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Submit a ProposalThermoplastic Polymer Composites
 | Processing, Properties, Performance, Applications and Recyclability By Sodagudi Francis Xavier Copyright: 2023 | Status: Published ISBN: 9781119865056 | Hardcover | 1022 pages | 526 illustrations Price: $325 USD  |
One Line Description
The monograph represents a life-long career in industry and academia and creates an
an exhaustive and comprehensive narrative that gives a complete understanding
of important and state-of-the-art aspects of polymer composites including
processing, properties, performance, applications & recyclability.
Audience
This unique reference book will be of great value to researchers and postgraduate students in materials science, polymer science, as well industry engineers in plastics manufacturing. Those working in product development laboratories of polymer and allied industries will also find it helpful.
This unique reference book will be of great value to researchers and postgraduate students in materials science, polymer science, as well industry engineers in plastics manufacturing. Those working in product development laboratories of polymer and allied industries will also find it helpful.
Description
Based on 40 years’ experience in both industry and academia, the author’s goal is to make a comprehensive and up-to-date account that gives a complete understanding of various aspects of polymer composites covering processing, properties, performance, applications & recyclability.
Divided into 8 main chapters, the book treats thermoplastics vs. thermosets and the processing of thermoplastics; filled polymer composites; short fiber reinforced composites; long fiber reinforced composites; continuous fiber reinforced composites; nanocomposites; applications; and recycling polymer composites.
Readers can have confidence that:
• Thermoplastic Polymer Composites (TPC) gives a comprehensive understanding of polymer composites’ processing, properties, applications, and their recyclability;
• Provides a complete understanding of man-made as well as natural fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites and explores in depth how short fiber, long fiber, and continuous fiber can transform the entire domain of composites’ processing and properties;
• Provides a deep understanding of nanocomposites with more than 50 examples covering both commodities as well as engineering thermoplastics. It presents conducting composites and several bio-medical applications of composites that are already passed through laboratories.
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Based on 40 years’ experience in both industry and academia, the author’s goal is to make a comprehensive and up-to-date account that gives a complete understanding of various aspects of polymer composites covering processing, properties, performance, applications & recyclability.
Divided into 8 main chapters, the book treats thermoplastics vs. thermosets and the processing of thermoplastics; filled polymer composites; short fiber reinforced composites; long fiber reinforced composites; continuous fiber reinforced composites; nanocomposites; applications; and recycling polymer composites.
Readers can have confidence that:
• Thermoplastic Polymer Composites (TPC) gives a comprehensive understanding of polymer composites’ processing, properties, applications, and their recyclability;
• Provides a complete understanding of man-made as well as natural fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites and explores in depth how short fiber, long fiber, and continuous fiber can transform the entire domain of composites’ processing and properties;
• Provides a deep understanding of nanocomposites with more than 50 examples covering both commodities as well as engineering thermoplastics. It presents conducting composites and several bio-medical applications of composites that are already passed through laboratories.
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Author / Editor Details
Dr. S. F. Xavier worked as a scientist for more than 35 years at the R&D Center of Reliance Industries Ltd., Vadodara Manufacturing Division, which was also known as I.P.C.L. (Indian Petrochemicals Corporation Ltd.). He developed High Impact Polyolefin Blend Technology that was transferred to and used by Maruti Udyog Ltd. in their cars. After he received his PhD from I.I.T. Delhi in 1979, he worked as a temporary faculty member in the Center for Materials Science & Technology, I.I.T. Delhi for over 3 years. He received the award ‘Visionary Inventor 2006’ from MarkPatent.Org, for his patents (2 US Patents and 6 Indian Patents granted), as well as his work at Parul University as Director (R&D), where he led faculty and students to file 150 Patents and Copyrights and took Parul University to seventh position among all Indian Educational Institutes, as declared by the Indian Patent Office, in 2014.
Dr. S. F. Xavier worked as a scientist for more than 35 years at the R&D Center of Reliance Industries Ltd., Vadodara Manufacturing Division, which was also known as I.P.C.L. (Indian Petrochemicals Corporation Ltd.). He developed High Impact Polyolefin Blend Technology that was transferred to and used by Maruti Udyog Ltd. in their cars. After he received his PhD from I.I.T. Delhi in 1979, he worked as a temporary faculty member in the Center for Materials Science & Technology, I.I.T. Delhi for over 3 years. He received the award ‘Visionary Inventor 2006’ from MarkPatent.Org, for his patents (2 US Patents and 6 Indian Patents granted), as well as his work at Parul University as Director (R&D), where he led faculty and students to file 150 Patents and Copyrights and took Parul University to seventh position among all Indian Educational Institutes, as declared by the Indian Patent Office, in 2014.
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Table of Contents
Foreword
Preface
1. Introduction: Technical Background
S.F. Xavier
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Thermoplastics Vs. Thermoset Matrices
1.2 Composite Materials
1.3 Processing
1.3.1 Various Processing Methods
1.3.1.1 Historical Evolution
1.3.2 Extrusion
1.3.2.1 Single Screw Extruder
1.3.2.2 Twin Screw Extruder
1.3.3 Injection Molding
1.3.3.1 The Injection Molding Process
1.3.3.2 Effects on Composite Structure & Properties
1.3.4 Compression Molding
1.3.5 Other Methods of Preparation
1.3.5.1 Autoclaving
1.3.5.2 Automated Fiber Placement
1.3.6 Proprietary Thermoplastic Process
1.3.6.1 Stamping
1.3.6.2 Compression Molding
1.4 Test Methods
1.4.1 Mechanical Properties
1.4.1.A Low Speed Mechanical Properties
1.4.1.B High-Speed Mechanical Properties
1.4.1.C Impact Strength
1.4.2 Fracture Toughness (KIC)
1.4.2.1 Fracture Mechanics Testing
1.4.2.2 Mechanisms of Matrix Toughening
1.4.3 Electrical Properties
1.4.3.1 Methods of Measurement
1.4.3.2 Factors Affecting Electrical Properties
1.4.4 Thermal Properties
1.4.4.1 Thermal Resistance (R)
1.4.4.2 Thermal Conductivity (λ)
1.4.4.3 Heat Distortion Temperature (HDT)
1.4.4.4 Vicat Softening Point
1.4.4.5 Low Temperature Brittle Point
1.4.4.6 Melt and Crystallization Parameters (Using DSC)
1.4.5 Thermal Degradation (Using TGA)
1.4.5.1 Thermal Degradation of Polypropylene Homopolymer (PPHP) (Using TGA)
1.4.6 Optical Properties
1.4.6.1 Sample Preparations Techniques
1.4.6.2 Methods of Measurement
1.4.6.3 Transparency in Polypropylene
1.5 Electron Microscopy
1.5.1 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
1.5.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
1.5.2.1 Sample Preparation Techniques for TEM and SEM
1.6 Concluding Remarks
References
2. Filled Polymer Composites
S.F. Xavier
2.1 Filled Polymer Composites
2.1.1 Particulate/Flake Filled Polymer Composites
2.1.1.1 Introduction
2.1.2 Particulate/Flake Filled HDPE Composites
2.1.2.1 History of HDPE
2.1.2.2 HDPE Composites With Inorganic Fillers
2.1.2.3 HDPE Composites with Organic Fillers
2.1.2.4 Organic & Inorganic Filler Combinations
2.1.2.5 HDPE Composites with Agro Fillers
2.1.2.6 Filled Composites with HDPE Blends as Matrices
2.1.3 Particulate/Flake Filled Polypropylene Composites
2.1.3.1 History of Polypropylene (PP)
2.1.3.2 PP Composites with Inorganic Fillers
2.1.3.3 PP Composites with Organic Fillers
2.1.3.4 PP Composites with Agro Fillers
2.1.4 Fracture Propagation in Filled PP Composites
2.1.4.1 Filled PP Composites Preparation
2.1.4.2 Skin-Core Morphology/via Flake Orientation Measurements
2.1.5 Fracture Toughness (K1c) Measurements at -30, 25 and 80 °C
2.1.5.1 Fracture Propagation in Filled PP at -30, 25 and 80 °C
2.1.5.2 Specific Modulus Variation
2.1.5.3 Fractography
2.1.5.4 Coupling Agents and Interfacial Adhesion
2.2 Table-1: Examples of Thermoplastic Matrices Filled with Different Organic/Inorganic Fillers
2.3 Concluding Remarks
References
3. Short Fiber Reinforced Composites
S.F. Xavier
3.1 Basic Concepts
3.1.1 Natural Fibers and Their Properties
3.A HDPE
3.2 Synthetic Short Fiber Reinforced HDPE Composites
3.2.1 Short Glass Fiber Reinforced HDPE Composites
3.3 Natural Short Fiber Reinforced HDPE Composites
3.3.1 Natural Fibers and Their Properties
3.3.1.A Fiber Attributes Affecting Polymer Composite Properties
3.3.1.B Source and Morphology of the Cellulosic Fibers
3.3.2 HDPE/Short Kenaf Bast Fiber
3.3.3 HDPE/Short Hemp Fiber
3.3.4 R-HDPE/Short Hemp Fiber
3.3.5 HDPE/Short Flax Fiber
3.3.6 LDPE/Short Sisal Fiber
3.4 Inorganic Filler/Inorganic Fiber Reinforced HDPE Hybrid Composites
3.4.1 Talc/Glass Fiber/HDPE Hybrid Composites
3.5 Natural Fiber/Inorganic Filler Reinforced HDPE Hybrid Composites
3.5.1 Rice Straw Fiber/CaCO3/Talc/HDPE Hybrid Composites
3.6 Short Natural Fibers Reinforced HDPE Hybrid Composites
3.6.1 Sisal/Hemp/HDPE Hybrid Composites
3.6.2 Flax/Wood/HDPE Hybrid Composites
3.6.3 Kenaf/Pine Apple Leaf Fiber (PALF)/HDPE Hybrid Composites
3.B PP
3.7 Synthetic Short Fiber Reinforced PP Composites
3.7.1 Short Glass Fiber Reinforced PP Composites
3.7.1.A Mechanical Properties’ Enhancement by Adhesion Improvement
3.7.1.B Fine Morphology in PP Composites
3.7.2 Short Carbon Fiber (CF) Reinforced PP Composites
3.7.2.A Utilizing Waste Carbon Fiber from CF Plant
3.7.2.B PP Composites with Waste CF (from Plant)
3.8 Natural Short Fiber Reinforced PP Composites
3.8.1 PP/Short Kenaf Bast Fiber
3.8.2 PP/Short Hemp Fiber
3.8.3 PP/Short Flax Fiber
3.8.4 PP/Short Sisal Fiber
3.9 Natural/Inorganic Short Fibers Reinforced PP Hybrid Composites
3.9.1 Hemp/Glass/PP Hybrid Composites
3.9.2 Vakka/Glass/PP Hybrid Composites
3.10 Natural Fiber-Reinforced PP Hybrid Composites
3.C PVC
3.11 Natural Short Fiber Reinforced PVC Composites
3.11.1 PVC/Short Wood Fiber
3.11.2 PVC/Short Sisal Fiber
3.11.3 PVC/Short Rice Straw Fiber
3.D PLA
3.12 Natural Short Fibers Reinforced Biopolymer (PLA) Composites
3.12.1 History of PLA
3.12.2 PLA/Kenaf Bast Fiber
3.12.3 PLA/Short Hemp Fiber
3.12.4 PLA/Short Flax Fiber
3.12.5 PLA/Short Jute Fiber
3.E Nylon 6
3.13.1 History of Nylon-6
3.13.2 Nylon-6/Short Glass Fiber (GF)
3.13.3 Nylon-6/Short Carbon Fiber (CF)
3.13.4 Nylon-6/Short Kevlar (Aramid) Fiber
3.13.5 Nylon-6/Short Natural Fiber (Pine Apple Leaf Fiber)
3.13.6 Tribology of Nylon 6 Composites
3.F PEEK
3.14 Short Fiber Reinforced PEEK Composites
3.14.1 History of PEEK
3.14.2 PEEK/Short Carbon Fiber Composites
3.14.2.A Structure-Property Relations
3.14.2.B Interphase-Morphology
3.14.2.C Tribology of PEEK Composites
3.14.2.D Fatigue Behavior of PEEK Composites
3.14.2.E Ratcheting Behavior
3.14.2.F Bio-Medical Applications
3.15 Concluding Remarks
References
Annexure-1
Market Trends for Wood Plastic Composites
4. Long Fiber Reinforced Composites
S.F. Xavier
4 Long (Discontinous) Fiber Reinforced Composites
4.1 Basic Concepts
4.1.1 Long (Discontinuous) Fiber Reinforcement
4.1.2 Strategies for Long (Discontinuous) Fiber Incorporation in Polymers
4.A Polypropylene
4.2 Synthetic Long (Discontinuous) Fiber Reinforced PP Composites
4.2.1 Long Glass Fiber Reinforced PP Composites
4.2.1.A Mechanical Properties’ Enhancement
4.2.2 Long Carbon Fiber Reinforced PP Composites (LCFPP)
4.2.2.A Electrically Conducting Composites
4.2.2.B Recycled Long CF Composites
4.3 Long (Discontinuous) Natural Fiber Reinforced PP Composites
4.3.1 PP/Long Kenaf Bast Fiber
4.3.2 PP/Long Hemp Fiber
4.3.3 PP/Long Flax Fiber
4.3.4 PP/Long (Discontinuous) Sisal Fiber
4.B Nylon 6
4.4 Synthetic Long (Discontinuous) Fiber Reinforced Nylon-6 Composites
4.4.1 Nylon-6/Long Glass Fiber
4.4.1.A Processing
4.4.1.B Mechanical Properties Enhancement
4.4.2 Nylon-6/Long Carbon Fiber
4.4.2.A Fracture Toughness and Fractography
4.4.2.B Tensile Properties at Elevated Temperatures
4.4.2.C Salient Features of LCF/Nylon-6
4.4.2.D LFT-D-ECM Process
4.C PBT
4.5 Long (Discontinuous) Fiber Reinforced PBT Composites
4.5.1 PBT/Long Carbon Fiber
4.D PEEK
4.6 Long Discontinuous Fiber Reinforced PEEK Composites
4.6.1 PEEK/Long Carbon Fiber
4.6.2 PEEK/Long Kevlar (Aramid) Fiber
4.7 Concluding Remarks
References
5. Continous Fiber Reinforced Composites
S.F. Xavier
5.1 Basic Concepts
5.1.1 Strategies for Continuous Fiber Incorporation in Polymers
5.A PP
5.2 Continuous Synthetic Fiber Reinforced PP Composites
5.2.1 Continuous Glass Fiber Reinforced PP Composites
5.2.1.1 Processing and Mechanical Properties Enhancement
5.2.1.2 Direct Fiber Fed Injection Molding
5.2.1.3 Tow-Pregs Preparation
5.2.1.4 Continuous Glass Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastic Composite
5.2.1.5 Glass Fiber Mat Reinforced PP Composites - Continuous Process
5.2.1.6 Unidirectional Continuous Glass Fiber Tapes Reinforced PP Composites
5.2.1.7 Preparation of Endless Fiber Tapes
5.2.1.8 Press and Injection Hybrid Molding
5.2.2 Continuous Carbon Fiber (CF) Reinforced PP Composites
5.2.2.1 Composites with Micro-Braided-Yarn
5.2.2.2 Interfacial Adhesion in PP Matrices
5.2.2.3 CF Fabric Composites with Interleaved PP Films
5.2.2.4 Wood-CF-Hybrid Composites
5.2.2.5 CF Composites Hybridized with Self-Reinforced PP
5.2.3 PP/Continuous Hemp Fiber
5.2.3.A Hemp Fiber Surface Treatment
5.2.3.B Thermal Degradation of Hemp Fiber
5.2.3.C Hybrid Yarns Woven Reinforcements (Hemp/Polypropylene/Glass Yarns)
5.2.4 PP/Continuous Flax Fiber
5.2.5 PP/Continuous Sisal Fiber
5.2.5.A Plasma Modification of Sisal Fibers
5.B Nylon 6
5.3 Continuous Fiber Reinforced Nylon-6 Composites
5.3.1 Nylon-6/Continuous Glass Fiber (GF)
5.3.1.1 In-Situ Pultrusion
5.3.1.2 RIM Pultrusion Process
5.3.1.3 Mechanical Properties Enhancement
5.3.2 Glass Fiber Fabric Impregnation in Nylon 6
5.3.2.1 Continuous Method
5.3.3 Carbon Fiber Fabric Impregnation in Nylon 6 Melt (Discontinuous Method)
5.3.4 Melt Impregnation of Continuous Carbon Fiber Reinforced Nylon 66 Composites
5.3.5 Three-Dimensional Fabric Composites
5.C PPS
5.4 Continuous CF Reinforced PPS
5.4.1 Ultra-Lightweight Carbon Fiber Reinforced PPS Composite Using ‘Spread Tow Technology’
5.D PEEK
5.5 Continuous Fiber Reinforced PEEK Composites
5.5.1 PEEK/Continuous Carbon Fiber (CF)
5.6 Concluding Remarks
References
6. Nanocomposites
S.F. Xavier
6.1 Basics
6.1.1 History of Nanoscience
6.1.1.A The Growth of Nanotechnology
6.1.1.B Nano Milestones
6.1.1.C Some Significant Achievements in Nanotechnology
6.1.2 Nanomaterials Used in Polymers
6.1.2.A Nanoparticles/Fillers
6.1.2.B Nanoflakes
6.1.2.C Nanofibers
6.2 Nanocomposites: General Principles
6.2.1 Preparation of Nanocomposites by Different Routes
6.2.2 Polymer-Clay Nanocomposites
6.2.2.1 Methods to Achieve Intercalation/Exfoliation
6.3 Nanocomposites with Different Polymers
6.3.1 LDPE Nanocomposites with Different Nanoparticles
6.3.1.A LDPE/Nano Al2O3
6.3.1.B LDPE/Nano MgO
6.3.1.C LDPE/Nano TiO2
6.3.1.D LDPE/Nano ZnO
6.3.1.E LDPE/Treated Nano Cloisite 20A
6.3.1.F LDPE/PE-g-MAH/Cv/OMMT
6.3.1.G LDPE/LLDPE-g-MAH/Organo Clay
6.3.1.H LDPE/LDPE-g-MAH/Nano Ag
6.3.1.I PE/Polythiophene/Sol-Gel Nano Ag
6.3.1.J LDPE Foams/Nano Silica
6.3.2 HDPE Nanocomposites with Nanoparticles
6.3.2.A HDPE/Nano Ag
6.3.2.B HDPE/Nano Au
6.3.2.C HDPE/Nano Bentonite
6.3.2.D HDPE/Nano CaCO3
6.3.2.E HDPE/Nano Cloisite 20A/Nano Cu
6.3.2.F HDPE/Nano Copper Oxide
6.3.2.G HDPE/Nano Fe3O4
6.3.2.H HDPE/Nano PbS
6.3.2.I HDPE/Nano Silica
6.3.2.J HDPE/Nano TiO2/Nano CNC
6.3.2.K HDPE/Nano ZnO
6.3.2.L HDPE/Nano ZrP/Oct
6.3.3 PP Nanocomposites with Nanoparticles
6.3.3.A PP/Nano Ag
6.3.3.B PP/Nano Ag/PEG
6.3.3.C PP/Nano Ag/γ-Radiation/MMT
6.3.3.D PP/Nano Al2O3
6.3.3.E PP/Nano γ-Al2O3-g-PS
6.3.3.F PP/Nano BaCO3
6.3.3.G PP/Nano BaSO4
6.3.3.H PP/Nano CaCO3
6.3.3.I PP/Nano CaCO3/Nano SiO2
6.3.3.J PP/Nano Cu
6.3.3.K PP/Nano Fe2O3
6.3.3.L PP/Nano TiO2
6.3.4 PVC Nanocomposites with Nanoparticles
6.3.4.A PVC/Nano Clay
6.3.4.B PVC/(Single Layer) Graphene
6.3.4.C PVC/Multi-Layer Graphene (MLG)
6.3.4.D PVC/Reduced Graphene Oxide (RGO)
6.3.4.E PVC/TiO2 (In Situ Suspension Polymerization)
6.3.4.F PVC/Quantum Dots (CdSe/ZnS Nanoparticles)
6.3.4.G PVC/Nano ZrO2
6.3.5 PLA Nanocomposites with Nanoparticles
6.3.5.A PLA/Nano Ag
6.3.5.B PLA/Nano Au
6.3.5.C PLA/Nano Cu-Mt
6.3.5.D PLA/Nano SiO2
6.3.5.E PLA/Nano-Precipitated CaCO3 (NPCC)
6.3.5.F PLA/Nano-TiO2
6.3.5.G PLA/Nano-ZnO
6.3.6 PA-6 Nanocomposites with Nanoparticles
6.3.6.A PA-6/Nano-MMT
6.3.6.B PA-6/Graphene and Graphene Oxide (GO)
6.3.7 PEEK Nanocomposites with Nanoparticles
6.3.7.A PEEK/Graphene for Laser Sintering
6.3.7.B PEEK/Graphene/MWCNT for Conducting Filaments
6.4 Concluding Remarks
References
Appendix-1
Nanostructures
7. Applications
S.F. Xavier
7.1 Basic Concepts
7.1.1 History and Growth of Thermoplastic Polymer Composite Applications
7.2 Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites
7.2.1 Automotive Applications
7.2.1.A Nanocomposites in Automotives
7.2.2 Aerospace Applications
7.2.3 Marine Applications
7.2.4 Military Applications
7.2.5 Sports Applications
7.3 Construction Applications
7.3.1 Repair & Rehabilitation
7.3.2 Emergency Seismic Repair
7.3.3 Repair & Rehabilitation of Wood Members
7.4 Electrical Applications
7.4.1 Graphene and Polymer Composites for Supercapacitor Applications
7.4.2 Electromagnetic Interference Shielding
7.4.3 Metal-Polymer Composites for AC Applications at High Frequencies
7.4.4 Carbon Nanotube Polymer Composites for Electrical Applications
7.5 Biomedical Applications
7.5.1 Graphene-Based Polymer Composites
7.5.2 Natural Fiber Polymer Composites
7.5.3 Carbon Nanotube Polymer Composites
7.6 Tribological Applications
7.6.1 Polymer Tribology
7.6.2 Influence of Load and Polymer Tg
7.6.3 Influence of Reinforcement
7.6.4 Influence of Lubricating Additive
7.6.5 Influence of Temperature
7.6.6 Biomimetics: An Application of Tribology
7.7 Concluding Remarks
References
8. Recycling Polymer Comosites
S.F. Xavier
8.1 Environment vs Polymer Waste
8.1.1 Polymer Pollution: A Serious Threat
8.1.2 Recycling Waste Composite Materials
8.1.3 Sustainable Recycling of Polymer Composites
8.2 Recycling Filled/Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites
8.2.1 Recycled Polymer ‘Red Mud’ Composite
8.2.2 Recycled HDPE Filled with ‘Waste Mud Solids’
8.2.3 Recycled Wood Polymer Composites
8.2.4 Recycled Polymer Composites from Industrial Side-Stream Materials
8.2.5 From Recycled Materials to ‘Green Composites’
8.3 Recyclability and Bio-Composites
8.3.1 Bio-Composites of PLA
8.3.1.1 Mechanical Recycling of PLA/Nano MMT
Improves Properties
8.3.1.2 Melt Reprocessed PLA/Hydrotalcite Nanocomposites
8.3.2 Recyclability of PP/Bagasse Composites
8.4 Applications of Recycled Polymer Composites
8.4.1 Applications of Recycled Thermoplastic Composite Materials
8.5 FRPs: Sustainability and Human Health Issues
8.5.1 Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites
8.6 Concluding Remarks
References
9. Outlook on Future of Thermoplastic Polymer Composites
S.F. Xavier
9.1 Constituents of Thermoplastic Composites
9.1.1 The Matrix
9.1.2 Reinforcement
9.1.3 Interphase
9.2 The Future of Thermoplastic Composites
9.2.1 Automotive Sector
9.2.2 Aerospace and Defence Sectors
9.2.3 Bio-Medical Applications
9.2.4 Special Applications
9.3 Final Concluding Remarks
References
Back to Top
Foreword
Preface
1. Introduction: Technical Background
S.F. Xavier
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Thermoplastics Vs. Thermoset Matrices
1.2 Composite Materials
1.3 Processing
1.3.1 Various Processing Methods
1.3.1.1 Historical Evolution
1.3.2 Extrusion
1.3.2.1 Single Screw Extruder
1.3.2.2 Twin Screw Extruder
1.3.3 Injection Molding
1.3.3.1 The Injection Molding Process
1.3.3.2 Effects on Composite Structure & Properties
1.3.4 Compression Molding
1.3.5 Other Methods of Preparation
1.3.5.1 Autoclaving
1.3.5.2 Automated Fiber Placement
1.3.6 Proprietary Thermoplastic Process
1.3.6.1 Stamping
1.3.6.2 Compression Molding
1.4 Test Methods
1.4.1 Mechanical Properties
1.4.1.A Low Speed Mechanical Properties
1.4.1.B High-Speed Mechanical Properties
1.4.1.C Impact Strength
1.4.2 Fracture Toughness (KIC)
1.4.2.1 Fracture Mechanics Testing
1.4.2.2 Mechanisms of Matrix Toughening
1.4.3 Electrical Properties
1.4.3.1 Methods of Measurement
1.4.3.2 Factors Affecting Electrical Properties
1.4.4 Thermal Properties
1.4.4.1 Thermal Resistance (R)
1.4.4.2 Thermal Conductivity (λ)
1.4.4.3 Heat Distortion Temperature (HDT)
1.4.4.4 Vicat Softening Point
1.4.4.5 Low Temperature Brittle Point
1.4.4.6 Melt and Crystallization Parameters (Using DSC)
1.4.5 Thermal Degradation (Using TGA)
1.4.5.1 Thermal Degradation of Polypropylene Homopolymer (PPHP) (Using TGA)
1.4.6 Optical Properties
1.4.6.1 Sample Preparations Techniques
1.4.6.2 Methods of Measurement
1.4.6.3 Transparency in Polypropylene
1.5 Electron Microscopy
1.5.1 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
1.5.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
1.5.2.1 Sample Preparation Techniques for TEM and SEM
1.6 Concluding Remarks
References
2. Filled Polymer Composites
S.F. Xavier
2.1 Filled Polymer Composites
2.1.1 Particulate/Flake Filled Polymer Composites
2.1.1.1 Introduction
2.1.2 Particulate/Flake Filled HDPE Composites
2.1.2.1 History of HDPE
2.1.2.2 HDPE Composites With Inorganic Fillers
2.1.2.3 HDPE Composites with Organic Fillers
2.1.2.4 Organic & Inorganic Filler Combinations
2.1.2.5 HDPE Composites with Agro Fillers
2.1.2.6 Filled Composites with HDPE Blends as Matrices
2.1.3 Particulate/Flake Filled Polypropylene Composites
2.1.3.1 History of Polypropylene (PP)
2.1.3.2 PP Composites with Inorganic Fillers
2.1.3.3 PP Composites with Organic Fillers
2.1.3.4 PP Composites with Agro Fillers
2.1.4 Fracture Propagation in Filled PP Composites
2.1.4.1 Filled PP Composites Preparation
2.1.4.2 Skin-Core Morphology/via Flake Orientation Measurements
2.1.5 Fracture Toughness (K1c) Measurements at -30, 25 and 80 °C
2.1.5.1 Fracture Propagation in Filled PP at -30, 25 and 80 °C
2.1.5.2 Specific Modulus Variation
2.1.5.3 Fractography
2.1.5.4 Coupling Agents and Interfacial Adhesion
2.2 Table-1: Examples of Thermoplastic Matrices Filled with Different Organic/Inorganic Fillers
2.3 Concluding Remarks
References
3. Short Fiber Reinforced Composites
S.F. Xavier
3.1 Basic Concepts
3.1.1 Natural Fibers and Their Properties
3.A HDPE
3.2 Synthetic Short Fiber Reinforced HDPE Composites
3.2.1 Short Glass Fiber Reinforced HDPE Composites
3.3 Natural Short Fiber Reinforced HDPE Composites
3.3.1 Natural Fibers and Their Properties
3.3.1.A Fiber Attributes Affecting Polymer Composite Properties
3.3.1.B Source and Morphology of the Cellulosic Fibers
3.3.2 HDPE/Short Kenaf Bast Fiber
3.3.3 HDPE/Short Hemp Fiber
3.3.4 R-HDPE/Short Hemp Fiber
3.3.5 HDPE/Short Flax Fiber
3.3.6 LDPE/Short Sisal Fiber
3.4 Inorganic Filler/Inorganic Fiber Reinforced HDPE Hybrid Composites
3.4.1 Talc/Glass Fiber/HDPE Hybrid Composites
3.5 Natural Fiber/Inorganic Filler Reinforced HDPE Hybrid Composites
3.5.1 Rice Straw Fiber/CaCO3/Talc/HDPE Hybrid Composites
3.6 Short Natural Fibers Reinforced HDPE Hybrid Composites
3.6.1 Sisal/Hemp/HDPE Hybrid Composites
3.6.2 Flax/Wood/HDPE Hybrid Composites
3.6.3 Kenaf/Pine Apple Leaf Fiber (PALF)/HDPE Hybrid Composites
3.B PP
3.7 Synthetic Short Fiber Reinforced PP Composites
3.7.1 Short Glass Fiber Reinforced PP Composites
3.7.1.A Mechanical Properties’ Enhancement by Adhesion Improvement
3.7.1.B Fine Morphology in PP Composites
3.7.2 Short Carbon Fiber (CF) Reinforced PP Composites
3.7.2.A Utilizing Waste Carbon Fiber from CF Plant
3.7.2.B PP Composites with Waste CF (from Plant)
3.8 Natural Short Fiber Reinforced PP Composites
3.8.1 PP/Short Kenaf Bast Fiber
3.8.2 PP/Short Hemp Fiber
3.8.3 PP/Short Flax Fiber
3.8.4 PP/Short Sisal Fiber
3.9 Natural/Inorganic Short Fibers Reinforced PP Hybrid Composites
3.9.1 Hemp/Glass/PP Hybrid Composites
3.9.2 Vakka/Glass/PP Hybrid Composites
3.10 Natural Fiber-Reinforced PP Hybrid Composites
3.C PVC
3.11 Natural Short Fiber Reinforced PVC Composites
3.11.1 PVC/Short Wood Fiber
3.11.2 PVC/Short Sisal Fiber
3.11.3 PVC/Short Rice Straw Fiber
3.D PLA
3.12 Natural Short Fibers Reinforced Biopolymer (PLA) Composites
3.12.1 History of PLA
3.12.2 PLA/Kenaf Bast Fiber
3.12.3 PLA/Short Hemp Fiber
3.12.4 PLA/Short Flax Fiber
3.12.5 PLA/Short Jute Fiber
3.E Nylon 6
3.13.1 History of Nylon-6
3.13.2 Nylon-6/Short Glass Fiber (GF)
3.13.3 Nylon-6/Short Carbon Fiber (CF)
3.13.4 Nylon-6/Short Kevlar (Aramid) Fiber
3.13.5 Nylon-6/Short Natural Fiber (Pine Apple Leaf Fiber)
3.13.6 Tribology of Nylon 6 Composites
3.F PEEK
3.14 Short Fiber Reinforced PEEK Composites
3.14.1 History of PEEK
3.14.2 PEEK/Short Carbon Fiber Composites
3.14.2.A Structure-Property Relations
3.14.2.B Interphase-Morphology
3.14.2.C Tribology of PEEK Composites
3.14.2.D Fatigue Behavior of PEEK Composites
3.14.2.E Ratcheting Behavior
3.14.2.F Bio-Medical Applications
3.15 Concluding Remarks
References
Annexure-1
Market Trends for Wood Plastic Composites
4. Long Fiber Reinforced Composites
S.F. Xavier
4 Long (Discontinous) Fiber Reinforced Composites
4.1 Basic Concepts
4.1.1 Long (Discontinuous) Fiber Reinforcement
4.1.2 Strategies for Long (Discontinuous) Fiber Incorporation in Polymers
4.A Polypropylene
4.2 Synthetic Long (Discontinuous) Fiber Reinforced PP Composites
4.2.1 Long Glass Fiber Reinforced PP Composites
4.2.1.A Mechanical Properties’ Enhancement
4.2.2 Long Carbon Fiber Reinforced PP Composites (LCFPP)
4.2.2.A Electrically Conducting Composites
4.2.2.B Recycled Long CF Composites
4.3 Long (Discontinuous) Natural Fiber Reinforced PP Composites
4.3.1 PP/Long Kenaf Bast Fiber
4.3.2 PP/Long Hemp Fiber
4.3.3 PP/Long Flax Fiber
4.3.4 PP/Long (Discontinuous) Sisal Fiber
4.B Nylon 6
4.4 Synthetic Long (Discontinuous) Fiber Reinforced Nylon-6 Composites
4.4.1 Nylon-6/Long Glass Fiber
4.4.1.A Processing
4.4.1.B Mechanical Properties Enhancement
4.4.2 Nylon-6/Long Carbon Fiber
4.4.2.A Fracture Toughness and Fractography
4.4.2.B Tensile Properties at Elevated Temperatures
4.4.2.C Salient Features of LCF/Nylon-6
4.4.2.D LFT-D-ECM Process
4.C PBT
4.5 Long (Discontinuous) Fiber Reinforced PBT Composites
4.5.1 PBT/Long Carbon Fiber
4.D PEEK
4.6 Long Discontinuous Fiber Reinforced PEEK Composites
4.6.1 PEEK/Long Carbon Fiber
4.6.2 PEEK/Long Kevlar (Aramid) Fiber
4.7 Concluding Remarks
References
5. Continous Fiber Reinforced Composites
S.F. Xavier
5.1 Basic Concepts
5.1.1 Strategies for Continuous Fiber Incorporation in Polymers
5.A PP
5.2 Continuous Synthetic Fiber Reinforced PP Composites
5.2.1 Continuous Glass Fiber Reinforced PP Composites
5.2.1.1 Processing and Mechanical Properties Enhancement
5.2.1.2 Direct Fiber Fed Injection Molding
5.2.1.3 Tow-Pregs Preparation
5.2.1.4 Continuous Glass Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastic Composite
5.2.1.5 Glass Fiber Mat Reinforced PP Composites - Continuous Process
5.2.1.6 Unidirectional Continuous Glass Fiber Tapes Reinforced PP Composites
5.2.1.7 Preparation of Endless Fiber Tapes
5.2.1.8 Press and Injection Hybrid Molding
5.2.2 Continuous Carbon Fiber (CF) Reinforced PP Composites
5.2.2.1 Composites with Micro-Braided-Yarn
5.2.2.2 Interfacial Adhesion in PP Matrices
5.2.2.3 CF Fabric Composites with Interleaved PP Films
5.2.2.4 Wood-CF-Hybrid Composites
5.2.2.5 CF Composites Hybridized with Self-Reinforced PP
5.2.3 PP/Continuous Hemp Fiber
5.2.3.A Hemp Fiber Surface Treatment
5.2.3.B Thermal Degradation of Hemp Fiber
5.2.3.C Hybrid Yarns Woven Reinforcements (Hemp/Polypropylene/Glass Yarns)
5.2.4 PP/Continuous Flax Fiber
5.2.5 PP/Continuous Sisal Fiber
5.2.5.A Plasma Modification of Sisal Fibers
5.B Nylon 6
5.3 Continuous Fiber Reinforced Nylon-6 Composites
5.3.1 Nylon-6/Continuous Glass Fiber (GF)
5.3.1.1 In-Situ Pultrusion
5.3.1.2 RIM Pultrusion Process
5.3.1.3 Mechanical Properties Enhancement
5.3.2 Glass Fiber Fabric Impregnation in Nylon 6
5.3.2.1 Continuous Method
5.3.3 Carbon Fiber Fabric Impregnation in Nylon 6 Melt (Discontinuous Method)
5.3.4 Melt Impregnation of Continuous Carbon Fiber Reinforced Nylon 66 Composites
5.3.5 Three-Dimensional Fabric Composites
5.C PPS
5.4 Continuous CF Reinforced PPS
5.4.1 Ultra-Lightweight Carbon Fiber Reinforced PPS Composite Using ‘Spread Tow Technology’
5.D PEEK
5.5 Continuous Fiber Reinforced PEEK Composites
5.5.1 PEEK/Continuous Carbon Fiber (CF)
5.6 Concluding Remarks
References
6. Nanocomposites
S.F. Xavier
6.1 Basics
6.1.1 History of Nanoscience
6.1.1.A The Growth of Nanotechnology
6.1.1.B Nano Milestones
6.1.1.C Some Significant Achievements in Nanotechnology
6.1.2 Nanomaterials Used in Polymers
6.1.2.A Nanoparticles/Fillers
6.1.2.B Nanoflakes
6.1.2.C Nanofibers
6.2 Nanocomposites: General Principles
6.2.1 Preparation of Nanocomposites by Different Routes
6.2.2 Polymer-Clay Nanocomposites
6.2.2.1 Methods to Achieve Intercalation/Exfoliation
6.3 Nanocomposites with Different Polymers
6.3.1 LDPE Nanocomposites with Different Nanoparticles
6.3.1.A LDPE/Nano Al2O3
6.3.1.B LDPE/Nano MgO
6.3.1.C LDPE/Nano TiO2
6.3.1.D LDPE/Nano ZnO
6.3.1.E LDPE/Treated Nano Cloisite 20A
6.3.1.F LDPE/PE-g-MAH/Cv/OMMT
6.3.1.G LDPE/LLDPE-g-MAH/Organo Clay
6.3.1.H LDPE/LDPE-g-MAH/Nano Ag
6.3.1.I PE/Polythiophene/Sol-Gel Nano Ag
6.3.1.J LDPE Foams/Nano Silica
6.3.2 HDPE Nanocomposites with Nanoparticles
6.3.2.A HDPE/Nano Ag
6.3.2.B HDPE/Nano Au
6.3.2.C HDPE/Nano Bentonite
6.3.2.D HDPE/Nano CaCO3
6.3.2.E HDPE/Nano Cloisite 20A/Nano Cu
6.3.2.F HDPE/Nano Copper Oxide
6.3.2.G HDPE/Nano Fe3O4
6.3.2.H HDPE/Nano PbS
6.3.2.I HDPE/Nano Silica
6.3.2.J HDPE/Nano TiO2/Nano CNC
6.3.2.K HDPE/Nano ZnO
6.3.2.L HDPE/Nano ZrP/Oct
6.3.3 PP Nanocomposites with Nanoparticles
6.3.3.A PP/Nano Ag
6.3.3.B PP/Nano Ag/PEG
6.3.3.C PP/Nano Ag/γ-Radiation/MMT
6.3.3.D PP/Nano Al2O3
6.3.3.E PP/Nano γ-Al2O3-g-PS
6.3.3.F PP/Nano BaCO3
6.3.3.G PP/Nano BaSO4
6.3.3.H PP/Nano CaCO3
6.3.3.I PP/Nano CaCO3/Nano SiO2
6.3.3.J PP/Nano Cu
6.3.3.K PP/Nano Fe2O3
6.3.3.L PP/Nano TiO2
6.3.4 PVC Nanocomposites with Nanoparticles
6.3.4.A PVC/Nano Clay
6.3.4.B PVC/(Single Layer) Graphene
6.3.4.C PVC/Multi-Layer Graphene (MLG)
6.3.4.D PVC/Reduced Graphene Oxide (RGO)
6.3.4.E PVC/TiO2 (In Situ Suspension Polymerization)
6.3.4.F PVC/Quantum Dots (CdSe/ZnS Nanoparticles)
6.3.4.G PVC/Nano ZrO2
6.3.5 PLA Nanocomposites with Nanoparticles
6.3.5.A PLA/Nano Ag
6.3.5.B PLA/Nano Au
6.3.5.C PLA/Nano Cu-Mt
6.3.5.D PLA/Nano SiO2
6.3.5.E PLA/Nano-Precipitated CaCO3 (NPCC)
6.3.5.F PLA/Nano-TiO2
6.3.5.G PLA/Nano-ZnO
6.3.6 PA-6 Nanocomposites with Nanoparticles
6.3.6.A PA-6/Nano-MMT
6.3.6.B PA-6/Graphene and Graphene Oxide (GO)
6.3.7 PEEK Nanocomposites with Nanoparticles
6.3.7.A PEEK/Graphene for Laser Sintering
6.3.7.B PEEK/Graphene/MWCNT for Conducting Filaments
6.4 Concluding Remarks
References
Appendix-1
Nanostructures
7. Applications
S.F. Xavier
7.1 Basic Concepts
7.1.1 History and Growth of Thermoplastic Polymer Composite Applications
7.2 Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites
7.2.1 Automotive Applications
7.2.1.A Nanocomposites in Automotives
7.2.2 Aerospace Applications
7.2.3 Marine Applications
7.2.4 Military Applications
7.2.5 Sports Applications
7.3 Construction Applications
7.3.1 Repair & Rehabilitation
7.3.2 Emergency Seismic Repair
7.3.3 Repair & Rehabilitation of Wood Members
7.4 Electrical Applications
7.4.1 Graphene and Polymer Composites for Supercapacitor Applications
7.4.2 Electromagnetic Interference Shielding
7.4.3 Metal-Polymer Composites for AC Applications at High Frequencies
7.4.4 Carbon Nanotube Polymer Composites for Electrical Applications
7.5 Biomedical Applications
7.5.1 Graphene-Based Polymer Composites
7.5.2 Natural Fiber Polymer Composites
7.5.3 Carbon Nanotube Polymer Composites
7.6 Tribological Applications
7.6.1 Polymer Tribology
7.6.2 Influence of Load and Polymer Tg
7.6.3 Influence of Reinforcement
7.6.4 Influence of Lubricating Additive
7.6.5 Influence of Temperature
7.6.6 Biomimetics: An Application of Tribology
7.7 Concluding Remarks
References
8. Recycling Polymer Comosites
S.F. Xavier
8.1 Environment vs Polymer Waste
8.1.1 Polymer Pollution: A Serious Threat
8.1.2 Recycling Waste Composite Materials
8.1.3 Sustainable Recycling of Polymer Composites
8.2 Recycling Filled/Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites
8.2.1 Recycled Polymer ‘Red Mud’ Composite
8.2.2 Recycled HDPE Filled with ‘Waste Mud Solids’
8.2.3 Recycled Wood Polymer Composites
8.2.4 Recycled Polymer Composites from Industrial Side-Stream Materials
8.2.5 From Recycled Materials to ‘Green Composites’
8.3 Recyclability and Bio-Composites
8.3.1 Bio-Composites of PLA
8.3.1.1 Mechanical Recycling of PLA/Nano MMT
Improves Properties
8.3.1.2 Melt Reprocessed PLA/Hydrotalcite Nanocomposites
8.3.2 Recyclability of PP/Bagasse Composites
8.4 Applications of Recycled Polymer Composites
8.4.1 Applications of Recycled Thermoplastic Composite Materials
8.5 FRPs: Sustainability and Human Health Issues
8.5.1 Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites
8.6 Concluding Remarks
References
9. Outlook on Future of Thermoplastic Polymer Composites
S.F. Xavier
9.1 Constituents of Thermoplastic Composites
9.1.1 The Matrix
9.1.2 Reinforcement
9.1.3 Interphase
9.2 The Future of Thermoplastic Composites
9.2.1 Automotive Sector
9.2.2 Aerospace and Defence Sectors
9.2.3 Bio-Medical Applications
9.2.4 Special Applications
9.3 Final Concluding Remarks
References
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