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Submit a ProposalModern Forensic Tools and Devices
 | Trends in Criminal Investigation Edited by Deepak Rawtani and Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain Copyright: 2023 | Status: Published ISBN: 9781119760412 | Hardcover | 454 pages Price: $225 USD  |
One Line Description
The book offers a comprehensive overview of the latest technologies and techniques used in forensic investigations and highlights the potential impact of these advancements on the field.
Audience
The book is an essential resource for forensic scientists, law enforcement officials, and anyone interested in the advancements in forensic science such as engineers, materials scientists, and device makers.
The book is an essential resource for forensic scientists, law enforcement officials, and anyone interested in the advancements in forensic science such as engineers, materials scientists, and device makers.
Description
Technology has played a pivotal role in advancing forensic science over the years, particularly in modern-day criminal investigations. In recent years, significant advancements in forensic tools and devices have enabled investigators to gather and analyze evidence more efficiently than ever. Modern Forensic Tools and Devices: Trends in Criminal Investigation is a comprehensive guide to the latest technologies and techniques used in forensic science.
This book covers a wide range of topics, from computer forensics and personal digital assistants to emerging analytical techniques for forensic samples. A section of the book provides detailed explanations of each technology and its applications in forensic investigations, along with case studies and real-life examples to illustrate their effectiveness.
One critical aspect of this book is its focus on emerging trends in forensic science. The book covers new technologies such as cloud and social media forensics, vehicle forensics, facial recognition and reconstruction, automated fingerprint identification systems, and sensor-based devices for trace evidence, to name a few. Its thoroughly detailed chapters expound upon spectroscopic analytical techniques in forensic science, DNA sequencing, rapid DNA tests, bio-mimetic devices for evidence detection, forensic photography, scanners, microscopes, and recent advancements in forensic tools. The book also provides insights into forensic sampling and sample preparation techniques, which are crucial for ensuring the reliability of forensic evidence. Furthermore, the book explains the importance of proper sampling and the role it plays in the accuracy of forensic analysis.
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Technology has played a pivotal role in advancing forensic science over the years, particularly in modern-day criminal investigations. In recent years, significant advancements in forensic tools and devices have enabled investigators to gather and analyze evidence more efficiently than ever. Modern Forensic Tools and Devices: Trends in Criminal Investigation is a comprehensive guide to the latest technologies and techniques used in forensic science.
This book covers a wide range of topics, from computer forensics and personal digital assistants to emerging analytical techniques for forensic samples. A section of the book provides detailed explanations of each technology and its applications in forensic investigations, along with case studies and real-life examples to illustrate their effectiveness.
One critical aspect of this book is its focus on emerging trends in forensic science. The book covers new technologies such as cloud and social media forensics, vehicle forensics, facial recognition and reconstruction, automated fingerprint identification systems, and sensor-based devices for trace evidence, to name a few. Its thoroughly detailed chapters expound upon spectroscopic analytical techniques in forensic science, DNA sequencing, rapid DNA tests, bio-mimetic devices for evidence detection, forensic photography, scanners, microscopes, and recent advancements in forensic tools. The book also provides insights into forensic sampling and sample preparation techniques, which are crucial for ensuring the reliability of forensic evidence. Furthermore, the book explains the importance of proper sampling and the role it plays in the accuracy of forensic analysis.
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Author / Editor Details
Deepak Rawtani, PhD, received his PhD in nanobiotechnology. He has worked for more than 16 years in the fields of molecular medicine and biology. For the last ten years, he has served as an associate professor of forensic nanotechnology at the Institute of Research and Development, Gujarat Forensic Sciences University, Gandhinagar, India.
Deepak Rawtani, PhD, received his PhD in nanobiotechnology. He has worked for more than 16 years in the fields of molecular medicine and biology. For the last ten years, he has served as an associate professor of forensic nanotechnology at the Institute of Research and Development, Gujarat Forensic Sciences University, Gandhinagar, India.
Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain, PhD, is an Adjunct Professor, Academic Advisor, and Director of Chemistry & EVSc Labs in the Department of Chemistry & Environmental Sciences at the New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT), Newark, New Jersey, USA. His research is focused on analytical chemistry, nanotechnology & advanced materials, sustainability, environmental management, and various industries. Dr. Hussain is the author of numerous papers in peer-reviewed journals as well as a prolific author and editor of several scientific monographs and books in his research fields.
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Table of Contents
Preface
1. Computer Forensics and Personal Digital Assistants
Muhammad Qadeer, Chaudhery Ghazanfer Hussain and Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Computer and Digital Forensics
1.2 Digital Forensics Classification
1.3 Digital Evidence
1.4 Information Used in Investigation to Find Digital Evidence
1.5 Short History of Digital/Computer Forensics
1.6 The World of Crimes
1.6.1 Cybercrimes vs. Traditional Crimes
1.7 Computer Forensics Investigation Steps
1.8 Report Generation of Forensic Findings Through Software Tools
1.9 Importance of Forensics Report
1.10 Guidelines for Report Writing
1.11 Objectives of Computer Forensics
1.12 Challenges Faced by Computer Forensics
References
2. Network and Data Analysis Tools for Forensic Science
Shrutika Singla, Shruthi Subhash and Amarnath Mishra
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Necessity for Data Analysis
2.2.1 Operational Troubleshooting
2.2.2 Log Monitoring
2.2.3 Data Recovery
2.2.4 Data Acquisition
2.3 Data Analysis Process
2.3.1 Acquisition
2.3.2 Examination
2.3.3 Utilization
2.3.4 Review
2.4 Network Security and Forensics
2.5 Digital Forensic Investigation Process
2.5.1 Data Identification
2.5.2 Project Planning
2.5.3 Data Capture
2.5.4 Data Processing
2.5.5 Data Analysis
2.5.6 Report Generation
2.6 Tools for Network and Data Analysis
2.6.1 EnCase Forensic Imager Tool
2.6.2 Cellebrite UFED
2.6.3 FTK Imager Tool
2.6.4 Paladin Forensic Suite
2.6.5 Digital Forensic Framework (DFF)
2.6.6 Forensic Imager Tx1
2.6.7 Tableau TD2U Forensic Duplicator
2.6.8 Oxygen Forensics Detective
2.6.9 SANS Investigative Forensic Toolkit (SIFT)
2.6.10 Win Hex
2.6.11 Computer Online Forensic Evidence Extractor (COFEE)
2.6.12 WindowsSCOPE Toolkit
2.6.13 ProDiscover Forensics
2.6.14 Sleuth Kit
2.6.15 CAINE
2.6.16 Magnet RAM Capture
2.6.17 X-Ways Forensics
2.6.18 WireShark Tool
2.6.19 Xplico
2.6.20 e-Fensee
2.7 Evolution of Network Data Analysis Tools Over the Years
2.8 Conclusion
References
3. Cloud and Social Media Forensics
Nilay Mistry and Sureel Vora
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Background Study
3.2.1 Social Networking Trend Among Users
3.2.2 Pros and Cons of Social Networking and Chat Apps
3.2.3 Privacy Issues in Social Networking and Chat Apps
3.2.4 Usefulness of Personal Information for Law Enforcements
3.2.5 Cloud Computing and Social Media Applications
3.2.5.1 SaaS Model
3.2.5.2 PaaS Model
3.2.5.3 IaaS Model
3.3 Technical Study
3.3.1 User-Agent and Its Working
3.3.2 Automated Agents and Their User-Agent String
3.3.3 User Agent Spoofing and Sniffing
3.3.4 Link Forwarding and Rich Preview
3.3.5 WebView and its User Agent
3.3.6 HTTP Referrer and Referring Page
3.3.7 Application ID
3.4 Methodology
3.4.1 Testing Environment
3.4.2 Research and Analysis
3.4.2.1 Activities Performed
3.4.2.2 Information Gathered
3.4.2.3 Analysis of Gathered Information
3.4.3 Activity Performed - Opening the Forwarded Link
3.5 Protection Against Leakage
3.6 Conclusion
3.7 Future Work
References
4. Vehicle Forensics
Disha Bhatnagar and Piyush K. Rao
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Motives Behind Vehicular Theft
4.1.1.1 Insurance Fraud
4.1.1.2 Resale and Export
4.1.1.3 Temporary Transportation
4.1.1.4 Commitment of Another Crime
4.2 Intervehicle Communication and Vehicle Internal Networks
4.3 Classification of Vehicular Forensics
4.3.1 Automative Vehicle Forensics
4.3.1.1 Live Forensics
4.3.1.2 Post-Mortem Forensics
4.3.1.3 Physical Tools for Forensic Investigation
4.3.2 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Forensics (UAV)/Drone Forensics
4.3.2.1 Methodology
4.3.2.2 Steps Involved in Drone Forensics
4.3.2.3 Challenges in UAV Forensics
4.4 Vehicle Identification Number
4.4.1 Placement in a Vehicle and Usage of a VIN
4.4.2 Vehicle Identification
4.4.2.1 Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Certification Label
4.4.2.2 Anti-Theft Label
4.4.2.3 Stamping on Vehicle Parts
4.4.2.4 Secondary and Confidential VIN
4.5 Serial Number Restoration
4.5.1 Restoration Methods
4.5.1.1 Chemical Etching
4.5.1.2 Electrolytic Etching
4.5.1.3 Heat Treatment
4.5.1.4 Magnetic Particle Method
4.5.1.5 Electron Channeling Contrast
4.6 Conclusion
References
5. Facial Recognition and Reconstruction
Payal V. Bhatt, Piyush K. Rao and Deepak Rawtani
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Facial Recognition
5.3 Facial Reconstruction
5.4 Techniques for Facial Recognition
5.4.1 Image-Based Facial Recognition
5.4.1.1 Appearance-Based Method
5.4.1.2 Model-Based Method
5.4.1.3 Texture-Based Method
5.4.2 Video-Based Facial Recognition
5.4.2.1 Sequence-Based Method
5.4.2.2 Set-Based Method
5.5 Techniques for Facial Reconstruction
5.5.1 Manual Method
5.5.2 Graphical Method
5.5.3 Computerized Method
5.6 Challenges in Forensic Face Recognition
5.6.1 Facial Aging
5.6.2 Face Marks
5.6.3 Forensic Sketch Recognition
5.6.4 Face Recognition in Video
5.6.5 Near Infrared (NIR) Face Recognition
5.7 Soft Biometrics
5.8 Application Areas of Facial Recognition
5.9 Application of Facial Reconstruction
5.10 Conclusion
References
6. Automated Fingerprint Identification System
Piyush K. Rao, Shreya Singh, Aayush Dey, Deepak Rawtani and Garvita Parikh
Abbreviations
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Ten-Digit Fingerprint Classification
6.3 Henry Faulds Classification System
6.4 Manual Method for the Identification of Latent Fingerprint
6.5 Need for Automation
6.6 Automated Fingerprint Identification System
6.7 History of Automatic Fingerprint Identification System
6.8 Automated Method of Analysis
6.9 Segmentation
6.10 Enhancement and Quality Assessment
6.11 Feature Extraction
6.12 Latent Fingerprint Matching
6.13 Latent Fingerprint Database
6.14 Conclusion
References
7. Forensic Sampling and Sample Preparation
Disha Bhatnagar, Piyush K. Rao and Deepak Rawtani
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Advancement in Technologies Used in Forensic Science
7.3 Evidences
7.3.1 Classification of Evidences
7.3.1.1 Direct Evidence
7.2.1.2 Circumstantial Evidence
7.4 Collection of Evidences
7.4.1 Sampling Methods
7.5 Sample Preparation Techniques for Analytical Instruments
7.5.1 Conventional Methods of Sample Preparation
7.5.2 Solvent Extraction
7.5.2.1 Distillation
7.5.2.2 Acid Digestion
7.5.2.3 Solid Phase Extraction
7.5.2.4 Soxhlet Extraction
7.5.3 Modern Methods of Sample Preparation
7.5.3.1 Accelerated Solvent Extraction
7.5.3.2 Microwave Digestion
7.5.3.3 Ultrasonication-Assisted Extraction
7.5.3.4 Microextraction
7.5.3.5 Supercritical Fluid Extraction
7.5.3.6 QuEChERS
7.5.3.7 Membrane Extraction
7.6 Conclusion
7.7 Future Perspective
References
8. Spectroscopic Analysis Techniques in Forensic Science
Payal V. Bhatt and Deepak Rawtani
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Spectroscopy
8.2.1 Spectroscopy and its Applications
8.3 Spectroscopy and Forensics
8.4 Spectroscopic Techniques and their Forensic Applications
8.4.1 X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy
8.4.1.1 Application of X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy in Forensics
8.4.2 UV/Visible Spectroscopy
8.4.2.1 Application of UV/Vis Spectroscopy in Forensics
8.4.3 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
8.4.3.1 Application of Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy in Forensics
8.4.4 Infrared Spectroscopy
8.4.4.1 Application of Infrared Spectroscopy in Forensics
8.4.5 Raman Spectroscopy
8.4.5.1 Application of Raman Spectroscopy in Forensics
8.4.6 Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy
8.4.6.1 Application of Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy in Forensics
8.4.7 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
8.4.7.1 Application of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Forensics
8.4.8 Atomic Emission Spectroscopy
8.4.8.1 Application of Atomic Emission Spectroscopy in Forensics
8.4.9 X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy
8.4.9.1 Application of X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy in Forensics
8.4.10 Fluorescence Spectroscopy
8.4.10.1 Application of Fluorescence Spectroscopy in Forensics
8.4.11 Phosphorescence Spectroscopy
8.4.11.1 Application of Phosphorescence Spectroscopy in Forensics
8.4.12 Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy
8.4.12.1 Application of Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy in Forensics
8.4.13 Chemiluminescence Spectroscopy
8.4.13.1 Application of Chemiluminescence Spectroscopy in Forensics
8.5 Conclusion
References
9. Emerging Analytical Techniques in Forensic Samples
Disha Bhatnagar and Piyush K. Rao
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Separation Techniques
9.2.1 Chromatography
9.2.1.1 Gas Chromatography
9.2.2 Liquid Chromatography
9.2.3 Capillary Electrophoresis
9.3 Mass Spectrometry
9.4 Tandem Mass (MS/MS)
9.5 Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry
9.6 Laser Ablation–Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry
9.7 Conclusion
References
10. DNA Sequencing and Rapid DNA Tests
Archana Singh and Deepak Rawtani
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 DNA Sequencing
10.1.2 DNA Profiling Analysis Methods
10.1.3 The Rapid DNA Test
10.2 DNA – The Hereditary Material
10.2.1 DNA – Structure and Genetic Information
10.3 DNA Sequencing
10.3.1 Maxam and Gilbert Method
10.3.2 Chain Termination Method or Sanger’s Sequencing
10.3.3 Automated Method
10.3.4 Semiautomated Method
10.3.5 Pyrosequencing Method
10.3.6 Clone by Clone Sequencing Method
10.3.7 The Whole-Genome Shotgun Sequencing Method
10.3.8 Next-Generation DNA Sequencing
10.4 Laboratory Processing and DNA Evidence Analysis
10.4.1 Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism
10.4.2 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
10.4.3 Short Tandem Repeats (STR)
10.4.4 Mitochondrial DNA (mt-DNA)
10.4.5 Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP)
10.4.6 Y-Chromosome
10.5 Rapid DNA Test
10.5.1 The Evolution of the Rapid DNA Test
10.5.2 Rapid DNA Instrument
10.5.3 Methodology of Rapid DNA
10.6 Conclusion and Future Aspects
References
11. Sensor-Based Devices for Trace Evidence
Aayush Dey, Piyush K. Rao and Deepak Rawtani
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Immunosensors in Forensic Science
11.2.1 Direct Immunosensing Strategies
11.2.1.1 Surface Plasmon Resonance
11.2.1.2 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
11.2.1.3 Piezoelectric Immunosensors
11.2.2 Indirect Immunosensing Strategies
11.2.2.1 Optical Immunosensors
11.2.2.2 Electrochemical Immunosensors
11.3 Genosensors and Cell-Based Biosensors in Forensic Science
11.4 Aptasensors in Forensic Science
11.4.1 Forensic Applications of Aptasensors
11.5 Enzymatic Biosensors in Forensic Science
11.5.1 Applications of Enzymatic Biosensors for Trace Evidence Analysis
11.6 Conclusion
References
12. Biomimetic Devices for Trace Evidence Detection
Manika and Astha Pandey
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Tools or Machines for Biomimetics
12.3 Methods of Biomimetics
12.4 Applications
12.4.1 Detection of Trace Evidences
12.4.1.1 Biomimetic Sniffing
12.4.1.2 L-Nicotine Detection
12.4.1.3 TNT Detection
12.4.2 Hybrid Materials to Medical Devices
12.4.2.1 Smart Drug Delivery Micro and Nanodevices
12.4.2.2 Nanodevices for Combination of Therapy and Theranostics
12.4.2.3 Continuous Biosensors for Glucose
12.4.2.4 Electro-Active Lenses
12.4.2.5 Smart Tattoos
12.5 Challenges for Biomimetics in Practice
12.6 Conclusion
References
13. Forensic Photography
Aayush Dey, Piyush K. Rao and Deepak Rawtani
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Forensic Photography and Its Purpose
13.3 Modern Principles of Forensic Photography
13.4 Fundamental Rules of Forensic Photography
13.4.1 Rule Number 1. Filling the Frame Space
13.4.2 Rule Number 2. Expansion of Depth of Field
13.4.3 Rule Number 3. Positioning the Film Plane
13.5 Camera Setup and Apparatus for Forensic Photography
13.6 The Dynamics of a Digital Camera
13.6.1 Types of Digital Cameras
13.6.2 Sensor Architecture
13.6.2.1 Full Frame
13.6.2.2 Frame Transfer
13.6.2.3 Interline Architecture
13.6.3 Spectral Response
13.6.4 Light Sensitivity and Noise Cancellation
13.6.5 Dynamic Range
13.6.6 Blooming and Anti-Blooming
13.6.7 Signal to Noise Ratio
13.6.8 Spatial Resolution
13.6.9 Frame Rate
13.7 Common Crime Scenarios and How They Must be Photographed
13.7.1 Photography of Road Traffic Accidents
13.7.2 Photography of Homicides
13.7.3 Arson Crime Scenes
13.7.4 Photography of Print Impressions at a Crime Scene
13.7.5 Tire Marks and Their Photography
13.7.6 Photography of Skin Wounds
13.8 Conclusion
References
14. Scanners and Microscopes
Aayush Dey, Piyush K. Rao and Deepak Rawtani
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Scanners in Forensic Science
14.2.1 Three-Dimensional Laser Scanners
14.2.1.1 Benefits of Three-Dimensional Laser Scanners
14.2.1.2 Drawbacks of Three-Dimensional Laser Scanners
14.2.1.3 Applications in Forensic Science
14.2.2 Structured Light Scanners
14.2.2.1 Applications in Forensic Science
14.2.3 Intraoral Optical Scanners
14.2.3.1 Applications in Forensic Science
14.2.4 Computerized Tomography Scanner
14.2.4.1 Applications in Forensic Science
14.3 Microscopes in Forensic Science
14.3.1 Light Microscopes
14.3.1.1 Compound Microscope
14.3.1.2 Comparison Microscope
14.3.1.3 Polarizing Microscope
14.3.1.4 Stereoscopic Microscope
14.3.2 Electron Microscopes
14.3.2.1 Scanning Electron Microscope
14.3.2.2 Transmission Electron Microscope
14.3.3 Probing Microscopes
14.3.3.1 Atomic Force Microscope
14.4 Conclusion
References
15. Recent Advances in Forensic Tools
Tatenda Justice Gunda, Charles Muchabaiwa, Piyush K. Rao, Aayush Dey and Deepak Rawtani
15.1 Introduction
15.1.1 Recent Forensic Tool: Trends in Crime Investigations
15.1.2 Recent Forensic Device
15.2 Classification of Forensic Tools and Devices
15.2.1 Forensic Chemistry
15.2.1.1 Sensors
15.2.1.2 Chromatographic Techniques
15.2.1.3 Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS)
15.2.1.4 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
15.2.1.5 Liquid Chromatography (LC/MS/MS) Rapid Toxicology Screening System
15.2.1.6 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy
15.2.1.7 Drug Testing Toxicology of Hair
15.2.2 Question Document and Fingerprinting
15.2.2.1 Electrostatic Detection Analysis (ESDA)
15.2.2.2 Video Spectral Comparator
15.2.2.3 Fingerprinting
15.2.3 Forensic Physics
15.2.3.1 Facial Recognition
15.2.3.2 3D Facial Reconstruction
15.2.3.3 Arsenal Automated Ballistic Identification System (ABIS)
15.2.3.4 Audio Video Aided Forensic Analysis
15.2.3.5 Brain Electrical Oscillations Signature (BEOS)
15.2.3.6 Phenom Desktop Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
15.2.3.7 X-Ray Spectroscopy EDX
15.2.3.8 Drones/UAVs
15.2.4 Forensic Biology
15.2.4.1 Massive Parallel Sequencing (MPS)
15.2.4.2 Virtopsy
15.2.4.3 Three-Dimensional Imaging System
15.3 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
16. Future Aspects of Modern Forensic Tools and Devices
Swathi Satish, Gargi Phadke and Deepak Rawtani
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Forensic Tools
16.2.1 Emerging Trends in Forensic Tools
16.2.2 Future Facets of Forensic Tools
16.2.2.1 Analytical Forensic Tools
16.2.2.2 Digital Forensic Tools
16.3 Forensic Devices
16.3.1 Emerging Trends in Forensic Devices
16.3.2 Future Aspects of Forensic Devices
16.4 Conclusion
References
Index
Back to Top
Preface
1. Computer Forensics and Personal Digital Assistants
Muhammad Qadeer, Chaudhery Ghazanfer Hussain and Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Computer and Digital Forensics
1.2 Digital Forensics Classification
1.3 Digital Evidence
1.4 Information Used in Investigation to Find Digital Evidence
1.5 Short History of Digital/Computer Forensics
1.6 The World of Crimes
1.6.1 Cybercrimes vs. Traditional Crimes
1.7 Computer Forensics Investigation Steps
1.8 Report Generation of Forensic Findings Through Software Tools
1.9 Importance of Forensics Report
1.10 Guidelines for Report Writing
1.11 Objectives of Computer Forensics
1.12 Challenges Faced by Computer Forensics
References
2. Network and Data Analysis Tools for Forensic Science
Shrutika Singla, Shruthi Subhash and Amarnath Mishra
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Necessity for Data Analysis
2.2.1 Operational Troubleshooting
2.2.2 Log Monitoring
2.2.3 Data Recovery
2.2.4 Data Acquisition
2.3 Data Analysis Process
2.3.1 Acquisition
2.3.2 Examination
2.3.3 Utilization
2.3.4 Review
2.4 Network Security and Forensics
2.5 Digital Forensic Investigation Process
2.5.1 Data Identification
2.5.2 Project Planning
2.5.3 Data Capture
2.5.4 Data Processing
2.5.5 Data Analysis
2.5.6 Report Generation
2.6 Tools for Network and Data Analysis
2.6.1 EnCase Forensic Imager Tool
2.6.2 Cellebrite UFED
2.6.3 FTK Imager Tool
2.6.4 Paladin Forensic Suite
2.6.5 Digital Forensic Framework (DFF)
2.6.6 Forensic Imager Tx1
2.6.7 Tableau TD2U Forensic Duplicator
2.6.8 Oxygen Forensics Detective
2.6.9 SANS Investigative Forensic Toolkit (SIFT)
2.6.10 Win Hex
2.6.11 Computer Online Forensic Evidence Extractor (COFEE)
2.6.12 WindowsSCOPE Toolkit
2.6.13 ProDiscover Forensics
2.6.14 Sleuth Kit
2.6.15 CAINE
2.6.16 Magnet RAM Capture
2.6.17 X-Ways Forensics
2.6.18 WireShark Tool
2.6.19 Xplico
2.6.20 e-Fensee
2.7 Evolution of Network Data Analysis Tools Over the Years
2.8 Conclusion
References
3. Cloud and Social Media Forensics
Nilay Mistry and Sureel Vora
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Background Study
3.2.1 Social Networking Trend Among Users
3.2.2 Pros and Cons of Social Networking and Chat Apps
3.2.3 Privacy Issues in Social Networking and Chat Apps
3.2.4 Usefulness of Personal Information for Law Enforcements
3.2.5 Cloud Computing and Social Media Applications
3.2.5.1 SaaS Model
3.2.5.2 PaaS Model
3.2.5.3 IaaS Model
3.3 Technical Study
3.3.1 User-Agent and Its Working
3.3.2 Automated Agents and Their User-Agent String
3.3.3 User Agent Spoofing and Sniffing
3.3.4 Link Forwarding and Rich Preview
3.3.5 WebView and its User Agent
3.3.6 HTTP Referrer and Referring Page
3.3.7 Application ID
3.4 Methodology
3.4.1 Testing Environment
3.4.2 Research and Analysis
3.4.2.1 Activities Performed
3.4.2.2 Information Gathered
3.4.2.3 Analysis of Gathered Information
3.4.3 Activity Performed - Opening the Forwarded Link
3.5 Protection Against Leakage
3.6 Conclusion
3.7 Future Work
References
4. Vehicle Forensics
Disha Bhatnagar and Piyush K. Rao
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Motives Behind Vehicular Theft
4.1.1.1 Insurance Fraud
4.1.1.2 Resale and Export
4.1.1.3 Temporary Transportation
4.1.1.4 Commitment of Another Crime
4.2 Intervehicle Communication and Vehicle Internal Networks
4.3 Classification of Vehicular Forensics
4.3.1 Automative Vehicle Forensics
4.3.1.1 Live Forensics
4.3.1.2 Post-Mortem Forensics
4.3.1.3 Physical Tools for Forensic Investigation
4.3.2 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Forensics (UAV)/Drone Forensics
4.3.2.1 Methodology
4.3.2.2 Steps Involved in Drone Forensics
4.3.2.3 Challenges in UAV Forensics
4.4 Vehicle Identification Number
4.4.1 Placement in a Vehicle and Usage of a VIN
4.4.2 Vehicle Identification
4.4.2.1 Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Certification Label
4.4.2.2 Anti-Theft Label
4.4.2.3 Stamping on Vehicle Parts
4.4.2.4 Secondary and Confidential VIN
4.5 Serial Number Restoration
4.5.1 Restoration Methods
4.5.1.1 Chemical Etching
4.5.1.2 Electrolytic Etching
4.5.1.3 Heat Treatment
4.5.1.4 Magnetic Particle Method
4.5.1.5 Electron Channeling Contrast
4.6 Conclusion
References
5. Facial Recognition and Reconstruction
Payal V. Bhatt, Piyush K. Rao and Deepak Rawtani
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Facial Recognition
5.3 Facial Reconstruction
5.4 Techniques for Facial Recognition
5.4.1 Image-Based Facial Recognition
5.4.1.1 Appearance-Based Method
5.4.1.2 Model-Based Method
5.4.1.3 Texture-Based Method
5.4.2 Video-Based Facial Recognition
5.4.2.1 Sequence-Based Method
5.4.2.2 Set-Based Method
5.5 Techniques for Facial Reconstruction
5.5.1 Manual Method
5.5.2 Graphical Method
5.5.3 Computerized Method
5.6 Challenges in Forensic Face Recognition
5.6.1 Facial Aging
5.6.2 Face Marks
5.6.3 Forensic Sketch Recognition
5.6.4 Face Recognition in Video
5.6.5 Near Infrared (NIR) Face Recognition
5.7 Soft Biometrics
5.8 Application Areas of Facial Recognition
5.9 Application of Facial Reconstruction
5.10 Conclusion
References
6. Automated Fingerprint Identification System
Piyush K. Rao, Shreya Singh, Aayush Dey, Deepak Rawtani and Garvita Parikh
Abbreviations
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Ten-Digit Fingerprint Classification
6.3 Henry Faulds Classification System
6.4 Manual Method for the Identification of Latent Fingerprint
6.5 Need for Automation
6.6 Automated Fingerprint Identification System
6.7 History of Automatic Fingerprint Identification System
6.8 Automated Method of Analysis
6.9 Segmentation
6.10 Enhancement and Quality Assessment
6.11 Feature Extraction
6.12 Latent Fingerprint Matching
6.13 Latent Fingerprint Database
6.14 Conclusion
References
7. Forensic Sampling and Sample Preparation
Disha Bhatnagar, Piyush K. Rao and Deepak Rawtani
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Advancement in Technologies Used in Forensic Science
7.3 Evidences
7.3.1 Classification of Evidences
7.3.1.1 Direct Evidence
7.2.1.2 Circumstantial Evidence
7.4 Collection of Evidences
7.4.1 Sampling Methods
7.5 Sample Preparation Techniques for Analytical Instruments
7.5.1 Conventional Methods of Sample Preparation
7.5.2 Solvent Extraction
7.5.2.1 Distillation
7.5.2.2 Acid Digestion
7.5.2.3 Solid Phase Extraction
7.5.2.4 Soxhlet Extraction
7.5.3 Modern Methods of Sample Preparation
7.5.3.1 Accelerated Solvent Extraction
7.5.3.2 Microwave Digestion
7.5.3.3 Ultrasonication-Assisted Extraction
7.5.3.4 Microextraction
7.5.3.5 Supercritical Fluid Extraction
7.5.3.6 QuEChERS
7.5.3.7 Membrane Extraction
7.6 Conclusion
7.7 Future Perspective
References
8. Spectroscopic Analysis Techniques in Forensic Science
Payal V. Bhatt and Deepak Rawtani
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Spectroscopy
8.2.1 Spectroscopy and its Applications
8.3 Spectroscopy and Forensics
8.4 Spectroscopic Techniques and their Forensic Applications
8.4.1 X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy
8.4.1.1 Application of X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy in Forensics
8.4.2 UV/Visible Spectroscopy
8.4.2.1 Application of UV/Vis Spectroscopy in Forensics
8.4.3 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
8.4.3.1 Application of Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy in Forensics
8.4.4 Infrared Spectroscopy
8.4.4.1 Application of Infrared Spectroscopy in Forensics
8.4.5 Raman Spectroscopy
8.4.5.1 Application of Raman Spectroscopy in Forensics
8.4.6 Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy
8.4.6.1 Application of Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy in Forensics
8.4.7 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
8.4.7.1 Application of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Forensics
8.4.8 Atomic Emission Spectroscopy
8.4.8.1 Application of Atomic Emission Spectroscopy in Forensics
8.4.9 X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy
8.4.9.1 Application of X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy in Forensics
8.4.10 Fluorescence Spectroscopy
8.4.10.1 Application of Fluorescence Spectroscopy in Forensics
8.4.11 Phosphorescence Spectroscopy
8.4.11.1 Application of Phosphorescence Spectroscopy in Forensics
8.4.12 Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy
8.4.12.1 Application of Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy in Forensics
8.4.13 Chemiluminescence Spectroscopy
8.4.13.1 Application of Chemiluminescence Spectroscopy in Forensics
8.5 Conclusion
References
9. Emerging Analytical Techniques in Forensic Samples
Disha Bhatnagar and Piyush K. Rao
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Separation Techniques
9.2.1 Chromatography
9.2.1.1 Gas Chromatography
9.2.2 Liquid Chromatography
9.2.3 Capillary Electrophoresis
9.3 Mass Spectrometry
9.4 Tandem Mass (MS/MS)
9.5 Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry
9.6 Laser Ablation–Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry
9.7 Conclusion
References
10. DNA Sequencing and Rapid DNA Tests
Archana Singh and Deepak Rawtani
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 DNA Sequencing
10.1.2 DNA Profiling Analysis Methods
10.1.3 The Rapid DNA Test
10.2 DNA – The Hereditary Material
10.2.1 DNA – Structure and Genetic Information
10.3 DNA Sequencing
10.3.1 Maxam and Gilbert Method
10.3.2 Chain Termination Method or Sanger’s Sequencing
10.3.3 Automated Method
10.3.4 Semiautomated Method
10.3.5 Pyrosequencing Method
10.3.6 Clone by Clone Sequencing Method
10.3.7 The Whole-Genome Shotgun Sequencing Method
10.3.8 Next-Generation DNA Sequencing
10.4 Laboratory Processing and DNA Evidence Analysis
10.4.1 Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism
10.4.2 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
10.4.3 Short Tandem Repeats (STR)
10.4.4 Mitochondrial DNA (mt-DNA)
10.4.5 Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP)
10.4.6 Y-Chromosome
10.5 Rapid DNA Test
10.5.1 The Evolution of the Rapid DNA Test
10.5.2 Rapid DNA Instrument
10.5.3 Methodology of Rapid DNA
10.6 Conclusion and Future Aspects
References
11. Sensor-Based Devices for Trace Evidence
Aayush Dey, Piyush K. Rao and Deepak Rawtani
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Immunosensors in Forensic Science
11.2.1 Direct Immunosensing Strategies
11.2.1.1 Surface Plasmon Resonance
11.2.1.2 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
11.2.1.3 Piezoelectric Immunosensors
11.2.2 Indirect Immunosensing Strategies
11.2.2.1 Optical Immunosensors
11.2.2.2 Electrochemical Immunosensors
11.3 Genosensors and Cell-Based Biosensors in Forensic Science
11.4 Aptasensors in Forensic Science
11.4.1 Forensic Applications of Aptasensors
11.5 Enzymatic Biosensors in Forensic Science
11.5.1 Applications of Enzymatic Biosensors for Trace Evidence Analysis
11.6 Conclusion
References
12. Biomimetic Devices for Trace Evidence Detection
Manika and Astha Pandey
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Tools or Machines for Biomimetics
12.3 Methods of Biomimetics
12.4 Applications
12.4.1 Detection of Trace Evidences
12.4.1.1 Biomimetic Sniffing
12.4.1.2 L-Nicotine Detection
12.4.1.3 TNT Detection
12.4.2 Hybrid Materials to Medical Devices
12.4.2.1 Smart Drug Delivery Micro and Nanodevices
12.4.2.2 Nanodevices for Combination of Therapy and Theranostics
12.4.2.3 Continuous Biosensors for Glucose
12.4.2.4 Electro-Active Lenses
12.4.2.5 Smart Tattoos
12.5 Challenges for Biomimetics in Practice
12.6 Conclusion
References
13. Forensic Photography
Aayush Dey, Piyush K. Rao and Deepak Rawtani
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Forensic Photography and Its Purpose
13.3 Modern Principles of Forensic Photography
13.4 Fundamental Rules of Forensic Photography
13.4.1 Rule Number 1. Filling the Frame Space
13.4.2 Rule Number 2. Expansion of Depth of Field
13.4.3 Rule Number 3. Positioning the Film Plane
13.5 Camera Setup and Apparatus for Forensic Photography
13.6 The Dynamics of a Digital Camera
13.6.1 Types of Digital Cameras
13.6.2 Sensor Architecture
13.6.2.1 Full Frame
13.6.2.2 Frame Transfer
13.6.2.3 Interline Architecture
13.6.3 Spectral Response
13.6.4 Light Sensitivity and Noise Cancellation
13.6.5 Dynamic Range
13.6.6 Blooming and Anti-Blooming
13.6.7 Signal to Noise Ratio
13.6.8 Spatial Resolution
13.6.9 Frame Rate
13.7 Common Crime Scenarios and How They Must be Photographed
13.7.1 Photography of Road Traffic Accidents
13.7.2 Photography of Homicides
13.7.3 Arson Crime Scenes
13.7.4 Photography of Print Impressions at a Crime Scene
13.7.5 Tire Marks and Their Photography
13.7.6 Photography of Skin Wounds
13.8 Conclusion
References
14. Scanners and Microscopes
Aayush Dey, Piyush K. Rao and Deepak Rawtani
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Scanners in Forensic Science
14.2.1 Three-Dimensional Laser Scanners
14.2.1.1 Benefits of Three-Dimensional Laser Scanners
14.2.1.2 Drawbacks of Three-Dimensional Laser Scanners
14.2.1.3 Applications in Forensic Science
14.2.2 Structured Light Scanners
14.2.2.1 Applications in Forensic Science
14.2.3 Intraoral Optical Scanners
14.2.3.1 Applications in Forensic Science
14.2.4 Computerized Tomography Scanner
14.2.4.1 Applications in Forensic Science
14.3 Microscopes in Forensic Science
14.3.1 Light Microscopes
14.3.1.1 Compound Microscope
14.3.1.2 Comparison Microscope
14.3.1.3 Polarizing Microscope
14.3.1.4 Stereoscopic Microscope
14.3.2 Electron Microscopes
14.3.2.1 Scanning Electron Microscope
14.3.2.2 Transmission Electron Microscope
14.3.3 Probing Microscopes
14.3.3.1 Atomic Force Microscope
14.4 Conclusion
References
15. Recent Advances in Forensic Tools
Tatenda Justice Gunda, Charles Muchabaiwa, Piyush K. Rao, Aayush Dey and Deepak Rawtani
15.1 Introduction
15.1.1 Recent Forensic Tool: Trends in Crime Investigations
15.1.2 Recent Forensic Device
15.2 Classification of Forensic Tools and Devices
15.2.1 Forensic Chemistry
15.2.1.1 Sensors
15.2.1.2 Chromatographic Techniques
15.2.1.3 Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS)
15.2.1.4 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
15.2.1.5 Liquid Chromatography (LC/MS/MS) Rapid Toxicology Screening System
15.2.1.6 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy
15.2.1.7 Drug Testing Toxicology of Hair
15.2.2 Question Document and Fingerprinting
15.2.2.1 Electrostatic Detection Analysis (ESDA)
15.2.2.2 Video Spectral Comparator
15.2.2.3 Fingerprinting
15.2.3 Forensic Physics
15.2.3.1 Facial Recognition
15.2.3.2 3D Facial Reconstruction
15.2.3.3 Arsenal Automated Ballistic Identification System (ABIS)
15.2.3.4 Audio Video Aided Forensic Analysis
15.2.3.5 Brain Electrical Oscillations Signature (BEOS)
15.2.3.6 Phenom Desktop Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
15.2.3.7 X-Ray Spectroscopy EDX
15.2.3.8 Drones/UAVs
15.2.4 Forensic Biology
15.2.4.1 Massive Parallel Sequencing (MPS)
15.2.4.2 Virtopsy
15.2.4.3 Three-Dimensional Imaging System
15.3 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
16. Future Aspects of Modern Forensic Tools and Devices
Swathi Satish, Gargi Phadke and Deepak Rawtani
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Forensic Tools
16.2.1 Emerging Trends in Forensic Tools
16.2.2 Future Facets of Forensic Tools
16.2.2.1 Analytical Forensic Tools
16.2.2.2 Digital Forensic Tools
16.3 Forensic Devices
16.3.1 Emerging Trends in Forensic Devices
16.3.2 Future Aspects of Forensic Devices
16.4 Conclusion
References
Index
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