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Submit a ProposalRenewable Energy Innovations
 | Biofuels, Solar, and Other Technologies Edited by Alok Patel and Amit Kumar Sharma Copyright: 2023 | Expected Pub Date:2023// ISBN: 9781119785675 | Hardcover | 431 pages Price: $225 USD  |
One Line Description
This critical text, designed for microbiologists, biotechnologists, entrepreneurs, process engineers, chemical engineers, electrical engineers, physicists and environmentalists, presents an inclusive assessment of the current knowledge about the lab-scale and large-scale production of renewable and sustainable fuels, chemicals and materials.
Audience
Researchers, faculty, and other professionals working in applied microbiology, biotechnology, agricultural biotechnology, environmental biotechnology, and other areas, as well as pharmacists, biochemical engineers, phycologists, bioprocess engineers, chemical engineers, scientists, and researchers in the pharmaceutical industry, and students and faculty in chemical engineering and process engineering
Researchers, faculty, and other professionals working in applied microbiology, biotechnology, agricultural biotechnology, environmental biotechnology, and other areas, as well as pharmacists, biochemical engineers, phycologists, bioprocess engineers, chemical engineers, scientists, and researchers in the pharmaceutical industry, and students and faculty in chemical engineering and process engineering
Description
Global warming is having a huge impact on the world’s ecosystem. Glaciers have shrunk, ice on rivers and lakes is breaking up early, and plant and animal ranges have relocated. On a worldwide scale, the threat posed by climate change and pollution is clearly obvious. A green and sustainable future necessitates using renewable resources to produce fuels, chemicals, and materials. This investigates diverse bioprocesses that are crucial to everyday life, including the key concerns regarding the generation of biofuels, energy and food securities along with waste management. Commercial interest in biotechnological processes has risen to produce pharmaceuticals, health supplements, foodstuffs, biofuels, and chemicals using a biocatalyst such as enzymes, microorganisms, plant cells, or animal cells in a bioreactor. The sustainability of renewable biomass, replacement of depleted fossil fuels, and the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions from the existing chemical and oil industries are the key benefits of switching to bioproducts.
This book aims to discuss bioprocessing to produce biofuels, biobased chemicals, bioproducts, and biomass biorefinery processes. This involves designing novel pretreatment and fractionation technologies for lignocellulose biomass into cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin and the conversion of these streams into biofuels and biobased chemicals via biochemical and thermochemical routes. This book also covers the advancement of oleaginous microorganisms for biofuels and nutraceutical, biological wastewater treatment.
Written and edited by authors from leading biotechnology research groups from across the world, this exciting new volume covers all of these technologies, including the basic concepts and the problems and solutions involved with the practical applications in the real world. Whether for the veteran engineer or scientist, the student, or a manager or other technician working in the field, this volume is a must-have for any library.
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Global warming is having a huge impact on the world’s ecosystem. Glaciers have shrunk, ice on rivers and lakes is breaking up early, and plant and animal ranges have relocated. On a worldwide scale, the threat posed by climate change and pollution is clearly obvious. A green and sustainable future necessitates using renewable resources to produce fuels, chemicals, and materials. This investigates diverse bioprocesses that are crucial to everyday life, including the key concerns regarding the generation of biofuels, energy and food securities along with waste management. Commercial interest in biotechnological processes has risen to produce pharmaceuticals, health supplements, foodstuffs, biofuels, and chemicals using a biocatalyst such as enzymes, microorganisms, plant cells, or animal cells in a bioreactor. The sustainability of renewable biomass, replacement of depleted fossil fuels, and the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions from the existing chemical and oil industries are the key benefits of switching to bioproducts.
This book aims to discuss bioprocessing to produce biofuels, biobased chemicals, bioproducts, and biomass biorefinery processes. This involves designing novel pretreatment and fractionation technologies for lignocellulose biomass into cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin and the conversion of these streams into biofuels and biobased chemicals via biochemical and thermochemical routes. This book also covers the advancement of oleaginous microorganisms for biofuels and nutraceutical, biological wastewater treatment.
Written and edited by authors from leading biotechnology research groups from across the world, this exciting new volume covers all of these technologies, including the basic concepts and the problems and solutions involved with the practical applications in the real world. Whether for the veteran engineer or scientist, the student, or a manager or other technician working in the field, this volume is a must-have for any library.
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Author / Editor Details
Alok Patel, PhD, is an assistant professor in Biochemical Process Engineering, Lulea University of Technology, Lulea, Sweden and is the principal investigator of a project funded by the Swedish Research Council. He earned his PhD in biotechnology from IIT Roorkee in 2017, and his research interest is mainly focused on biofuels, biorefineries, and other biotechnologies.
Alok Patel, PhD, is an assistant professor in Biochemical Process Engineering, Lulea University of Technology, Lulea, Sweden and is the principal investigator of a project funded by the Swedish Research Council. He earned his PhD in biotechnology from IIT Roorkee in 2017, and his research interest is mainly focused on biofuels, biorefineries, and other biotechnologies.
Amit Kumar Sharma, PhD, is an assistant professor in Applied Sciences Cluster, and Centre of Alternate Energy Research at the University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India. He earned his PhD on microalgae-based fuels from UPES, and his research interest is mainly focused on biofuels, biorefineries, and other biotechnologies.
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Table of Contents
Preface
1. Microbial Fuel Cells – A Sustainable Approach to Utilize Industrial Effluents for Electricity Generation
Manisha Verma and Vishal Mishra
Abbreviation
1.1 Introduction
1.2 History of Microbial Fuel Cell
1.3 Principle of Microbial Fuel Cell
1.4 Material Used in MFC System
1.4.1 Anode
1.4.2 Cathode
1.4.2.1 Carbon Fiber Fabrics and Papers
1.4.2.2 Carbon Foam
1.4.2.3 Graphite Rods
1.4.2.4 Graphite Sheets
1.4.2.5 Graphite Granules
1.4.2.6 Graphite Fiber Brushes
1.4.3 Membranes
1.4.3.1 Cation Exchange Membrane
1.4.3.2 Anion Exchange Membranes
1.4.3.3 Bipolar Membrane
1.4.4 Substrates
1.4.4.1 Glucose
1.4.4.2 Acetate and Butyrate
1.4.4.3 Lignocellulose
1.4.4.4 Cellulose
1.4.4.5 Wastewater
1.5 Electrogenic Microorganisms
1.6 Electron Transport Mechanism in MFCs
1.6.1 Direct Electron Transfer
1.6.2 Indirect Electron Transfer
1.7 Configuration of MFC
1.7.1 Single-Chamber Microbial Fuel Cell
1.7.2 Dual-Chamber Microbial Fuel Cells
1.8 Applications of Microbial Fuel Cell
1.8.1 Electricity Generation
1.8.2 Wastewater Treatment
1.8.3 Bio-Hydrogen Generation
1.8.4 Biosensor
1.9 Future Perspectives
1.10 Conclusion
References
2. Nanotechnologies in the Renewable Energy Sector
Yogesh Kumar Sharma, Yogesh Kumar, Sweta Sharma and Meenal Gupta
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Fundamentals of Renewable Energy Sources
2.2.1 Volta’s Cell
2.2.2 Daniell Cell
2.2.3 Leclanché Cell
2.2.4 Zinc–Carbon Cell
2.2.5 Lead–Acid Battery
2.2.6 Lithium–Ion Battery
2.2.7 Photovoltaics
2.3 Storage of Energy in Electrical Devices
2.3.1 Lead Acid Batteries for Automation
2.3.2 Lithium-Ion Capacitors
2.4 Nanotechnology in Energy Storage Devices
2.4.1 Nanomaterials for Supercapacitors
2.4.2 Composite Hybrid Nanomaterials
2.4.3 Battery-Type
2.4.4 Asymmetric Hybrid Capacitors
2.4.5 Mechanism Inside Supercapacitors at Nanoscale
2.4.6 Intercalation Pseudocapacitance
2.5 Nanomaterials for Rechargeable Batteries
2.5.1 Commercialization of Nanobatteries
2.5.2 Challenges for Nanobatteries
2.5.3 Types of Nanomaterials
2.5.4 Lithium-Ion Batteries
2.6 Nanomaterials in Fuel Cells
2.6.1 Nanomaterials Used for Fuel Cells
2.6.2 Nanomaterials as a Membrane for Fuel Cells
2.6.3 Nanomaterials for Hydrogen Storage
2.6.4 Nanomaterials as Catalyst
2.7 Conclusion
2.8 Future Scope
References
3. Sustainable Approach in Utilizing Bioenergy Commonly for Industrial Zones by Limiting Overall Emission Footprint
Prashanth Kumar S, Mainak Mukherjee, Rhea Puri and Shrey Singhal
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Co-Firing Plants in Small- and Medium-Scale Industries
3.2.1 The Existing Steam Generators for Using Co-Firing Mechanism
3.2.2 Representation of the Biomass Co-Firing for Power Generation
3.3 Impact of Usage of Biogas for Steam Generation
3.3.1 The Emission Reduction by Means of Biogas
3.3.2 Resource Efficiency
3.4 Case Scenarios for Promoting Industrial Uptake
3.4.1 Source for Production and Power Generation Through Biogas
3.4.2 Utilization of Industrial Wastes as Fuel in Power and Heat Generation
3.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
4. Recycling of Plastic Waste into Transportation Fuels and Value-Added Products
Shashank Pal and Shyam Pandey
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Plastic Waste: A Global Challenge
4.3 Future Projection of the Waste Plastic
4.4 Plastic Waste Effect on Environment and Ecology
4.4.1 Land Pollution
4.4.2 Air Pollution
4.4.3 Marine Pollution
4.4.4 Waste Plastic: Public Health
4.5 Plastic Waste Management
4.5.1 Mechanical Recycling Process
4.5.2 Landfilling
4.5.3 Incineration
4.5.4 Chemical Recycling
4.5.5 Gasification Process: Waste to Energy
4.5.6 Pyrolysis Process
4.6 Parameters Affect the Pyrolysis Process
4.6.1 Reaction Temperature
4.6.2 Reactor Design
4.6.2.1 Batch Reactor and Semi-Batch Reactor
4.6.2.2 Fixed and Fluidized-Bed Reactor
4.6.2.3 Conical Spouted Bed Reactor
4.6.3 Pressure
4.6.4 Residence Time
4.6.5 Catalyst
4.7 Value-Added Products from Plastic Waste Pyrolysis
4.7.1 Char
4.7.2 Pyrolysis Gases
4.8 Application in Transportation Sector
4.9 Conclusion
References
5. An Outlook on Oxygenated Fuel for Transportation
Shashank Pal, Shyam Pandey, Ram Kunwar and P.S. Ranjit
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Energy Security
5.2 Oxygenated Fuel
5.2.1 Biodiesel
5.2.1.1 Impact of Biodiesels on Engine Performance
5.2.1.2 Impact of Biodiesel on Engine Emissions
5.2.2 Butanol
5.2.2.1 Butanol Production
5.2.2.2 Performance and Emission Characteristic of Butanol/Diesel Blended Fuel
5.2.3 Methanol
5.2.3.1 Methanol Production
5.2.3.2 Methanol Production from Biomass Gasification
5.2.3.3 Effect of Methanol Blending/Fumigation on Engine Performance
References
6. Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions and Its Mitigation Technology in Transportation Sector
Swapnil Bhurat, Manas Jaiswal, P. S. Ranjit, Ram Kunwer, S. K. Gugolothu and Khushboo Bhurat
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Mitigation Technologies
6.2.1 Carbon Sequestration
6.2.2 Carbon Capture and Storage
6.2.3 CCS Reservoirs
6.2.3.1 Rock Sinks
6.2.3.2 Ocean Sinks
6.2.3.3 Mineral Sinks
6.2.4 Automotive Technology
6.2.5 Aerodynamic Enhancements
6.2.6 Drag Coefficient (Cd)
6.2.7 Minimizing Coefficient of Drag
6.2.7.1 Rounded Front Edges of a Vehicle
6.2.8 Optimized Vehicle Grill
6.2.9 Deflectors in Commercial Vehicles
6.2.10 Vehicle Body and Powertrain Weight
6.2.11 Quick Plastic Forming
6.3 Conclusion
References
7. Advanced Techniques for Bio-Methanol Production
Cecil Antony, Praveen Kumar Ghodke, Saravanakumar Thiyagarajan, Dinesh Mohanakrishnan and Amit Kumar Sharma
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Scope of Biofuel
7.3 Types of Biofuels
7.4 Why Biomethanol
7.5 Methanol Properties
7.6 Source of Bio-Methanol
7.7 Production of Methanol
7.8 Gasification
7.9 Pyrolysis
7.10 Liquefaction
7.11 Syngas to Methanol
7.12 Biomethanol from MSW
7.13 Energy Efficiency of a Process
7.14 Biological Conversion of Methanol
7.15 Anaerobic Digestion
7.16 Methanotrophic Bacteria
7.17 Production of Methanol from Methanotrophic Bacteria (Methanotrophs)
7.18 Large-Scale Production of Methanol from Waste Biomass
7.19 Challenges Associated with Methanol Production Using Methanotrophic Bacteria at the Industrial Level
7.20 Role of Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria (AOB)
7.21 Future Prospective and Conclusion
References
8. Biodiesel Production: Advance Techniques and Future Prospective
Satyajit Chowdhury, Romsha Singh, Saket Kumar Shrivastava and Jitendra S. Sangwai
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Biodiesel and Its Properties
8.3 Synthesis of Biodiesel
8.3.1 Pyrolysis
8.3.2 Microemulsification
8.3.3 Transesterification
8.3.4 Homogeneous Catalytic Transesterification
8.3.5 Heterogeneous Catalytic Transesterification
8.3.6 Biocatalysts
8.3.7 Enzymatic Catalytic Transesterification
8.3.8 Supercritical Transesterification
8.4 Modern Methods for the Development of Prospects
8.4.1 Ultrasound-Assisted Transesterification
8.4.2 Microwave-Assisted Transesterification
8.4.3 Membrane Reactors for Transesterification
8.5 Future Prospects and Policies
8.6 Conclusions
References
9. Biomass to Biofuel: Biomass Sources, Pretreatment Methods and Production Strategies
Margavelu Gopinath, Chandrasekaran Muthukumaran, Madhusudhanan Manisha, Murugesan Nivedha and Krishnamurti Tamilarasan
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Biomass Sources in India
9.2.1 Agricultural and Agro-Industrial Biomass
9.2.2 Timber and Forest Waste
9.2.3 Animal Waste
9.2.4 Industrial Waste
9.2.5 Municipal Solid Sewage (MSW)
9.3 Lignocellulosic Biomass
9.4 Biomass Pretreatment Methods
9.4.1 Physical Pretreatment Methods
9.4.1.1 Extrusion
9.4.1.2 Mechanical Comminution
9.4.1.3 Microwave Irradiation
9.4.1.4 Freeze Pretreatment Process
9.4.2 Chemical Pretreatment
9.4.2.1 Acid Pretreatment
9.4.2.2 Alkaline Treatment
9.4.2.3 Organasolv Pretreatment
9.4.2.4 Ionic Liquid (IL) Pretreatment
9.4.2.5 Ozonolysis
9.4.3 Physico-Chemical Pretreatment
9.4.3.1 Steam Explosion
9.4.3.2 Liquid Hot Water
9.4.3.3 Ammonia Fibre Expansion (AFEX)
9.4.3.4 Wet Oxidation
9.4.4 Biological Pretreatment
9.5 Biomass to Biofuel Conversion Technologies
9.5.1 Thermochemical Process
9.5.1.1 Gasification
9.5.1.2 Combustion
9.5.1.3 Pyrolysis
9.5.1.4 Liquefaction
9.5.2 Biochemical Conversion Method
9.5.2.1 Anaerobic Digestion
9.5.2.2 Fermentation
9.5.3 Physico-Chemical Conversion
9.5.3.1 Transesterification
9.6 Types of Biofuel
9.6.1 Solid Biofuels
9.6.1.1 Bio-Char
9.6.2 Gaseous Biofuel
9.6.2.1 Biogas
9.6.2.2 Biohydrogen
9.6.3 Liquid Biofuels
9.6.3.1 Bioethanol
9.6.3.2 Biobutanol
9.6.3.3 Biomethanol
9.6.3.4 Biodiesel
9.7 Conclusion
References
10. Opportunity and Challenges in Biofuel Productions through Solar Thermal Technologies
Praveen Kumar Ghodke, Cecil Antony and Amit Kumar Sharma
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Solar Pyrolysis of Biomass Feedstocks
10.3 Production of Bio-Oil by Solar Pyrolysis
10.3.1 Solar Concentrators
10.3.2 Operating Parameters of Solar Pyrolysis Process
10.3.2.1 Influence of Reaction Temperature on Liquid, Gas and Solid Products Yield
10.3.2.2 Influence of Heating Rate on Liquid, Gas and Solid Pro Products Yield
10.3.2.3 Influence of Biomass Particle Size on Liquid, Gas and Solid Products Yield
10.3.2.4 Influence of Catalyst on Liquid, Gas and Solid Products Yield
10.3.2.5 Influence of Biomass Type on Liquid, Gas and Solid Products Yield
10.4 Conclusions
References
11. Algae Biofuels: A Promising Fuel of the Transport Sector
P.S. Ranjit, S. S. Bhurat, Sukanchan Palit, M. Sreenivasa Reddy, Shyam Pandey and Shashank Pal
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Biofuels in the Transport Sector
11.3 Modes of Biofuels in Practice
11.4 Algae Biofuel – A Promising Energy Source
11.5 Microalgae Growth Conditions
11.6 Harvesting of Algae
11.7 Biofuel Extraction Techniques from Microalgae
11.8 Algae Biofuel as a Transport Fuel
11.9 Conclusion
References
12. A Review of Chemical and Physical Parameters of Biodiesel vs. Diesel: Their Environmental and Economic Impact
Pradeep Kumar, Kalpna, Hariom Sharma, Mukesh Chand and Hament Panwar
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Historical Background
12.3 Current Status of Biodiesel
12.3.1 International Status
12.3.2 National Status
12.4 Sources of Biodiesel
12.5 Advantages of Biodiesel Over Diesel
12.6 Biodiesel as Safer and Cleaner Fuel
12.6.1 Environmental Impact of Biodiesel vs. Diesel
12.7 Major Negative Aspects to Use of Biodiesel
12.8 Chemical and Physical Properties of Biodiesel
12.8.1 Density/Specific Gravity
12.8.2 Cetane Number
12.8.3 Viscosity
12.8.4 Flash Point
12.8.5 Pour Point
12.8.6 Cloud Point
12.8.7 Free and Total Glycerol
12.8.8 Sulphur Contents
12.8.9 Water Content
12.8.10 Methanol/Ethanol Content
12.9 Biodiesel Applications
12.10 Conclusion and Future Prospective
Acknowledgments
References
13. An Indian Viewpoint on Promoting Hydrogen-Powered Vehicles: Focussing on the Scope of Fuel Cells
Mainak Mukherjee, Jaideep Saraswat and Amit Kumar Sharma
List of Abbreviations
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Can Hydrogen Be the Way Forward?
13.3 The Inception of Fuel Cells (FCs) and PEMFCs in Particular
13.4 FCEVs v/s Existing Automobile Infrastructure in India
13.5 The Green Policy Push for Hydrogen and Associated Technologies in India
13.6 Pervasive Challenges of PEMFC Technology
13.7 Conclusion and Recommendations
Acknowledgments
References
14. Microalgae as Source of Bioenergy
Dimitra Karageorgou and Petros Katapodis
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Microalgae Bioenergy Production Options
14.2.1 Biodiesel
14.2.2 Bioethanol
14.2.3 Biohydrogen
14.2.4 Biogas
14.3 Conclusions
Acknowledgement
References
15. Hazards and Environmental Issues in Biodiesel Industry
Tattaiyya Bhattacharjee, Paulami Ghosh and Surajit Mondal
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Life Cycle Analysis of Biodiesel
15.3 Causes of Occurrence
15.4 Future Risk and Opportunities
15.5 Lessons Learnt for Prevention of Hazards
15.6 Conclusion
References
Index
Back to Top
Preface
1. Microbial Fuel Cells – A Sustainable Approach to Utilize Industrial Effluents for Electricity Generation
Manisha Verma and Vishal Mishra
Abbreviation
1.1 Introduction
1.2 History of Microbial Fuel Cell
1.3 Principle of Microbial Fuel Cell
1.4 Material Used in MFC System
1.4.1 Anode
1.4.2 Cathode
1.4.2.1 Carbon Fiber Fabrics and Papers
1.4.2.2 Carbon Foam
1.4.2.3 Graphite Rods
1.4.2.4 Graphite Sheets
1.4.2.5 Graphite Granules
1.4.2.6 Graphite Fiber Brushes
1.4.3 Membranes
1.4.3.1 Cation Exchange Membrane
1.4.3.2 Anion Exchange Membranes
1.4.3.3 Bipolar Membrane
1.4.4 Substrates
1.4.4.1 Glucose
1.4.4.2 Acetate and Butyrate
1.4.4.3 Lignocellulose
1.4.4.4 Cellulose
1.4.4.5 Wastewater
1.5 Electrogenic Microorganisms
1.6 Electron Transport Mechanism in MFCs
1.6.1 Direct Electron Transfer
1.6.2 Indirect Electron Transfer
1.7 Configuration of MFC
1.7.1 Single-Chamber Microbial Fuel Cell
1.7.2 Dual-Chamber Microbial Fuel Cells
1.8 Applications of Microbial Fuel Cell
1.8.1 Electricity Generation
1.8.2 Wastewater Treatment
1.8.3 Bio-Hydrogen Generation
1.8.4 Biosensor
1.9 Future Perspectives
1.10 Conclusion
References
2. Nanotechnologies in the Renewable Energy Sector
Yogesh Kumar Sharma, Yogesh Kumar, Sweta Sharma and Meenal Gupta
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Fundamentals of Renewable Energy Sources
2.2.1 Volta’s Cell
2.2.2 Daniell Cell
2.2.3 Leclanché Cell
2.2.4 Zinc–Carbon Cell
2.2.5 Lead–Acid Battery
2.2.6 Lithium–Ion Battery
2.2.7 Photovoltaics
2.3 Storage of Energy in Electrical Devices
2.3.1 Lead Acid Batteries for Automation
2.3.2 Lithium-Ion Capacitors
2.4 Nanotechnology in Energy Storage Devices
2.4.1 Nanomaterials for Supercapacitors
2.4.2 Composite Hybrid Nanomaterials
2.4.3 Battery-Type
2.4.4 Asymmetric Hybrid Capacitors
2.4.5 Mechanism Inside Supercapacitors at Nanoscale
2.4.6 Intercalation Pseudocapacitance
2.5 Nanomaterials for Rechargeable Batteries
2.5.1 Commercialization of Nanobatteries
2.5.2 Challenges for Nanobatteries
2.5.3 Types of Nanomaterials
2.5.4 Lithium-Ion Batteries
2.6 Nanomaterials in Fuel Cells
2.6.1 Nanomaterials Used for Fuel Cells
2.6.2 Nanomaterials as a Membrane for Fuel Cells
2.6.3 Nanomaterials for Hydrogen Storage
2.6.4 Nanomaterials as Catalyst
2.7 Conclusion
2.8 Future Scope
References
3. Sustainable Approach in Utilizing Bioenergy Commonly for Industrial Zones by Limiting Overall Emission Footprint
Prashanth Kumar S, Mainak Mukherjee, Rhea Puri and Shrey Singhal
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Co-Firing Plants in Small- and Medium-Scale Industries
3.2.1 The Existing Steam Generators for Using Co-Firing Mechanism
3.2.2 Representation of the Biomass Co-Firing for Power Generation
3.3 Impact of Usage of Biogas for Steam Generation
3.3.1 The Emission Reduction by Means of Biogas
3.3.2 Resource Efficiency
3.4 Case Scenarios for Promoting Industrial Uptake
3.4.1 Source for Production and Power Generation Through Biogas
3.4.2 Utilization of Industrial Wastes as Fuel in Power and Heat Generation
3.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
4. Recycling of Plastic Waste into Transportation Fuels and Value-Added Products
Shashank Pal and Shyam Pandey
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Plastic Waste: A Global Challenge
4.3 Future Projection of the Waste Plastic
4.4 Plastic Waste Effect on Environment and Ecology
4.4.1 Land Pollution
4.4.2 Air Pollution
4.4.3 Marine Pollution
4.4.4 Waste Plastic: Public Health
4.5 Plastic Waste Management
4.5.1 Mechanical Recycling Process
4.5.2 Landfilling
4.5.3 Incineration
4.5.4 Chemical Recycling
4.5.5 Gasification Process: Waste to Energy
4.5.6 Pyrolysis Process
4.6 Parameters Affect the Pyrolysis Process
4.6.1 Reaction Temperature
4.6.2 Reactor Design
4.6.2.1 Batch Reactor and Semi-Batch Reactor
4.6.2.2 Fixed and Fluidized-Bed Reactor
4.6.2.3 Conical Spouted Bed Reactor
4.6.3 Pressure
4.6.4 Residence Time
4.6.5 Catalyst
4.7 Value-Added Products from Plastic Waste Pyrolysis
4.7.1 Char
4.7.2 Pyrolysis Gases
4.8 Application in Transportation Sector
4.9 Conclusion
References
5. An Outlook on Oxygenated Fuel for Transportation
Shashank Pal, Shyam Pandey, Ram Kunwar and P.S. Ranjit
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Energy Security
5.2 Oxygenated Fuel
5.2.1 Biodiesel
5.2.1.1 Impact of Biodiesels on Engine Performance
5.2.1.2 Impact of Biodiesel on Engine Emissions
5.2.2 Butanol
5.2.2.1 Butanol Production
5.2.2.2 Performance and Emission Characteristic of Butanol/Diesel Blended Fuel
5.2.3 Methanol
5.2.3.1 Methanol Production
5.2.3.2 Methanol Production from Biomass Gasification
5.2.3.3 Effect of Methanol Blending/Fumigation on Engine Performance
References
6. Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions and Its Mitigation Technology in Transportation Sector
Swapnil Bhurat, Manas Jaiswal, P. S. Ranjit, Ram Kunwer, S. K. Gugolothu and Khushboo Bhurat
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Mitigation Technologies
6.2.1 Carbon Sequestration
6.2.2 Carbon Capture and Storage
6.2.3 CCS Reservoirs
6.2.3.1 Rock Sinks
6.2.3.2 Ocean Sinks
6.2.3.3 Mineral Sinks
6.2.4 Automotive Technology
6.2.5 Aerodynamic Enhancements
6.2.6 Drag Coefficient (Cd)
6.2.7 Minimizing Coefficient of Drag
6.2.7.1 Rounded Front Edges of a Vehicle
6.2.8 Optimized Vehicle Grill
6.2.9 Deflectors in Commercial Vehicles
6.2.10 Vehicle Body and Powertrain Weight
6.2.11 Quick Plastic Forming
6.3 Conclusion
References
7. Advanced Techniques for Bio-Methanol Production
Cecil Antony, Praveen Kumar Ghodke, Saravanakumar Thiyagarajan, Dinesh Mohanakrishnan and Amit Kumar Sharma
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Scope of Biofuel
7.3 Types of Biofuels
7.4 Why Biomethanol
7.5 Methanol Properties
7.6 Source of Bio-Methanol
7.7 Production of Methanol
7.8 Gasification
7.9 Pyrolysis
7.10 Liquefaction
7.11 Syngas to Methanol
7.12 Biomethanol from MSW
7.13 Energy Efficiency of a Process
7.14 Biological Conversion of Methanol
7.15 Anaerobic Digestion
7.16 Methanotrophic Bacteria
7.17 Production of Methanol from Methanotrophic Bacteria (Methanotrophs)
7.18 Large-Scale Production of Methanol from Waste Biomass
7.19 Challenges Associated with Methanol Production Using Methanotrophic Bacteria at the Industrial Level
7.20 Role of Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria (AOB)
7.21 Future Prospective and Conclusion
References
8. Biodiesel Production: Advance Techniques and Future Prospective
Satyajit Chowdhury, Romsha Singh, Saket Kumar Shrivastava and Jitendra S. Sangwai
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Biodiesel and Its Properties
8.3 Synthesis of Biodiesel
8.3.1 Pyrolysis
8.3.2 Microemulsification
8.3.3 Transesterification
8.3.4 Homogeneous Catalytic Transesterification
8.3.5 Heterogeneous Catalytic Transesterification
8.3.6 Biocatalysts
8.3.7 Enzymatic Catalytic Transesterification
8.3.8 Supercritical Transesterification
8.4 Modern Methods for the Development of Prospects
8.4.1 Ultrasound-Assisted Transesterification
8.4.2 Microwave-Assisted Transesterification
8.4.3 Membrane Reactors for Transesterification
8.5 Future Prospects and Policies
8.6 Conclusions
References
9. Biomass to Biofuel: Biomass Sources, Pretreatment Methods and Production Strategies
Margavelu Gopinath, Chandrasekaran Muthukumaran, Madhusudhanan Manisha, Murugesan Nivedha and Krishnamurti Tamilarasan
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Biomass Sources in India
9.2.1 Agricultural and Agro-Industrial Biomass
9.2.2 Timber and Forest Waste
9.2.3 Animal Waste
9.2.4 Industrial Waste
9.2.5 Municipal Solid Sewage (MSW)
9.3 Lignocellulosic Biomass
9.4 Biomass Pretreatment Methods
9.4.1 Physical Pretreatment Methods
9.4.1.1 Extrusion
9.4.1.2 Mechanical Comminution
9.4.1.3 Microwave Irradiation
9.4.1.4 Freeze Pretreatment Process
9.4.2 Chemical Pretreatment
9.4.2.1 Acid Pretreatment
9.4.2.2 Alkaline Treatment
9.4.2.3 Organasolv Pretreatment
9.4.2.4 Ionic Liquid (IL) Pretreatment
9.4.2.5 Ozonolysis
9.4.3 Physico-Chemical Pretreatment
9.4.3.1 Steam Explosion
9.4.3.2 Liquid Hot Water
9.4.3.3 Ammonia Fibre Expansion (AFEX)
9.4.3.4 Wet Oxidation
9.4.4 Biological Pretreatment
9.5 Biomass to Biofuel Conversion Technologies
9.5.1 Thermochemical Process
9.5.1.1 Gasification
9.5.1.2 Combustion
9.5.1.3 Pyrolysis
9.5.1.4 Liquefaction
9.5.2 Biochemical Conversion Method
9.5.2.1 Anaerobic Digestion
9.5.2.2 Fermentation
9.5.3 Physico-Chemical Conversion
9.5.3.1 Transesterification
9.6 Types of Biofuel
9.6.1 Solid Biofuels
9.6.1.1 Bio-Char
9.6.2 Gaseous Biofuel
9.6.2.1 Biogas
9.6.2.2 Biohydrogen
9.6.3 Liquid Biofuels
9.6.3.1 Bioethanol
9.6.3.2 Biobutanol
9.6.3.3 Biomethanol
9.6.3.4 Biodiesel
9.7 Conclusion
References
10. Opportunity and Challenges in Biofuel Productions through Solar Thermal Technologies
Praveen Kumar Ghodke, Cecil Antony and Amit Kumar Sharma
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Solar Pyrolysis of Biomass Feedstocks
10.3 Production of Bio-Oil by Solar Pyrolysis
10.3.1 Solar Concentrators
10.3.2 Operating Parameters of Solar Pyrolysis Process
10.3.2.1 Influence of Reaction Temperature on Liquid, Gas and Solid Products Yield
10.3.2.2 Influence of Heating Rate on Liquid, Gas and Solid Pro Products Yield
10.3.2.3 Influence of Biomass Particle Size on Liquid, Gas and Solid Products Yield
10.3.2.4 Influence of Catalyst on Liquid, Gas and Solid Products Yield
10.3.2.5 Influence of Biomass Type on Liquid, Gas and Solid Products Yield
10.4 Conclusions
References
11. Algae Biofuels: A Promising Fuel of the Transport Sector
P.S. Ranjit, S. S. Bhurat, Sukanchan Palit, M. Sreenivasa Reddy, Shyam Pandey and Shashank Pal
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Biofuels in the Transport Sector
11.3 Modes of Biofuels in Practice
11.4 Algae Biofuel – A Promising Energy Source
11.5 Microalgae Growth Conditions
11.6 Harvesting of Algae
11.7 Biofuel Extraction Techniques from Microalgae
11.8 Algae Biofuel as a Transport Fuel
11.9 Conclusion
References
12. A Review of Chemical and Physical Parameters of Biodiesel vs. Diesel: Their Environmental and Economic Impact
Pradeep Kumar, Kalpna, Hariom Sharma, Mukesh Chand and Hament Panwar
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Historical Background
12.3 Current Status of Biodiesel
12.3.1 International Status
12.3.2 National Status
12.4 Sources of Biodiesel
12.5 Advantages of Biodiesel Over Diesel
12.6 Biodiesel as Safer and Cleaner Fuel
12.6.1 Environmental Impact of Biodiesel vs. Diesel
12.7 Major Negative Aspects to Use of Biodiesel
12.8 Chemical and Physical Properties of Biodiesel
12.8.1 Density/Specific Gravity
12.8.2 Cetane Number
12.8.3 Viscosity
12.8.4 Flash Point
12.8.5 Pour Point
12.8.6 Cloud Point
12.8.7 Free and Total Glycerol
12.8.8 Sulphur Contents
12.8.9 Water Content
12.8.10 Methanol/Ethanol Content
12.9 Biodiesel Applications
12.10 Conclusion and Future Prospective
Acknowledgments
References
13. An Indian Viewpoint on Promoting Hydrogen-Powered Vehicles: Focussing on the Scope of Fuel Cells
Mainak Mukherjee, Jaideep Saraswat and Amit Kumar Sharma
List of Abbreviations
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Can Hydrogen Be the Way Forward?
13.3 The Inception of Fuel Cells (FCs) and PEMFCs in Particular
13.4 FCEVs v/s Existing Automobile Infrastructure in India
13.5 The Green Policy Push for Hydrogen and Associated Technologies in India
13.6 Pervasive Challenges of PEMFC Technology
13.7 Conclusion and Recommendations
Acknowledgments
References
14. Microalgae as Source of Bioenergy
Dimitra Karageorgou and Petros Katapodis
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Microalgae Bioenergy Production Options
14.2.1 Biodiesel
14.2.2 Bioethanol
14.2.3 Biohydrogen
14.2.4 Biogas
14.3 Conclusions
Acknowledgement
References
15. Hazards and Environmental Issues in Biodiesel Industry
Tattaiyya Bhattacharjee, Paulami Ghosh and Surajit Mondal
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Life Cycle Analysis of Biodiesel
15.3 Causes of Occurrence
15.4 Future Risk and Opportunities
15.5 Lessons Learnt for Prevention of Hazards
15.6 Conclusion
References
Index
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