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Submit a ProposalPhotoreactors in Advanced Oxidation Processes
 | The Future of Wastewater Treatment Edited by Elvis Fosso-Kankeu, Sadanand Pandey, Suprakas Sinha Ray Copyright: 2023 | Status: Published ISBN: 9781394166299 | Hardcover | 356 pages | 73 illustrations Price: $195 USD  |
One Line Description
Unique book covering topics related to the evolving photoreactors concepts, design, and application as well as green synthesis of heterogenous photocatalysts which are the key aspects to facilitate the escalation of bench scale works toward industrial/commercial applications.
Audience
This book will be of interest to academic researchers and graduate students from the fields of environment, chemistry, and engineering, and professionals including environmental managers in industry, water treatment plants managers and operators, water authorities, government regulatory bodies, and environmentalists.
This book will be of interest to academic researchers and graduate students from the fields of environment, chemistry, and engineering, and professionals including environmental managers in industry, water treatment plants managers and operators, water authorities, government regulatory bodies, and environmentalists.
Description
In this book, the editors present the most up-to-date research on Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) to make the argument that AOPs offer an eco-friendly method of wastewater treatment. In addition to an overview of the fundamentals and applications, it provides ample details of the reactive species involved
in AOPs as well as reactor design concepts, thus providing readers with the necessary tools to better understand and implement these methods. Moreover, this book presents some conventional and novel photoreactors equipped with UV/vis lamps for working under solar radiation for wastewater treatment
in a laboratory and on an industrial scale, which is an important focus of the book.
Readers will find in this book:
• In-depth coverage of the performance of sustainable eco-friendly and low-cost heterogeneous photocatalysts (biogenic photocatalysts);
• A state-of-the-art fundamental review of parameters affecting photoreactor designs for the effective performance of reactive species;
• Identifies, formulates, and analyzes developed processes and technologies to meet desired environmental protection needs of society and formulates solutions that are technically sound, economically feasible, and socially acceptable.
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In this book, the editors present the most up-to-date research on Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) to make the argument that AOPs offer an eco-friendly method of wastewater treatment. In addition to an overview of the fundamentals and applications, it provides ample details of the reactive species involved
in AOPs as well as reactor design concepts, thus providing readers with the necessary tools to better understand and implement these methods. Moreover, this book presents some conventional and novel photoreactors equipped with UV/vis lamps for working under solar radiation for wastewater treatment
in a laboratory and on an industrial scale, which is an important focus of the book.
Readers will find in this book:
• In-depth coverage of the performance of sustainable eco-friendly and low-cost heterogeneous photocatalysts (biogenic photocatalysts);
• A state-of-the-art fundamental review of parameters affecting photoreactor designs for the effective performance of reactive species;
• Identifies, formulates, and analyzes developed processes and technologies to meet desired environmental protection needs of society and formulates solutions that are technically sound, economically feasible, and socially acceptable.
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Author / Editor Details
Elvis Fosso-Kankeu, PhD, has a doctorate degree from the University of Johannesburg in South Africa. He is currently a Full Professor in the Department of Electrical and Mining Engineering, Pretoria, South Africa. His research focuses on the prediction of pollutant dispersion from industrial areas and the development of effective and sustainable methods for the removal of inorganic and organic pollutants from polluted water. He has published more than 220 journal articles, books, book chapters, and conference proceeding papers.
Elvis Fosso-Kankeu, PhD, has a doctorate degree from the University of Johannesburg in South Africa. He is currently a Full Professor in the Department of Electrical and Mining Engineering, Pretoria, South Africa. His research focuses on the prediction of pollutant dispersion from industrial areas and the development of effective and sustainable methods for the removal of inorganic and organic pollutants from polluted water. He has published more than 220 journal articles, books, book chapters, and conference proceeding papers.
Sadanand Pandey, PhD, is a Research Professor in the School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Yeungnam University, South Korea. He was a Kothari fellow at the world-prestigious Indian Institute of Science (2011–2013) and NRF scientist at the University of Johannesburg, South Africa (2014–2018). His research activities span the disciplines of polymer chemistry, nanotechnology, and sustainable and advanced materials. He has published more than 100 SCI Journal articles, and 10 book chapters as well as co-edited a number of books.
Suprakas Sinha Ray, PhD, is a chief researcher in polymer nanocomposites at the CSIR, India with a PhD in physical chemistry from the University of Calcutta (2001), and director of the DST-CSIR National Centre for Nanostructured Materials. Ray’s current research focuses on polymer-based advanced nanostructured materials and their applications. Prof. Ray is the author of 4 books, co-edited 3 books, 30 book chapters on various aspects of polymer-based nanostructured materials & their applications, and the author and co-author of more than 300 articles in high-impact international journals. He has also 6 patents and 7 new demonstrated technologies (commercialized) shared with colleagues, collaborators, and industrial partners.
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Table of Contents
Preface
Part 1: Advances in Photocatalysts Synthesis
1. Advancement and New Challenges in Heterogeneous Photocatalysts for Industrial Wastewater Treatment in the 21st Century
Sadanand Pandey, Tanushri Chatterji, Edwin Makhado, Abbas Rahdar, Elvis Fosso-Kankeu and Misook Kang
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Development of Heterogeneous Photocatalysts
1.3 Mechanism of Action of Heterogeneous Photocatalysis
1.4 Recent Advances in Heterogeneous Photocatalyst
1.5 Heterostructure Photocatalysts for the Degradation of Organic Pollutants
1.6 Photoreactors
1.7 Photoreactors for the Degradation of Volatile Organic Compounds
1.7.1 Annular Reactors
1.7.2 Plate Reactor
1.7.3 Packed Bed Reactors
1.7.4 Honeycomb Monolith Reactors
1.7.5 Fluidized Bed Reactors
1.7.6 Batch Reactors
1.7.7 Parabolic Trough Photoreactors
1.7.8 Inclined Flat Photoreactors
1.7.9 Gas Phase Photoreactors
1.8 Advantages and Disadvantages of Heterogeneous Photocatalysis
1.9 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
2. Role of Heterogeneous Catalysts for Advanced Oxidation Process in Wastewater Treatment
Rupali Mishra, Sadanand Pandey and Elvis Fosso-Kankeu
Abbreviations
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs)
2.1.2 AOPs Classification
2.1.2.1 Catalytic Oxidation
2.1.2.2 Heterogeneous Catalytic Oxidation
2.2 Effect of Pollutant
2.3 Type of Catalysts
2.3.1 Metal Organic Frameworks
2.3.1.1 Hydro (Solvo) Thermal Technique
2.3.2 Metal Oxides
2.3.2.1 Coprecipitation Method
2.3.2.2 Hydrothermal Synthesis
2.3.2.3 Sol-Gel Process
2.3.2.4 Bioreduction Method
2.3.2.5 Solvent System-Based Green Synthesis
2.3.3 Perovskites
2.3.3.1 Ultrasound-Assisted Synthesis of Perovskites
2.3.3.2 Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Perovskites
2.3.3.3 Mechanosynthesis of Perovskites
2.3.4 Layered Double Hydroxides
2.3.4.1 Coprecipitation by the Addition of Base
2.3.5 Graphene
2.3.5.1 Electrochemical (EC) Processes
2.3.5.2 Water Electrolytic Oxidation
2.4 Some Recent Heterogeneous Catalysts for Advanced Oxidation Process
2.5 Conclusions and Future Prospect
Acknowledgement
References
3. Green Synthesis of Photocatalysts and its Applications in Wastewater Treatment
Premlata Kumari and Azazahemad Kureshi
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Photocatalysts and Green Chemistry
3.2.1 Nanophotocatalysts (NPCs)
3.2.2 Plant-Mediated Green Synthesis of NPCs
3.2.3 Biopolymer-Mediated Synthesis of NPCs
3.2.3.1 Alginic Acid
3.2.3.2 Carrageenan
3.2.3.3 Chitin and Chitosan
3.2.3.4 Guar Gum
3.2.3.5 Cellulose
3.2.3.6 Xanthan Gum
3.2.4 Green Synthesis of NPCs Using Bacteria, Algae, and Fungus
3.2.5 Characterization of NPCs Using Various Analytical Techniques
3.2.5.1 UV-Visible Spectroscopy
3.2.5.2 XRD
3.2.5.3 SEM, HR-TEM, EDX, and AFM
3.2.5.4 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
3.2.5.5 Dynamic Light Scattering
3.2.5.6 Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET)
3.2.5.7 Barrett-Joyner-Halenda
3.2.6 Application of Green Synthesized NPCs in Wastewater Treatment
3.3 Limitations and Future Aspects
3.4 Conclusion
References
4. Green Synthesis of Metal Ferrite Nanoparticles for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Dyes in Wastewater
Aubrey Makofane, David E. Motaung and Nomso C. Hintsho-Mbita
Abbreviations
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Metal Ferrite Nanoparticles
4.3 General Synthesis Methods of Metal Ferrites and Their Limitations
4.4 Biological Synthesis of Metal Ferrite Nanostructures
4.4.1 Synthesis of Metal Ferrite Nanostructures Using Bacteria
4.4.2 Synthesis of Metal Ferrites Nanostructures Using Fungi
4.4.3 Synthesis of Metal Ferrites Nanostructures Using Plant Extracts
4.5 Plant-Derived Metal Ferrites as Photocatalysts for Dye Degradation
4.5.1 Effect of Depositing Noble and Transition Metal on Metal Ferrites for Photodegradation
4.5.2 Effect of Carbon Deposited on Metal Ferrites for Photocatalytic Degradation
4.5.3 Effect of Coupling Metal Oxide Semiconductors with Metal Ferrites for Photocatalytic Degradation
4.5.4 Biological Applications of Plant-Derived Metal Ferrites
4.6 Challenges of these Materials and Photocatalysis
4.7 Conclusion: Future Perspectives
References
Part 2: Advanced Oxidation Processes
5. Selected Advanced Oxidation Processes for Wastewater Remediation
Nhamo Chaukura, Tatenda C. Madzokere and Themba E. Tshabalala
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Photocatalysis and Ozonation
5.2.1 Photocatalysis
5.2.2 Ozonation
5.3 Hybrid AOP Technologies
5.3.1 Hydrodynamic Cavitation
5.3.2 Hybrid AOP Systems Based on Hydrodynamic Cavitation
5.3.3 Hybrid AOP Systems Based on Ultrasound Radiation
5.3.3.1 Sonoelectrochemical Oxidation
5.3.3.2 Sonophotocatalytic Degradation
5.4 Membrane-Based AOPs
5.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
6. Advanced Oxidation Processes-Mediated Removal of Aqueous Ammonia Nitrogen in Wastewater
Mohammad Aslam, Ahmad Zuhairi Abdullah, Mukhtar Ahmed and Mohd. Rafatullah
Abbreviations
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Basic Chemistry and Occurrence of Ammonia Nitrogen
6.2.1 Basic Chemistry of Ammonia Nitrogen
6.2.2 Sources of Ammonia Nitrogen
6.2.3 Effects of Ammonia Nitrogen on Aquaculture Species
6.3 Photocatalytic Technique for Removal of Aqueous Ammonia Nitrogen From Wastewater
6.3.1 TiO2/TiO2-Based Photocatalyst
6.3.2 Modified TiO2 Photocatalyst
6.4 Ozonation Technique for Removal of Aqueous Ammonia Nitrogen From Wastewater
6.4.1 Noncatalytic Ozonation of Ammonia Nitrogen
6.4.2 Catalytic Ozonation of Ammonia Nitrogen
6.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects
Acknowledgments
References
Part 3: Design and Modelling of Photoreactors
7. Recent Advances in Photoreactors for Water Treatment
Jean Bedel Batchamen Mougnol, Shelter Maswanganyi, Rashi Gusain, Neeraj Kumar, Elvis Fosso-Kankeu, Suprakas Sinha Ray and Frans Waanders
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Photocatalysis Fundamentals and Mechanism
7.3 Configuration of Photoreactor
7.3.1 Source of Light Irradiation
7.3.2 Geometry of Photoreactor
7.3.3 Light Source Placement and Distribution
7.3.4 Photoreactor Materials
7.4 Types of Photoreactors
7.4.1 Slurry Photoreactors
7.4.2 Photocatalytic Membrane Photoreactors
7.4.3 Rotating Drum Photoreactors
7.4.4 Microphotoreactors
7.4.5 Annular Photoreactor (APR)
7.4.6 Closed-Loop Step Photoreactors
7.5 Photocatalytic Water Purification Using Photoreactors
7.6 Challenges for Effective Photoreactors
7.7 Conclusion
References
8. Design of Photoreactors for Effective Dye Degradation
Rajashree Sahoo and Arpan Kumar Nayak
Abbreviations
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Mechanisms and Theory of AOP
8.1.2 Design of Photoreactors
8.1.2.1 Source of Irradiation
8.1.2.2 Wavelength/Lamp Selection
8.1.3 Placement of Light Source and Light Distribution
8.2 Different Photoreactors Are Used for Wastewater Treatment
8.2.1 Some Typical Photoreactors Used for Wastewater Treatment Are Described Below
8.2.2 Homogenous and Heterogenous Systems
8.2.3 Heterogenous Photocatalyst Arrangement
8.2.4 Amount of Photocatalyst
8.3 Photoreactors Designed to Work Under Visible-Light Irradiation Toward Wastewater Treatment
8.3.1 Limitations of the Currently Employed Photoreactors and Future Scope
8.4 Current and Future Developments
References
9. Simulation of Photocatalytic Reactors
John Akach, John Kabuba and Aoyi Ochieng
Abbreviations
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Modeling of Light Distribution
9.2.1 Light Distribution
9.2.2 Light Distribution Methods
9.2.3 Simulation Parameters
9.2.4 Influence of Bubbles on Light Distribution
9.2.5 Validation of Light Distribution Models
9.3 Photocatalysis Kinetics
9.4 Conclusion
References
10. The Development of Self-Powered Nanoelectrocatalytic Reactor for Simultaneous Piezo-Catalytic Degradation of Bacteria and Organic Dyes in Wastewater
Daniel Masekela, Nomso C. Hintsho-Mbita and Nonhlangabezo Mabuba
Abbreviations
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Degradation Techniques
10.2.1 Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation Processes (EAOPs)
10.3 Characteristics and Properties of Piezoelectric Materials
10.3.1 Natural Piezoelectric Materials
10.3.2 Synthetic Piezoelectric Materials
10.4 Synthesis of Piezoelectric Materials
10.4.1 Electrospinning Technique
10.4.2 Template Synthesis
10.4.3 Mixed Metal Oxide (MMO)/Solid State Synthesis
10.4.4 Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Method
10.4.5 Sol-Gel Method
10.5 Challenges of Piezoelectric Nanomaterials/Nanogenerators
10.6 Application of Piezoelectric Materials for Piezo-Electrocatalytic Degradation of Dyes and Bacteria in Wastewater
10.6.1 Piezo-Electrocatalytic Degradation of Organic Dyes and Bacteria in Wastewater
10.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Index
Back to Top
Preface
Part 1: Advances in Photocatalysts Synthesis
1. Advancement and New Challenges in Heterogeneous Photocatalysts for Industrial Wastewater Treatment in the 21st Century
Sadanand Pandey, Tanushri Chatterji, Edwin Makhado, Abbas Rahdar, Elvis Fosso-Kankeu and Misook Kang
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Development of Heterogeneous Photocatalysts
1.3 Mechanism of Action of Heterogeneous Photocatalysis
1.4 Recent Advances in Heterogeneous Photocatalyst
1.5 Heterostructure Photocatalysts for the Degradation of Organic Pollutants
1.6 Photoreactors
1.7 Photoreactors for the Degradation of Volatile Organic Compounds
1.7.1 Annular Reactors
1.7.2 Plate Reactor
1.7.3 Packed Bed Reactors
1.7.4 Honeycomb Monolith Reactors
1.7.5 Fluidized Bed Reactors
1.7.6 Batch Reactors
1.7.7 Parabolic Trough Photoreactors
1.7.8 Inclined Flat Photoreactors
1.7.9 Gas Phase Photoreactors
1.8 Advantages and Disadvantages of Heterogeneous Photocatalysis
1.9 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
2. Role of Heterogeneous Catalysts for Advanced Oxidation Process in Wastewater Treatment
Rupali Mishra, Sadanand Pandey and Elvis Fosso-Kankeu
Abbreviations
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs)
2.1.2 AOPs Classification
2.1.2.1 Catalytic Oxidation
2.1.2.2 Heterogeneous Catalytic Oxidation
2.2 Effect of Pollutant
2.3 Type of Catalysts
2.3.1 Metal Organic Frameworks
2.3.1.1 Hydro (Solvo) Thermal Technique
2.3.2 Metal Oxides
2.3.2.1 Coprecipitation Method
2.3.2.2 Hydrothermal Synthesis
2.3.2.3 Sol-Gel Process
2.3.2.4 Bioreduction Method
2.3.2.5 Solvent System-Based Green Synthesis
2.3.3 Perovskites
2.3.3.1 Ultrasound-Assisted Synthesis of Perovskites
2.3.3.2 Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Perovskites
2.3.3.3 Mechanosynthesis of Perovskites
2.3.4 Layered Double Hydroxides
2.3.4.1 Coprecipitation by the Addition of Base
2.3.5 Graphene
2.3.5.1 Electrochemical (EC) Processes
2.3.5.2 Water Electrolytic Oxidation
2.4 Some Recent Heterogeneous Catalysts for Advanced Oxidation Process
2.5 Conclusions and Future Prospect
Acknowledgement
References
3. Green Synthesis of Photocatalysts and its Applications in Wastewater Treatment
Premlata Kumari and Azazahemad Kureshi
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Photocatalysts and Green Chemistry
3.2.1 Nanophotocatalysts (NPCs)
3.2.2 Plant-Mediated Green Synthesis of NPCs
3.2.3 Biopolymer-Mediated Synthesis of NPCs
3.2.3.1 Alginic Acid
3.2.3.2 Carrageenan
3.2.3.3 Chitin and Chitosan
3.2.3.4 Guar Gum
3.2.3.5 Cellulose
3.2.3.6 Xanthan Gum
3.2.4 Green Synthesis of NPCs Using Bacteria, Algae, and Fungus
3.2.5 Characterization of NPCs Using Various Analytical Techniques
3.2.5.1 UV-Visible Spectroscopy
3.2.5.2 XRD
3.2.5.3 SEM, HR-TEM, EDX, and AFM
3.2.5.4 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
3.2.5.5 Dynamic Light Scattering
3.2.5.6 Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET)
3.2.5.7 Barrett-Joyner-Halenda
3.2.6 Application of Green Synthesized NPCs in Wastewater Treatment
3.3 Limitations and Future Aspects
3.4 Conclusion
References
4. Green Synthesis of Metal Ferrite Nanoparticles for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Dyes in Wastewater
Aubrey Makofane, David E. Motaung and Nomso C. Hintsho-Mbita
Abbreviations
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Metal Ferrite Nanoparticles
4.3 General Synthesis Methods of Metal Ferrites and Their Limitations
4.4 Biological Synthesis of Metal Ferrite Nanostructures
4.4.1 Synthesis of Metal Ferrite Nanostructures Using Bacteria
4.4.2 Synthesis of Metal Ferrites Nanostructures Using Fungi
4.4.3 Synthesis of Metal Ferrites Nanostructures Using Plant Extracts
4.5 Plant-Derived Metal Ferrites as Photocatalysts for Dye Degradation
4.5.1 Effect of Depositing Noble and Transition Metal on Metal Ferrites for Photodegradation
4.5.2 Effect of Carbon Deposited on Metal Ferrites for Photocatalytic Degradation
4.5.3 Effect of Coupling Metal Oxide Semiconductors with Metal Ferrites for Photocatalytic Degradation
4.5.4 Biological Applications of Plant-Derived Metal Ferrites
4.6 Challenges of these Materials and Photocatalysis
4.7 Conclusion: Future Perspectives
References
Part 2: Advanced Oxidation Processes
5. Selected Advanced Oxidation Processes for Wastewater Remediation
Nhamo Chaukura, Tatenda C. Madzokere and Themba E. Tshabalala
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Photocatalysis and Ozonation
5.2.1 Photocatalysis
5.2.2 Ozonation
5.3 Hybrid AOP Technologies
5.3.1 Hydrodynamic Cavitation
5.3.2 Hybrid AOP Systems Based on Hydrodynamic Cavitation
5.3.3 Hybrid AOP Systems Based on Ultrasound Radiation
5.3.3.1 Sonoelectrochemical Oxidation
5.3.3.2 Sonophotocatalytic Degradation
5.4 Membrane-Based AOPs
5.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
6. Advanced Oxidation Processes-Mediated Removal of Aqueous Ammonia Nitrogen in Wastewater
Mohammad Aslam, Ahmad Zuhairi Abdullah, Mukhtar Ahmed and Mohd. Rafatullah
Abbreviations
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Basic Chemistry and Occurrence of Ammonia Nitrogen
6.2.1 Basic Chemistry of Ammonia Nitrogen
6.2.2 Sources of Ammonia Nitrogen
6.2.3 Effects of Ammonia Nitrogen on Aquaculture Species
6.3 Photocatalytic Technique for Removal of Aqueous Ammonia Nitrogen From Wastewater
6.3.1 TiO2/TiO2-Based Photocatalyst
6.3.2 Modified TiO2 Photocatalyst
6.4 Ozonation Technique for Removal of Aqueous Ammonia Nitrogen From Wastewater
6.4.1 Noncatalytic Ozonation of Ammonia Nitrogen
6.4.2 Catalytic Ozonation of Ammonia Nitrogen
6.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects
Acknowledgments
References
Part 3: Design and Modelling of Photoreactors
7. Recent Advances in Photoreactors for Water Treatment
Jean Bedel Batchamen Mougnol, Shelter Maswanganyi, Rashi Gusain, Neeraj Kumar, Elvis Fosso-Kankeu, Suprakas Sinha Ray and Frans Waanders
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Photocatalysis Fundamentals and Mechanism
7.3 Configuration of Photoreactor
7.3.1 Source of Light Irradiation
7.3.2 Geometry of Photoreactor
7.3.3 Light Source Placement and Distribution
7.3.4 Photoreactor Materials
7.4 Types of Photoreactors
7.4.1 Slurry Photoreactors
7.4.2 Photocatalytic Membrane Photoreactors
7.4.3 Rotating Drum Photoreactors
7.4.4 Microphotoreactors
7.4.5 Annular Photoreactor (APR)
7.4.6 Closed-Loop Step Photoreactors
7.5 Photocatalytic Water Purification Using Photoreactors
7.6 Challenges for Effective Photoreactors
7.7 Conclusion
References
8. Design of Photoreactors for Effective Dye Degradation
Rajashree Sahoo and Arpan Kumar Nayak
Abbreviations
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Mechanisms and Theory of AOP
8.1.2 Design of Photoreactors
8.1.2.1 Source of Irradiation
8.1.2.2 Wavelength/Lamp Selection
8.1.3 Placement of Light Source and Light Distribution
8.2 Different Photoreactors Are Used for Wastewater Treatment
8.2.1 Some Typical Photoreactors Used for Wastewater Treatment Are Described Below
8.2.2 Homogenous and Heterogenous Systems
8.2.3 Heterogenous Photocatalyst Arrangement
8.2.4 Amount of Photocatalyst
8.3 Photoreactors Designed to Work Under Visible-Light Irradiation Toward Wastewater Treatment
8.3.1 Limitations of the Currently Employed Photoreactors and Future Scope
8.4 Current and Future Developments
References
9. Simulation of Photocatalytic Reactors
John Akach, John Kabuba and Aoyi Ochieng
Abbreviations
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Modeling of Light Distribution
9.2.1 Light Distribution
9.2.2 Light Distribution Methods
9.2.3 Simulation Parameters
9.2.4 Influence of Bubbles on Light Distribution
9.2.5 Validation of Light Distribution Models
9.3 Photocatalysis Kinetics
9.4 Conclusion
References
10. The Development of Self-Powered Nanoelectrocatalytic Reactor for Simultaneous Piezo-Catalytic Degradation of Bacteria and Organic Dyes in Wastewater
Daniel Masekela, Nomso C. Hintsho-Mbita and Nonhlangabezo Mabuba
Abbreviations
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Degradation Techniques
10.2.1 Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation Processes (EAOPs)
10.3 Characteristics and Properties of Piezoelectric Materials
10.3.1 Natural Piezoelectric Materials
10.3.2 Synthetic Piezoelectric Materials
10.4 Synthesis of Piezoelectric Materials
10.4.1 Electrospinning Technique
10.4.2 Template Synthesis
10.4.3 Mixed Metal Oxide (MMO)/Solid State Synthesis
10.4.4 Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Method
10.4.5 Sol-Gel Method
10.5 Challenges of Piezoelectric Nanomaterials/Nanogenerators
10.6 Application of Piezoelectric Materials for Piezo-Electrocatalytic Degradation of Dyes and Bacteria in Wastewater
10.6.1 Piezo-Electrocatalytic Degradation of Organic Dyes and Bacteria in Wastewater
10.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Index
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