liposomes
15.3.5 Quantum Dots (QDs)
15.3.6 Nanocrystals
15.3.7 Gold Nanoparticles
15.3.8 Carbon Nanoparticles
15.3.8.1 CNTs
15.3.8.2 CNH
15.3.8.3 Fullerenes
15.3.9 Magnetic Nanoparticles (MNPs)
15.4 Advantages of Nanoparticles
15.5 Toxicity of Nanoparticles
15.6 Conclusion
References
16. Nanomedicine Drug Delivery System
Akshada Atul Bakliwal, Swapnali Ashish Patil, Vijay Sharad Chudiwal, Swati Gokul Talele, Gokul Shravan Talele and Anil Govindrao Jadhav
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Background
16.3 Five Overlapping Subthemes of Nanomedicine
16.4 How Nanomedicine Work?
16.5 Nanomedicine for Screening of Individuals with Serious Diseases
16.6 Objectives of Nanomedicine
16.7 Advantages of Nanomedicine
16.8 Physiological Principles for Nanomedicines
16.9 Nanotoxicology from Nanomedicines
16.9.1 Health and Safety Issues
16.9.2 Cell Death and Altered Gene Expression
16.9.3 Cell Death and Gene Therapy
16.9.4 Pseudoallergy and Idiosyncratic Reactions
16.9.5 Cytotoxicity
16.9.6 Implications for Nanotoxicology from Nonmedical Nanoparticles
16.10 Nanomedicine Applications
16.10.1 Analytical and Diagnostic Tools
16.10.1.1 In Vitro Diagnostic Devices
16.10.1.2 In Vivo Imaging
16.10.2 Drug Delivery
16.10.2.1 Micelles
16.10.2.2 Nanoemulsions
16.10.2.3 Solid Nanoparticles
16.10.3 Regenerative Medicine
16.11 Toxicological and Ethical Issues in Nanomedicine
16.11.1 Toxicity Issues
16.11.2 Ethical Issues
16.12 Conclusions
References
17. Nanocarriers-Based Topical Formulations for Acne Treatment
Júlia Scherer Santos
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Acne Therapeutics
17.2.1 Nanocarriers Toward Topical Acne Therapy
17.3 Efficacy and Safety of Nanotechnology-Based Acne Therapeutics
17.3.1 Ex Vivo and In Vitro Assays
17.3.2 Animal Assays
17.3.3 Clinical Assays
17.4 Improvement of Acne Therapy by Nanocarrier-Based Formulations
17.4.1 Conventional Drugs in Nanocarriers
17.4.2 Alternatives Drugs in Nanocarriers
17.5 Conclusion
References
18. Emerging Trends of Ocular Drug Delivery
Sora Yasri and Viroj Wiwanitkit
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Barriers to Ocular Drug Delivery
18.3 Classical Drug Delivery Technology
18.3.1 Anterior Segment
18.3.2 Posterior Segment
18.4 Novel Interventions for Ocular Drug Delivery
18.4.1 Ocular Implants
18.4.2 Punctum Plugs
18.4.3 Drug-Eluting Contact Lenses
18.4.4 Ocular Iontophoresis
18.4.5 Intravitreal Implants
18.4.6 Ocular Vaccination
18.5 Applied Nanotechnology for Ocular Drug Delivery
18.5.1 Nanomicelle
18.5.2 Liposomes
18.5.3 Chitosan-Based Nanoparticles
18.5.4 Niosomes
18.5.5 Nanospheres
18.5.6 Nanocapsules
18.5.7 Dendrimers
18.5.8 Nanowafers
18.5.9 Micronanosurgery for Ocular Drug Delivery
18.6 Conclusion
References
19. Microspheres: An Overview on Recent Advances in Novel Drug Delivery System
Sarang Kumar Jain, Swati Saxena and Raj K. Keservani
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Advantages of Novel Drug Delivery System
19.3 Classification of Novel Drug Delivery System
19.3.1 Microspheres
19.3.1.1 Types of Microspheres
19.3.2 Ideal Properties of Microparticulate Carriers
19.3.3 Polymers Used in Preparation of Microspheres
19.3.4 Advantages of Microspheres
19.3.5 Disadvantages of Microspheres
19.3.6 Classification of Microspheres
19.3.6.1 Bioadhesive Microspheres
19.3.6.2 Magnetic Microspheres
19.3.6.3 Floating Microspheres
19.3.6.4 Radioactive Microspheres
19.3.6.5 Polymeric Microspheres
19.3.7 Method of Preparation of Microspheres
19.3.7.1 Single Emulsion Technique
19.3.7.2 Double Emulsion Method
19.3.7.3 Polymerization Technique
19.3.7.4 Phase Separation Coacervation Technique
19.3.7.5 Spray Drying and Spray Congealing Method
19.3.7.6 Solvent Evaporation Method
19.3.8 Evaluation Parameters of Microspheres
19.3.8.1 Particle Size and Shape
19.3.8.2 Chemical Analysis by Electron Spectroscopy
19.3.8.3 FTIR Spectroscopy
19.3.8.4 Determination of Density
19.3.8.5 Isoelectric Point Determination
19.3.8.6 Entrapment Efficiency
19.3.8.7 Angle of Contact
19.3.8.8 Swelling Index
19.3.8.9 Production Yield
19.3.8.10 In Vitro Drug Release Study
19.3.8.11 Drug Release Kinetics
19.3.8.12 Stability Studies
19.3.9 Applications of Microspheres
References
20. Drug Delivery Systems and Oral Biofilm
Elda Patricia Segura Ceniceros, Luis Méndez González, Reginaldo Tijerina, Eduardo Osorio Ramos, Francisco Javier Mendoza González, Verónica Leticia Rodríguez Contreras, Alejandra Isabel Vargas Segura and Luis Antonio Vázquez Olvera
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Oral Biofilm
20.2.1 Biofilm Related Infections in The Oral Cavity
20.2.1.1 Oral Biofilm and Periodontal Disease
20.2.1.2 Oral Biofilm and Endodontic Infections
20.2.1.3 Oral Biofilm and Dental Caries
20.3 Drug Delivery Systems
20.3.1 Nanoparticles
20.3.2 Hydrogels
20.3.3 Dendrimers
20.4 Applications of Drug Delivery Systems for Treatment of Oral Biofilm Infection
20.4.1 DDS and Dental Caries
20.4.2 DDS and Periodontal Disease
20.4.3 DDS and Other Oral Pathologies
20.5 Conclusion
References
21. Oral Drug Delivery System: An Overview on Recent Advances in Novel Drug Delivery System
Sarang Kumar Jain, Ankita Sahu and Raj K. Keservani
21.1 Introduction
21.1.1 Oral Route
21.1.2 Oral Health
21.1.3 Oral Hygiene
21.2 Oral Drug Administration Sites
21.2.1 Oral Mucosal Drug Delivery System
21.2.1.1 Physiology of Oral Mucosa
21.2.1.2 Importance of Saliva and Mucin
21.2.2 Buccal and Sublingual Drug Absorption
21.3 Factors Affecting Drug Absorption
21.3.1 Lipid Solubility, pH, and Degree of Ionization
21.3.2 Molecule Weight and Size of Drug
21.3.3 Formulation Physiochemical Properties Related Factors
21.3.4 Permeability Enhancer
21.4 Drug Delivery for Periodontitis
21.4.1 Periodontal Pocket
21.4.1.1 Classification of Periodontal Pockets According to their Morphology
21.4.1.2 Classification of Periodontal Pocket According to the Involvement of Tooth Surfaces
21.5 Oral Periodontitis Drug Delivery System
21.5.1 Antibacterial DDS for Periodontitis
21.5.2 Remineralizing DDS
21.5.3 Inflammation Modulating and Alveolar Bone Repairing DDS for Periodontitis
21.5.3.1 DDS for Peri-Implantitis
21.6 Teeth Treatments
21.7 Periodontal Local Drug Delivery
21.8 Carriers of Oral and Periodontitis Drug Delivery System
21.8.1 Hydrogel
21.8.2 Dendrimers
21.8.3 Chewing Gum
21.8.4 Lozenges
21.8.5 Tablets
21.9 Mucoadhesive Drug Delivery System/Buccal Adhesive Drug Delivery System
21.9.1 Patches and Films
21.9.2 Oral Suspension
21.9.3 Spray
21.9.4 Liposome
21.9.5 Nanoparticles
21.9.6 Laminated Film
21.9.7 Injectable Gels
21.9.8 Fibers
21.9.9 Strips and Compacts
References
22. Cancer Nanotheranostics: A Review
Ozge Esim and Canan Hascikek
22.1 Introduction
22.1.1 Lipid and Polymer-Based Nanosystems
22.1.2 Magnetic Nanoparticles
22.1.3 Quantum Dots (QD)
22.1.4 Other Metal-Derived Nanoparticles
22.2 Conclusion
References
23. Nanomedicine in Lung Cancer Therapy
Jagdale Swati C., Hable Asawaree A., and Chabukswar Anuruddha R.
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Nanotechnology
23.3 Nanomedicines for Lung Cancer Therapy
23.3.1 Nanoparticles
23.3.1.1 Gold and Silver Nanoparticles
23.3.1.2 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
23.3.1.3 Inhalable Nanoparticles
23.3.2 Micelles
23.3.3 Dendrimers
23.3.4 Liposome
23.3.5 Carbon Nanotubes
23.3.6 Quantum Dots
23.3.7 Nanofibers
23.3.8 Nanoshells
23.4 Evaluation of Nanoformulations
23.5 Application of Nanoformulations
23.6 Marketed Therapies
23.7 Challenges
23.8 Potential
23.9 Future Scope
23.10 Conclusion
References
24. Delivering Herbal Drugs Using Nanotechnology
Manasa R. and Mahesh Shivananjappa
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Methods of Preparation of Nanoparticles
24.3 Novel Drug Delivery Systems (NDDS) for Herbal Drugs
24.3.1 Liposomes
24.3.2 Phytosomes
24.3.3 Transferosome
24.3.4 Niosomes
24.3.5 Ethosomes
24.3.6 Dendrimers
24.3.7 Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS)
24.3.8 Self-Micro Emulsifying Drug Delivery System (SMEDDS)
24.4 Conclusion
References
25. Nanoherbals Drug Delivery System for Treatment of Chronic Asthma
Harsh Yadav, Satish Dubey, Naureen Shaba Khan and Ashwini Kumar Dixit
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Mechanism of Asthma Physiopathology
25.3 Asthma Etiology
25.4 Severity of Asthma
25.5 Asthma Phenotypes
25.6 Asthma Epidemiology
25.7 Asthma Treatment
25.7.1 Adverse Effects of Current Treatment Techniques
25.8 Need of Natural Products as Alternative
25.9 Selected Medicinal Plants in Asthma Treatment
25.9.1 Piper betel Linn
25.9.2 Bacopa monnieri L.
25.9.3 Momordica charantia
25.9.4 Ficus bengalensis (Linn.)
25.9.5 Clerodendrum serratum (Linn.) Moon
25.10 Potentials of Nanotechnology in Asthma Drug Delivery
25.11 Nanoherbals as Asthma Drug Delivery System
25.12 Future Prospectus of Nanoherbal Drug Delivery
25.13 Conclusion
References
26. Nutrients Delivery for Management and Prevention of Diseases
Darul Raiyaan G. I., Sameera Khathoon A. and Kantha D. Arunachalam
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Nutrients in Management and Prevention of Disease
26.2.1 Herbal Nutrients
26.2.2 FDA Regulations on Herbal Drugs
26.3 Phenolic Nutraceuticals
26.3.1 Polyphenols and Neurodegeneration
26.3.2 Polyphenols and Brain Tumors
26.3.3 Phenols and Other Cancer Treatments
26.3.4 Phenols and Hepatotoxicity
26.3.5 Clinical Trials
26.3.6 Curcumin
26.4 Routes for Nutrients Delivery
26.4.1 Oral Route
26.4.2 Intranasal Delivery
26.4.3 Transdermal Route
26.5 Nanoparticle-Based Nutrients Delivery System
26.5.1 Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLCs)
26.5.2 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs)
26.5.3 Liposomes
26.5.4 Nanocrystals
26.5.5 α-Lactalbumin
26.5.6 Carbon Nanotubes
26.5.7 Nanocochleates
26.5.8 Nanosized Self-Assembled Liquid Structures
26.5.9 Polysaccharide-Based Nanoscale Delivery of Nutrients
26.5.10 Chitosan
26.5.11 Alginate
26.5.12 Pectin
26.5.13 Gum Arabic
26.5.14 Cashew Gum
26.6 Protein-Based Nanoscale Delivery of Nutrients
26.6.1 Zein
26.6.2 Gliadin
26.6.3 Soy Protein Isolates (SPI)
26.6.4 Whey Protein
26.6.5 Casein
26.6.6 Other Proteins
26.7 Micelles
26.8 Advantages of Nanomaterials in Nutraceuticals
26.9 Safety and Toxicity of Nanostructures Applied in Food Systems
26.10 Conclusion
References
27. Nanonutraceuticals for Drug Delivery
Charu Gupta and Dhan Prakash
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Approaches to Enhance Oral Bioavailability of Nutraceuticals
27.2.1 Protection of Labile Compounds
27.2.2 Extension of Gastric Retention Time
27.2.3 Intonation of Metabolic Activities
27.3 Carriers for Nutraceutical Delivery
27.3.1 Nanoparticles for Nutraceuticals Delivery
27.3.2 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs) for Nutraceutical Delivery
27.3.3 Niosomes
27.3.4 Nanospheres
27.3.5 Nanoliposomes
27.3.6 Nanofibers
27.3.7 Nanoemulsion
27.4 Nanotechnology in Food Sector
27.4.1 Nanotechnology in Nutraceuticals
27.4.2 Nanotechnology in Medications
27.4.3 Commercial Nanonutraceuticals
27.4.4 Nanosized Self-Assembled Structured Liquids
27.5 Delivery of Nutraceuticals
27.5.1 In-Feed or Oral Nanodelivery
27.5.2 Dermal Delivery
27.5.3 Ophthalmic Delivery
27.6 Constraints in Nanodrug Delivery Systems
27.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Index
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