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Smart Grids for Smart Cities Volume 1

Edited by O.V. Gnana Swathika, K. Karthikeyan, and Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban
Copyright: 2023   |   Status: Published
ISBN: 9781119872078  |  Hardcover  |  
379 pages
Price: $225 USD
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One Line Description
Written and edited by a team of experts in the field, this first volume in a two-volume set focuses on an interdisciplinary perspective on the financial, environmental, and other benefits of smart grid technologies and solutions for smart cities.

Audience
Engineers, technicians, researchers, students, academics, and other industry professionals working with smart grids or smart cities

Description
What makes a regular electric grid a “smart” grid? It basically comes down to digital technologies that enable two-way communication between a utility and its customers, as opposed to the traditional electric grid, where power flows in one direction. Based on statistics and available research, smart grids globally attract the largest investment venues in smart cities. Smart grids and city buildings that are connected in smart cities contribute to significant financial savings and contribute to improve the economy. The smart grid has a multitude of components, including controls, computers, automation, and new technologies and equipment working together. These technologies work in conjunction with the electrical grid to respond digitally to our quickly changing electric demand.

The investment in smart grid technology also has certain challenges. The interconnected feature of smart grids is valuable, but it tremendously increases their susceptibility to threats. It is crucial to make sure that smart grids are made secure wherein number of technologies are employed to increase the real-time situational awareness and the ability to support renewables and system automation to increase the reliability, efficiency and safety of the electric grid.

This exciting new volume covers all of these technologies, including the basic concepts and the problems and solutions involved with the practical applications in the real world. Whether for the veteran engineer or scientist, the student, or a manager or other technician working in the field, this volume is a must-have for any library.


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Author / Editor Details
O.V. Gnana Swathika, PhD, earned her PhD in electrical engineering from VIT University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. She completed her postdoc at the University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka in 2019. Her current research interests include microgrid protection, power system optimization, embedded systems, and photovoltaic systems.

K. Karthikeyan is an electrical and electronics engineering graduate with a master’s in personnel management from the University of Madras. He has two decades of experience in electrical design. He is Chief Engineering Manager in Electrical Designs for Larsen & Toubro Construction.

Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering, IT and Cybernetic, University of South-Eastern Norway, Porsgrunn, Norway. He received his PhD in electrical engineering from the University of Bologna, Italy. He has almost ten years of teaching, research and industrial experience and is an associate editor on a number of international scientific refereed journals. He has published more than 750 research papers and has won numerous awards for his research and teaching.

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Table of Contents
Preface
1. Carbon-Free Fuel and the Social Gap: The Analysis
Saravanan Chinnusamy, Milind Shrinivas Dangate and Nasrin I. Shaikh
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Objectives
1.3 Study Areas
1.3.1 Community A
1.3.2 Community B
1.3.3 Community C
1.3.4 Community D
1.4 Data Collection
1.5 Data Analysis
1.6 Conclusion
References
2. Opportunities of Translating Mobile Base Transceiver Station (BTS) For EV Charging Through Energy Management Systems in DC Microgrid
A. Matheswaran, P. Prem, C. Ganesh Babuand K. Lakshmi
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Telecom Sector in India
2.1.2 Overview of Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
2.1.3 Electric Vehicle in India
2.1.4 Evolution of EV Charging Station
2.2 Translating Mobile Base Transceiver Station (BTS) for EV Charging
2.2.1 Mobile Base Transceiver Station (BTS) for EV Charging – A Substitute or Complementary Solution?
2.2.2 Proposed Methodology
2.2.3 System Description
2.2.3.1 Solar PV Array
2.2.3.2 DC-DC Boost Converter
2.2.3.3 Rectifier
2.2.3.4 Battery Backup System
2.2.3.5 Charge Controller
2.2.3.6 Bidirectional Converter
2.3 Implementation of Energy Management System in Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
2.3.1 Introduction
2.3.2 Control Strategies
2.3.2.1 MPPT Control
2.3.2.2 Charge Controller Control
2.3.2.3 Bidirectional Converter Control
2.3.3 Power Supervisory and Control Algorithm (PSCA)
2.3.3.1 Grid Available Mode
2.3.3.2 Grid Fault Mode
2.3.4 Results and Discussions
2.3.4.1 Grid Available Mode
2.3.4.2 Grid Failure Mode
2.4 Conclusion
References
3. A Review on Advanced Control Techniques for Multi-Input Power Converters for Various Applications
Kodada Durga Priyanka and Abitha Memala Wilson Duraisamy
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Multi-Input Magnetically Connected Power Converters
3.2.1 Dual-Source Power DC to DC Converter with Buck-Boost Arrangement
3.2.2 Bidirectional Multi-Input Arrangement
3.2.3 Full-Bridge Boost DC-DC Converter Formation
3.2.4 Multi-Input Power Converter with Half-Bridge and Full Bridge Configuration
3.3 Electrically Coupled Multi-Input Power DC-DCConverters
3.3.1 Combination of Electrically Linked Multi-Input DC/DC Power Converter
3.3.2 Multi-Input Power Converters in Series or Parallel Connection
3.3.3 Multi-Input DC/DC Fundamental Power Converters
3.3.4 Multiple-Input Boost Converter for RES
3.3.5 Multi-Input Buck-Boost/Buck/Boost-Boost Based Converter
3.3.6 Multi-Input Buck-Boost/Buck/Boost-Boost Based Converter
3.3.7 Multi-Input DC/DC Converter Using ZVS (Zero Voltage Switching)
3.3.8 Multi-Input DC-DC Converter Based ThreeSwitches Leg
3.3.9 Multi-Input Converter Constructed on Switched Inductor/Switched Capacitor/Diode Capacitor
3.3.10 High/Modular VTR Multi-Input Converters
3.3.11 Multi/Input and Multi/Output (MIMO) Power Converter
3.4 Electro Magnetically Coupled Multi-Input Power DC/DC Converters
3.4.1 Direct Charge Multi-Input DC/DC Power Converter
3.4.2 Boost-Integrated Full-Bridge DC-DC Power Converter
3.4.3 Isolated Dual-Port Power Converter for Immediate Power Management
3.4.4 Dual Port Converter with Non-Isolated and Isolated Ports
3.4.5 Multi-Port ZVS And ZCS DC-DC Converter
3.4.6 Combined Dc-Link and Magnetically Coupled DC/DC Power Converter
3.4.7 Three-Level Dual-Input DC-DC Converter
3.4.8 Half-Bridge Tri-Modal DC-DC Converter
3.4.9 Bidirectional Converter with Various Collective Battery Storage Input Sources
3.5 Different Control Methods Used in Multi-Input DC-DC Power Converters
3.5.1 Proportional Integral Derivation Controller (PID)
3.5.2 Model Predictive Control Method (MPC)
3.5.3 State Space Modelling (SSM)
3.5.4 Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC)
3.5.5 Sliding Mode Control (SMC)
3.6 Comparison and Future Scope of Work
3.6.1 Comparison and Discussion
3.7 Conclusion
References
4. Case Study: Optimized LT Cable Sizing for an IT Campus
O.V. Gnana Swathika, K. Karthikeyan, Umashankar Subramaniam and K.T.M.U. Hemapala
Abbreviations
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Methodology
4.2.1 Algorithm for Cable Sizing
4.3 Results and Discussion
4.3.1 Feeder Schedule
4.3.2 Design Consideration for LT Power Cable
4.3.3 Cable Sizing & Voltage Drop Calculation
4.4 Conclusion
References
5. Advanced Control Architecture for Interlinking Converter in Autonomous AC, DC and Hybrid AC/DC Micro Grids
M. Padma Lalitha, S. Suresh and A. Viswa Pavani
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Prototype Model of IC
5.3 Implemented Photo Voltaic System
5.4 Highly Reliable and Efficient (HRE) Configurations
5.5 MATLAB Simulink Results
5.6 Conclusion
References
6. Optimal Power Flow Analysis in Distributed Grid Connected Photovoltaic Systems
Neenu Thomas, T.N.P. Nambiar and Jayabarathi R.
6.1 Introduction
6.2 System Development and Design Parameters
6.3 Proposed Algorithm
6.4 Results and Discussion
6.5 Conclusion
References
7. Reliability Assessment for Solar and Wind Renewable Energy in Generation System Planning
S. Vinoth John Prakash and P.K. Dhal
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Generation & Load Model
7.2.1 Generation Model-RBTS
7.2.2 Wind Power Generation Model
7.2.2.1 Wind Speed and Wind Turbine Output Model
7.2.3 Solar Power Generation Model
7.2.3.1 Solar Radiation and Solar Power Output Model
7.2.4 Load Model
7.3 Results and Analysis
7.3.1 Reliability Indices Evaluation for Different Scenario
7.4 Conclusion
References
8. Implementation of Savonius Blad Wind Tree Structure by Super Lift Luo Converter for Smart Grid Applications and Benefits to Smart City
Jency Joseph J., Anitha Mary X., Josh F. T., Vinoth Kumar K. and Vinodha K.
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Savonius Wind Turbine – Performance Design
8.3 Design Modules
8.4 Results and Discussion
8.5 Positive Output Super Lift Luo Converter
8.6 Conclusion
References
9. Analysis: An Incorporation of PV and Battery for DC Scattered System
M. Karuppiah, P. Dineshkumar, A. Arunbalaj and S. Krishnakumar
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Block Diagram of Proposed System
9.2.1 Determine the Load Profile
9.2.2 Duration of Autonomy and Recharge
9.2.3 Select the Battery Rating
9.2.4 Sizing the PV Array
9.2.5 Analysis of Boost Converter
9.2.5.1 To Select a Proper Inductor Value
9.2.5.2 To Select a Proper Capacitor Value
9.3 Proposed System Simulations
9.4 Conclusion
References
10. Dead Time Compensation Scheme Using Space Vector PWM for 3Ø Inverter
Sreeramula Reddy, Ravindra Prasad, Harinath Reddy and Suresh Srinivasan
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Concept of Space Vector PWM
10.3 Proteus Simulation
10.4 Hardware Setup
10.4.1 Total Harmonic Distortion
10.4.2 Hardware Configuration
10.5 Conclusion
References
11. Transformer-Less Grid Connected PV System Using TSRPWM Strategy with Single Phase 7 Level Multi-Level Inverter
S. Sruthi, K. Karthikumar, D. Narmitha, P. Chandra Sekhar and K. Karthi
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Proposed System
11.3 DC-DC Influence Converter
11.4 Controlling of 7-Level Inverter
11.5 Controlling for Boost Converter and Inverter
11.6 MATLAB Simulation Results
11.7 Conclusion
References
12. An Enhanced Multi-Level Inverter Topology for HEV Applications
Premkumar E. and Kanimozhi G.
12.1 Introduction
12.2 E-MLI Topology
12.2.1 Switching Operation of the E-MLI Topology
12.2.2 Diode-Clamped Multi-Level Inverter (DC-MLI)
12.3 PWM for the E-MLI Topology
12.3.1 SPWM Based Switching for the E-MLI Topology
12.3.2 Phase Opposition Disposition (POD) Scheme for DC-MLI
12.4 Simulation Results & Discussions
12.5 Conclusion
References
13. Improved Sheep Flock Heredity Algorithm-Based Optimal Pricing of RP
P. Booma Devi, Booma Jayapalan and A.P. Jagadeesan
13.1 Introduction
13.2 RP Flow Tracing
13.2.1 Intent Function
13.2.1.1 System’s Price Loss After RP Compensation
13.2.1.2 SVC Support Price for RP
13.2.1.3 Diesel Generator RP Production Price
13.2.1.4 Minimization Function
13.3 Existing Methodologies
13.3.1 Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
13.3.1.1 PSO Parameter Settings
13.3.2 Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization (HPSO)
13.3.2.1 Flowchart for HPSO
13.4 Proposed Methodology
13.4.1 Improved Sheep Flock Heredity Algorithm
13.4.2 ISFHA Algorithm
13.5 Case Study
13.5.1 Realistic Seventy-Five Bus Indian System Wind Farm
13.6 Conclusion
References
14. Dual Axis Solar Tracking with Weather Monitoring System by Using IR and LDR Sensors with Arduino UNO
Rajesh Babu Damala and Rajesh Kumar Patnaik
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Associated Hardware Components Details
14.2.1 Arduino Uno
14.2.2 L293D Motor Driver
14.2.3 LDR Sensor
14.2.4 Solar Panel
14.2.5 RPM 10 Motor
14.2.6 Jumper Wires
14.2.7 16×2 LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) Module with I2C
14.2.8 DTH11 Sensor
14.2.9 Rain Drop Sensor
14.3 Methodology
14.3.1 Dual Axis Solar Tracking System Working Model
14.3.2 Dual Axis Solar Tracking System Schematic Diagram
14.4 Results and Discussion
14.5 Conclusion
References
15. Missing Data Imputation of an Off-Grid Solar Power Model for a Small-Scale System
Aadyasha Patel, Aniket Biswal and O.V. Gnana Swathika
Abbreviations and Nomenclature
15.1 Overview
15.2 Literature Review
15.3 AI/ML for Imputation of Missing Values
15.3.1 CBR
15.3.2 MICE
15.3.3 Results and Discussion
15.3.3.1 Data Collection
15.3.3.2 Error Metrics
15.3.3.3 Comparison Between CBR and MICE
15.4 Applications of MICE in Imputation
15.5 Summary
References
16. Power Theft in Smart Grids and Microgrids: Mini Review
P. Tejaswi and O.V. Gnana Swathika
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Smart Grids/Microgrids Security Threats and Challenges
16.2.1 Security Threats to Smart Grid/Microgrid by Classification of Sources
16.2.1.1 Smart Grid/Microgrid Threats Sources in Technical Point of View
16.2.2 Sources of Smart Grids/Microgrids Threats in Non-Technical Point of View
16.2.2.1 Security of Environment
16.2.2.2 Regulatory Policies of Government
16.3 Conclusion
References
17. Isolated SEPIC-Based DC-DC Converter for Solar Applications
Varun Mukesh Lal, Pranay Singh Parihar and Kanimozhi. G
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Converter Operation and Analysis
17.2.1 Mode A
17.2.2 Mode B
17.3 Design Equations
17.4 Simulation Results
17.5 Conclusion
References
18. Hybrid Converter for Stand-Alone Solar Photovoltaic System
R.R. Rubia Gandhi and C. Kathirvel
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Review on Converter Topology
18.3 Block Diagram
18.4 Existing Converter Topology
18.5 Proposed Tapped Boost Hybrid Converter
18.5.1 Novelty in the Circuit
18.5.2 Converter Modes of Operation
18.6 Derivation Part of Tapped Boost Hybrid Converter
18.6.1 Voltage Gain
18.6.2 Modulation Index
18.7 Design Specification of the Converter
18.8 Simulation Results for Both DC and AC Power Conversion
18.9 Hardware Results
18.10 TBHC Parameters for Simulation
18.11 Conclusion
References
19. Analysis of Three-Phase Quasi Switched Boost Inverter Based on Switched Inductor-Switched Capacitor Structure
P. Sriramalakshmi, Vachan Kumar, Pallav Pant and Reshab Kumar Sahoo
19.1 Introduction
19.1.1 Conventional Inverter (VSI)
19.1.2 Z-Source Inverter (ZSI)
19.1.3 SBI Based on SL-SC Structure
19.2 Working Modes of Three-Phase SL-SC Circuit
19.2.1 Shoot-Through State
19.2.2 Non-Shoot-Through State
19.3 Design of Three-Phase SL-SC Based Quasi Switched Boost Inverter
19.3.1 Steady State Analysis of SL-SC Topology
19.3.2 Design of Passive Elements
19.3.3 Design Equations
19.3.4 Design Specifications
19.4 Simulation Results and Discussions
19.4.1 Simulation Diagram of SBC PWM Technique
19.4.2 SBC PWM Technique
19.4.3 Switching Pulse Generated for the Power Switches
19.4.4 Expanded Switching Pulse
19.4.5 Input Current
19.4.6 Current in Inductor L1
19.4.7 Current in Inductor L2
19.4.8 Capacitor Voltage VC2
19.4.9 DC Link Voltage
19.4.10 Output Load Voltage
19.4.11 Output Load Current
19.5 Performance Analysis
19.6 Conclusion
References
20. Power Quality Improvement and Performance Enhancement of Distribution System Using D-STATCOM
M. Sai Sandeep, N. Balaji, Muqthiar Ali and Suresh Srinivasan
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Distribution Static Synchronous Compensator (D-STATCOM)
20.3 Modelling of Distribution System
20.3.1 Single Machine System
20.3.2 Modeling of IEEE 14 Bus System
20.4 Simulation Results & Discussions
20.4.1 Power Flow Analysis on Single Machine System
20.4.2 Different Modes of Operation of D-STATCOM on Single Machine System
20.4.3 Step Change in Reference Value of DC Link Voltage
20.5 IEEE-14 Bus Systems
20.6 Conclusion
References
Index

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Description
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Table of Contents
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