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Submit a ProposalCarbon Allotropes and Composites
 | Materials for Environment Protection and Remediation Edited by Chandrabhan Verma and Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain Copyright: 2023 | Status: Published ISBN: 9781394166503 | Hardcover | 406 pages Price: $225 USD  |
One Line Description
The book discusses the most recent developments and trends in the use of carbon allotropes and their composites for environmental restoration and protection including synthesis, characterization and applications.
Audience
The book is designed for a broad audience working in the fields of materials science and engineering, nanotechnology, energy, environmental chemistry, environmental science, etc.
The book is designed for a broad audience working in the fields of materials science and engineering, nanotechnology, energy, environmental chemistry, environmental science, etc.
Description
Due to their huge surface area and numerous other distinguishing characteristics, nanostructure materials are widely used in a variety of applications. The production of substrates for better environmental protection and cleanup has been prompted by these qualities. They offer a superior surface for the adsorption of impurities and pollutants that contaminate industrial effluents, wastewater, air, and soil. These all include a variety of harmful environmental substances such as toxic metals, phenolic compounds, dyes, and other substances that must be treated appropriately before being released into the environment.
Composites made of highly efficient and relatively noble carbon allotropes are attracting significant attention for environmental protection and restoration. The use of carbon allotropes offers many benefits, including low cost, low toxicity, simple manufacture, and high efficiency. Therefore, they are ideal replacements for previously established materials. Carbon Allotropes and Composites is one of the first books on carbon allotropes and their composites in environmental protection and remediation, and features a description of CO2 capturing capability.
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Due to their huge surface area and numerous other distinguishing characteristics, nanostructure materials are widely used in a variety of applications. The production of substrates for better environmental protection and cleanup has been prompted by these qualities. They offer a superior surface for the adsorption of impurities and pollutants that contaminate industrial effluents, wastewater, air, and soil. These all include a variety of harmful environmental substances such as toxic metals, phenolic compounds, dyes, and other substances that must be treated appropriately before being released into the environment.
Composites made of highly efficient and relatively noble carbon allotropes are attracting significant attention for environmental protection and restoration. The use of carbon allotropes offers many benefits, including low cost, low toxicity, simple manufacture, and high efficiency. Therefore, they are ideal replacements for previously established materials. Carbon Allotropes and Composites is one of the first books on carbon allotropes and their composites in environmental protection and remediation, and features a description of CO2 capturing capability.
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Author / Editor Details
Chandrabhan Verma, PhD, works at the Interdisciplinary Center for Research in Advanced Materials, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Saudi Arabia. He obtained his PhD in material science/chemistry at the Indian Institute of Technology, Varanasi, India. He is the Associate Editor-in-Chief of the Organic Chemistry Plus Journal. He has published many articles in international journals and has over 9000 citations. Dr. Verma has received several awards for his academic achievements.
Chandrabhan Verma, PhD, works at the Interdisciplinary Center for Research in Advanced Materials, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Saudi Arabia. He obtained his PhD in material science/chemistry at the Indian Institute of Technology, Varanasi, India. He is the Associate Editor-in-Chief of the Organic Chemistry Plus Journal. He has published many articles in international journals and has over 9000 citations. Dr. Verma has received several awards for his academic achievements.
Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain, PhD, is an adjunct professor and director of laboratories in the Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science at the New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT), Newark, New Jersey, United States. His research is focused on the applications of nanotechnology and advanced materials, environmental management, analytical chemistry, and other various industries. Dr. Hussain is the author of numerous papers in peer-reviewed journals, as well as a prolific author and editor of around a hundred books.
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Table of Contents
Preface
1. Preparation of Carbon Allotropes Using Different Methods
Omar Dagdag, Rajesh Haldhar, Seong-Cheol Kim, Elyor Berdimurodov, Sheerin Masroor, Ekemini D. Akpan and Eno E. Ebenso
Abbreviations
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Synthesis Methods
1.2.1 Synthesis of CNTs
1.2.1.1 Arc Discharge Method
1.2.1.2 Laser Ablation Method
1.2.1.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
1.2.1.4 Plasma-Enhanced CVD (PE-CVD)
1.2.2 Synthesis of CQDs
1.2.2.1 Arc Discharge
1.2.2.2 Laser Ablation
1.2.2.3 Acidic Oxidation
1.2.2.4 Combustion/Thermal Routes
1.2.2.5 Microwave Pyrolysis
1.2.2.6 Electrochemistry Method
1.2.2.7 Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Synthesis
1.3 Conclusions
References
2. Carbon Allotrope Composites: Basics, Properties, and Applications
Sheerin Masroor
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Allotropes of Carbon
2.3 Basics of Carbon Allotrope Composites and Their Properties
2.4 Composites of Graphite or Graphite Oxide (GO)
2.4.1 Applications of Graphite Oxide
2.5 Composites of Graphene
2.5.1 Applications of Graphene Oxide
2.6 Composite of Graphite-Carbon Nanotube (Gr-CNT)/Polythene or Silicon
2.6.1 Applications of Graphite-Carbon Nanotube (Gr-CNT)/Polythene or Silicon
2.7 Graphene (or Graphene Oxide)–Carbon Nanofiber (CNF) Composites
2.7.1 Applications of CNF Composites
2.8 Graphene-Fullerene Composites
2.8.1 Applications of Graphene-Fullerene Composites
2.9 Conclusion
References
3. Activation of Carbon Allotropes Through Covalent and Noncovalent Functionalization: Attempts in Modifying Properties for Enhanced Performance
Richika Ganjoo, Shveta Sharma and Ashish Kumar
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Carbon Allotropes: Fundamentals and Properties
3.1.1.1 Graphite
3.1.1.2 Diamond
3.1.1.3 Graphene
3.1.1.4 Activated Carbon
3.1.1.5 Carbon Nanotubes and Fullerene
3.1.2 Functionalization of Carbon Allotropes: Synthesis and Characterization
3.1.2.1 Covalent Functionalization of Carbon Allotropes: Synthesis and Characterization
3.1.2.2 Noncovalent Functionalization of Carbon Allotropes: Synthesis and Characterization
3.2 Applications of Functionalized Carbon Allotropes
3.2.1 Biomedical
3.2.2 Waste Treatment
3.2.3 Pollutants Decontamination
3.2.4 Anticorrosive
3.2.5 Tribological
3.2.6 Catalytic
3.2.7 Reinforced Materials
3.3 Conclusions and Future Directions
References
4. Carbon Allotropes in Lead Removal
Shippi Dewangan, Amarpreet K. Bhatia and Nishtha Vaidya
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Carbon Nanomaterials (CNMs)
4.3 Dimension-Based Types of Carbon Nanomaterials
4.4 Purification of Water Using Fullerenes
4.5 Application of Graphene and Its Derivatives in Water Purification
4.6 Application of Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) in Water Purification
4.7 Conclusion
References
5. Carbon Allotropes in Nickel Removal
Amarpreet K. Bhatia, Nishtha Vaidya and Shippi Dewangan
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Carbon and Its Allotropes: As Remediation Technology for Ni
5.2.1 Nanotubes Based on Carbon
5.2.1.1 Overview
5.2.1.2 Features of CNTs
5.2.2 Fullerenes
5.2.3 Graphene
5.2.3.1 Overview
5.2.3.2 Properties
5.3 Removal of Ni in Wastewater by Use of Carbon Allotropes
5.3.1 Carbon Nanotubes for Ni Adsorption From Aqueous Solutions
5.3.2 Ni Adsorption From Aqueous Solutions on Composite Material of MWCNTs
5.3.3 GR and GO-Based Adsorbents for Removal of Ni
5.4 Conclusion
References
6. Molybdenum-Modified Carbon Allotropes in Wastewater Treatment
Madhur Babu Singh, Anirudh Pratap Singh Raman, Prashant Singh, Pallavi Jain and Kamlesh Kumari
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Carbon-Based Allotropes
6.2.1 Graphene
6.2.2 Graphite
6.2.3 Carbon Nanotubes
6.2.4 Glassy Carbon (GC)
6.3 Molybdenum Disulfide
6.3.1 Synthesis of MoS2
6.3.2 Physical Methods
6.3.3 Chemical Methods
6.3.4 Properties
6.4 Application of MoS2
6.4.1 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs)
6.4.2 Catalyst
6.4.3 Desalination
6.4.4 Lubrication
6.4.5 Sensor
6.4.6 Electroanalytical
6.4.7 Biomedical
6.5 Molybdenum-Modified Carbon Allotropes in Wastewater Treatment
6.6 Conclusion
References
7. Carbon Allotropes in Other Metals (Cu, Zn, Fe etc.) Removal
Manoj Kumar Banjare, Kamalakanta Behera and Ramesh Kumar Banjare
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Carbon-Allotropes: Synthesis Methods, Applications and Future Perspectives
7.3 Reaffirmations of Heavy Metal Contaminations in Water and Their Toxic Effects
7.3.1 Copper
7.3.2 Zinc
7.3.3 Lead
7.3.4 Cadmium
7.3.5 Arsenic
7.4 Technology is Used to Treat Heavy Ions of Metal
7.4.1 Chemical Precipitation
7.4.2 Ion-Exchange
7.4.3 Adsorption
7.4.4 Membrane Filtration
7.4.5 Electrodialysis
7.4.6 Flotation
7.4.7 Electrochemical Treatment
7.4.8 Electroflotation
7.4.9 Coagulation and Flocculation
7.5 Factors Influencing How Heavy Metal Ions Adhere to CNTs
7.5.1 pH
7.5.2 Ionic Strength
7.5.3 CNT Dosage
7.5.4 Contact Time
7.5.5 Temperature
7.5.6 Thermodynamic Variables
7.5.7 CNT Regeneration
7.5.8 Isotherm Equation
7.5.9 Current Issues and the Need for Additional Study
7.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
8. Carbon Allotropes in Phenolic Compounds Removal
Manikandan Krishnamurthy and Meenakshisundaram Swaminathan
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Carbon Materials in Phenol Removal
8.2.1 Activated Carbon
8.2.2 Graphene
8.2.3 Carbon Nanotubes
8.2.4 Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide
8.2.5 Graphitic Carbon Nitride
8.2.6 Carbon Materials in the Biodegradation of Phenols
8.3 Conclusions
References
9. Carbon Allotropes in Carbon Dioxide Capturing
Elyor Berdimurodov, Khasan Berdimuradov, Ilyos Eliboyev, Abduvali Kholikov, Khamdam Akbarov, Nuritdin Kattaev, Dakeshwar Kumar Verma and Omar Dagdag
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Importance of Carbon Allotropes in Carbon Dioxide Capturing
9.2 Main Part
9.2.1 Polymer-Based Carbon Allotropes in Carbon Dioxide Capturing
9.2.2 Graphene-Aerogels-Based Carbon Allotropes in Carbon Dioxide Capturing
9.3 Functionalized Graphene-Based Carbon Allotropes in Carbon Dioxide Capturing
9.4 Conclusions
References
10. Carbon Allotropes in Air Purification
Nishtha Vaidya, Amarpreet K. Bhatia and Shippi Dewangan
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Historical and Chemical Properties of Some Designated Carbon-Based Allotropes
10.3 Structure and Characteristics of Carbon Allotropes
10.4 Uses of Carbon Nanotube Filters for Removal of Air Pollutants
10.5 Physicochemical Characterization of CNTs
10.6 TiO2 Nanofibers in a Simulated Air Purifier Under Visible Light Irradiation
10.7 Poly (Vinyl Pyrrolidone) (PVP)
10.8 VOCs
10.9 Heavy Metals
10.10 Particulate Matter (PM)
10.11 Techniques to Remove Air Pollutants and Improve Air Treatment Efficiency
10.12 Removal of NOX by Photochemical Oxidation Process
10.13 Chemically Adapted Nano-TiO2
10.14 Alternative Nanoparticulated System
10.15 Photodegradation of NOX Evaluated for the ZnO-Based Systems
10.16 Synthesis and Applications of Carbon Nanotubes
10.17 Mechanism of Technologies
10.18 Conclusion
References
11. Carbon Allotropes in Waste Decomposition and Management
Swati Sahu, Gajendra Singh Rathore and Sanjay Tiwari
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Management Methods for Waste
11.2.1 Landfilling
11.2.2 Incineration
11.2.3 Mechanical Recycling
11.2.3.1 Downcycling Method
11.2.3.2 Upcycling Method
11.3 Process of Pyrolysis: Waste Management to the Synthesis of Carbon Allotropes
11.4 Synthesis Methods to Produce Carbon-Based Materials From Waste Materials
11.4.1 Catalytic Pyrolysis
11.4.2 Batch Pyrolysis-Catalysis
11.4.3 CVD Method
11.4.4 Pyrolysis-Deposition Followed by CVD
11.4.5 Thermal Decomposition
11.4.6 Activation Techniques
11.4.6.1 Physical Activation Technique
11.4.6.2 Chemical Activation Technique
11.5 Use of Waste Materials for the Development of Carbon Allotropes
11.5.1 Synthesis of CNTs Using Waste Materials
11.5.2 Synthesis of Graphene Using Waste Materials
11.6 Applications for Carbon-Based Materials
11.6.1 CNTs
11.6.2 Graphene
11.6.3 Activated Carbon
11.7 Conclusions
References
12. Carbon Allotropes in a Sustainable Environment
Farhat A. Ansari
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Functionalization of Carbon Allotropes
12.2.1 Covalent Functionalization
12.2.2 Noncovalent Functionalization
12.3 Developments of Carbon Allotropes and Their Applications
12.4 Carbon Allotropes in Sustainable Environment
12.5 Carbon Allotropes Purification Process in the Treatment of Wastewater
12.5.1 Fullerenes
12.5.2 Bucky Paper Membrane (BP)
12.5.3 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
12.5.3.1 CNT Adsorption Mechanism
12.5.3.2 CNTs Ozone Method
12.5.3.3 CNTs-Fenton-Like Systems
12.5.3.4 CNTs-Persulfates Systems
12.5.3.5 CNTs-Ferrate/Permanganate Systems
12.5.4 Graphene
12.6 Removal of Various Pollutants
12.6.1 Arsenic
12.6.2 Drugs and Pharmaceuticals
12.6.3 Heavy Metals
12.6.4 Pesticides and Other Pest Controllers
12.6.5 Fluoride
12.7 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Adsorption
12.8 Conclusion and Future Perspective
References
13. Carbonaceous Catalysts for Pollutant Degradation
Poonam Kaswan, Santimoy Khilari, Ankur Srivastava, Girijesh Kumar, Pratap K. Chhotaray, Mrituanjay D. Pandey and Kamalakanta Behera
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Strategies to Develop Carbon-Based Material
13.3 Advantages of Carbon-Based Metal Nanocomposites
13.4 Methods for the Development of Carbon-Based Nanocomposites
13.5 Carbon-Based Photocatalyst
13.5.1 Fullerene (C60)
13.5.2 Carbon Nanotubes
13.5.3 Graphene
13.5.4 Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C3N4)
13.5.5 Diamond
13.6 Applications
13.6.1 Dye Degradation
13.6.2 Organic Transformation
13.6.3 NOx Removal
13.7 Factors Affecting Degradation
13.7.1 Radiation
13.7.2 Exfoliation
13.7.3 pH
13.7.4 Reaction Condition
13.7.5 Carbonaceous Material
13.8 Challenges
13.9 Conclusion and Future Aspects
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
References
14. Importance and Contribution of Carbon Allotropes in a Green and Sustainable Environment
Ajay K. Singh
14.1 Introduction
14.1.1 Basic Aspects of Sustainability
14.2 Changes Being Observed in Nature and Their Effect on Our Planet
14.2.1 Water, Air, and Effect on Energy Generation
14.2.2 Air Quality
14.2.3 Pollution (Air/Water)
14.2.4 Carbon Footprint
14.2.5 Green House Effect
14.2.6 Ozone Layer Depletion
14.2.7 Temperature
14.2.8 Effect on Farm Products
14.2.9 Plastic
14.2.10 Radiation Pollution
14.3 Advantages of Green House Effect
14.3.1 Supports and Promotes Life
14.3.2 Photosynthesis
14.4 Industrial Sustainability
14.5 Corrosion and Its Implications
14.5.1 Corrosion
14.5.2 Corrosion and Sustainable Environment
14.5.3 Industrial Operations and Environmental Sustainability
14.5.4 Industrial Machinery Corrosion and Its Implications
14.6 Corrosion Control and Material Properties
14.6.1 Mechanical Properties
14.6.2 Corrosion Resistant Materials
14.6.3 Design Consideration
14.6.4 Erosion Corrosion
14.6.5 Cathodic/Anodic Protection
14.6.6 Corrosion Inhibitors
14.6.7 Nanomaterials
14.7 Carbon Allotropes and Corrosion Inhibition
14.7.1 Carbon Dots (CD) or Carbon Quantum Dots (CQD)
14.7.2 Buckminster Fullerene C60
14.7.3 Graphene
14.7.4 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
14.8 Conclusion
14.8.1 Commercialization
14.8.2 Synergy in Mixed Nanohybrids
References
Index
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Preface
1. Preparation of Carbon Allotropes Using Different Methods
Omar Dagdag, Rajesh Haldhar, Seong-Cheol Kim, Elyor Berdimurodov, Sheerin Masroor, Ekemini D. Akpan and Eno E. Ebenso
Abbreviations
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Synthesis Methods
1.2.1 Synthesis of CNTs
1.2.1.1 Arc Discharge Method
1.2.1.2 Laser Ablation Method
1.2.1.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
1.2.1.4 Plasma-Enhanced CVD (PE-CVD)
1.2.2 Synthesis of CQDs
1.2.2.1 Arc Discharge
1.2.2.2 Laser Ablation
1.2.2.3 Acidic Oxidation
1.2.2.4 Combustion/Thermal Routes
1.2.2.5 Microwave Pyrolysis
1.2.2.6 Electrochemistry Method
1.2.2.7 Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Synthesis
1.3 Conclusions
References
2. Carbon Allotrope Composites: Basics, Properties, and Applications
Sheerin Masroor
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Allotropes of Carbon
2.3 Basics of Carbon Allotrope Composites and Their Properties
2.4 Composites of Graphite or Graphite Oxide (GO)
2.4.1 Applications of Graphite Oxide
2.5 Composites of Graphene
2.5.1 Applications of Graphene Oxide
2.6 Composite of Graphite-Carbon Nanotube (Gr-CNT)/Polythene or Silicon
2.6.1 Applications of Graphite-Carbon Nanotube (Gr-CNT)/Polythene or Silicon
2.7 Graphene (or Graphene Oxide)–Carbon Nanofiber (CNF) Composites
2.7.1 Applications of CNF Composites
2.8 Graphene-Fullerene Composites
2.8.1 Applications of Graphene-Fullerene Composites
2.9 Conclusion
References
3. Activation of Carbon Allotropes Through Covalent and Noncovalent Functionalization: Attempts in Modifying Properties for Enhanced Performance
Richika Ganjoo, Shveta Sharma and Ashish Kumar
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Carbon Allotropes: Fundamentals and Properties
3.1.1.1 Graphite
3.1.1.2 Diamond
3.1.1.3 Graphene
3.1.1.4 Activated Carbon
3.1.1.5 Carbon Nanotubes and Fullerene
3.1.2 Functionalization of Carbon Allotropes: Synthesis and Characterization
3.1.2.1 Covalent Functionalization of Carbon Allotropes: Synthesis and Characterization
3.1.2.2 Noncovalent Functionalization of Carbon Allotropes: Synthesis and Characterization
3.2 Applications of Functionalized Carbon Allotropes
3.2.1 Biomedical
3.2.2 Waste Treatment
3.2.3 Pollutants Decontamination
3.2.4 Anticorrosive
3.2.5 Tribological
3.2.6 Catalytic
3.2.7 Reinforced Materials
3.3 Conclusions and Future Directions
References
4. Carbon Allotropes in Lead Removal
Shippi Dewangan, Amarpreet K. Bhatia and Nishtha Vaidya
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Carbon Nanomaterials (CNMs)
4.3 Dimension-Based Types of Carbon Nanomaterials
4.4 Purification of Water Using Fullerenes
4.5 Application of Graphene and Its Derivatives in Water Purification
4.6 Application of Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) in Water Purification
4.7 Conclusion
References
5. Carbon Allotropes in Nickel Removal
Amarpreet K. Bhatia, Nishtha Vaidya and Shippi Dewangan
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Carbon and Its Allotropes: As Remediation Technology for Ni
5.2.1 Nanotubes Based on Carbon
5.2.1.1 Overview
5.2.1.2 Features of CNTs
5.2.2 Fullerenes
5.2.3 Graphene
5.2.3.1 Overview
5.2.3.2 Properties
5.3 Removal of Ni in Wastewater by Use of Carbon Allotropes
5.3.1 Carbon Nanotubes for Ni Adsorption From Aqueous Solutions
5.3.2 Ni Adsorption From Aqueous Solutions on Composite Material of MWCNTs
5.3.3 GR and GO-Based Adsorbents for Removal of Ni
5.4 Conclusion
References
6. Molybdenum-Modified Carbon Allotropes in Wastewater Treatment
Madhur Babu Singh, Anirudh Pratap Singh Raman, Prashant Singh, Pallavi Jain and Kamlesh Kumari
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Carbon-Based Allotropes
6.2.1 Graphene
6.2.2 Graphite
6.2.3 Carbon Nanotubes
6.2.4 Glassy Carbon (GC)
6.3 Molybdenum Disulfide
6.3.1 Synthesis of MoS2
6.3.2 Physical Methods
6.3.3 Chemical Methods
6.3.4 Properties
6.4 Application of MoS2
6.4.1 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs)
6.4.2 Catalyst
6.4.3 Desalination
6.4.4 Lubrication
6.4.5 Sensor
6.4.6 Electroanalytical
6.4.7 Biomedical
6.5 Molybdenum-Modified Carbon Allotropes in Wastewater Treatment
6.6 Conclusion
References
7. Carbon Allotropes in Other Metals (Cu, Zn, Fe etc.) Removal
Manoj Kumar Banjare, Kamalakanta Behera and Ramesh Kumar Banjare
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Carbon-Allotropes: Synthesis Methods, Applications and Future Perspectives
7.3 Reaffirmations of Heavy Metal Contaminations in Water and Their Toxic Effects
7.3.1 Copper
7.3.2 Zinc
7.3.3 Lead
7.3.4 Cadmium
7.3.5 Arsenic
7.4 Technology is Used to Treat Heavy Ions of Metal
7.4.1 Chemical Precipitation
7.4.2 Ion-Exchange
7.4.3 Adsorption
7.4.4 Membrane Filtration
7.4.5 Electrodialysis
7.4.6 Flotation
7.4.7 Electrochemical Treatment
7.4.8 Electroflotation
7.4.9 Coagulation and Flocculation
7.5 Factors Influencing How Heavy Metal Ions Adhere to CNTs
7.5.1 pH
7.5.2 Ionic Strength
7.5.3 CNT Dosage
7.5.4 Contact Time
7.5.5 Temperature
7.5.6 Thermodynamic Variables
7.5.7 CNT Regeneration
7.5.8 Isotherm Equation
7.5.9 Current Issues and the Need for Additional Study
7.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
8. Carbon Allotropes in Phenolic Compounds Removal
Manikandan Krishnamurthy and Meenakshisundaram Swaminathan
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Carbon Materials in Phenol Removal
8.2.1 Activated Carbon
8.2.2 Graphene
8.2.3 Carbon Nanotubes
8.2.4 Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide
8.2.5 Graphitic Carbon Nitride
8.2.6 Carbon Materials in the Biodegradation of Phenols
8.3 Conclusions
References
9. Carbon Allotropes in Carbon Dioxide Capturing
Elyor Berdimurodov, Khasan Berdimuradov, Ilyos Eliboyev, Abduvali Kholikov, Khamdam Akbarov, Nuritdin Kattaev, Dakeshwar Kumar Verma and Omar Dagdag
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Importance of Carbon Allotropes in Carbon Dioxide Capturing
9.2 Main Part
9.2.1 Polymer-Based Carbon Allotropes in Carbon Dioxide Capturing
9.2.2 Graphene-Aerogels-Based Carbon Allotropes in Carbon Dioxide Capturing
9.3 Functionalized Graphene-Based Carbon Allotropes in Carbon Dioxide Capturing
9.4 Conclusions
References
10. Carbon Allotropes in Air Purification
Nishtha Vaidya, Amarpreet K. Bhatia and Shippi Dewangan
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Historical and Chemical Properties of Some Designated Carbon-Based Allotropes
10.3 Structure and Characteristics of Carbon Allotropes
10.4 Uses of Carbon Nanotube Filters for Removal of Air Pollutants
10.5 Physicochemical Characterization of CNTs
10.6 TiO2 Nanofibers in a Simulated Air Purifier Under Visible Light Irradiation
10.7 Poly (Vinyl Pyrrolidone) (PVP)
10.8 VOCs
10.9 Heavy Metals
10.10 Particulate Matter (PM)
10.11 Techniques to Remove Air Pollutants and Improve Air Treatment Efficiency
10.12 Removal of NOX by Photochemical Oxidation Process
10.13 Chemically Adapted Nano-TiO2
10.14 Alternative Nanoparticulated System
10.15 Photodegradation of NOX Evaluated for the ZnO-Based Systems
10.16 Synthesis and Applications of Carbon Nanotubes
10.17 Mechanism of Technologies
10.18 Conclusion
References
11. Carbon Allotropes in Waste Decomposition and Management
Swati Sahu, Gajendra Singh Rathore and Sanjay Tiwari
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Management Methods for Waste
11.2.1 Landfilling
11.2.2 Incineration
11.2.3 Mechanical Recycling
11.2.3.1 Downcycling Method
11.2.3.2 Upcycling Method
11.3 Process of Pyrolysis: Waste Management to the Synthesis of Carbon Allotropes
11.4 Synthesis Methods to Produce Carbon-Based Materials From Waste Materials
11.4.1 Catalytic Pyrolysis
11.4.2 Batch Pyrolysis-Catalysis
11.4.3 CVD Method
11.4.4 Pyrolysis-Deposition Followed by CVD
11.4.5 Thermal Decomposition
11.4.6 Activation Techniques
11.4.6.1 Physical Activation Technique
11.4.6.2 Chemical Activation Technique
11.5 Use of Waste Materials for the Development of Carbon Allotropes
11.5.1 Synthesis of CNTs Using Waste Materials
11.5.2 Synthesis of Graphene Using Waste Materials
11.6 Applications for Carbon-Based Materials
11.6.1 CNTs
11.6.2 Graphene
11.6.3 Activated Carbon
11.7 Conclusions
References
12. Carbon Allotropes in a Sustainable Environment
Farhat A. Ansari
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Functionalization of Carbon Allotropes
12.2.1 Covalent Functionalization
12.2.2 Noncovalent Functionalization
12.3 Developments of Carbon Allotropes and Their Applications
12.4 Carbon Allotropes in Sustainable Environment
12.5 Carbon Allotropes Purification Process in the Treatment of Wastewater
12.5.1 Fullerenes
12.5.2 Bucky Paper Membrane (BP)
12.5.3 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
12.5.3.1 CNT Adsorption Mechanism
12.5.3.2 CNTs Ozone Method
12.5.3.3 CNTs-Fenton-Like Systems
12.5.3.4 CNTs-Persulfates Systems
12.5.3.5 CNTs-Ferrate/Permanganate Systems
12.5.4 Graphene
12.6 Removal of Various Pollutants
12.6.1 Arsenic
12.6.2 Drugs and Pharmaceuticals
12.6.3 Heavy Metals
12.6.4 Pesticides and Other Pest Controllers
12.6.5 Fluoride
12.7 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Adsorption
12.8 Conclusion and Future Perspective
References
13. Carbonaceous Catalysts for Pollutant Degradation
Poonam Kaswan, Santimoy Khilari, Ankur Srivastava, Girijesh Kumar, Pratap K. Chhotaray, Mrituanjay D. Pandey and Kamalakanta Behera
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Strategies to Develop Carbon-Based Material
13.3 Advantages of Carbon-Based Metal Nanocomposites
13.4 Methods for the Development of Carbon-Based Nanocomposites
13.5 Carbon-Based Photocatalyst
13.5.1 Fullerene (C60)
13.5.2 Carbon Nanotubes
13.5.3 Graphene
13.5.4 Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C3N4)
13.5.5 Diamond
13.6 Applications
13.6.1 Dye Degradation
13.6.2 Organic Transformation
13.6.3 NOx Removal
13.7 Factors Affecting Degradation
13.7.1 Radiation
13.7.2 Exfoliation
13.7.3 pH
13.7.4 Reaction Condition
13.7.5 Carbonaceous Material
13.8 Challenges
13.9 Conclusion and Future Aspects
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
References
14. Importance and Contribution of Carbon Allotropes in a Green and Sustainable Environment
Ajay K. Singh
14.1 Introduction
14.1.1 Basic Aspects of Sustainability
14.2 Changes Being Observed in Nature and Their Effect on Our Planet
14.2.1 Water, Air, and Effect on Energy Generation
14.2.2 Air Quality
14.2.3 Pollution (Air/Water)
14.2.4 Carbon Footprint
14.2.5 Green House Effect
14.2.6 Ozone Layer Depletion
14.2.7 Temperature
14.2.8 Effect on Farm Products
14.2.9 Plastic
14.2.10 Radiation Pollution
14.3 Advantages of Green House Effect
14.3.1 Supports and Promotes Life
14.3.2 Photosynthesis
14.4 Industrial Sustainability
14.5 Corrosion and Its Implications
14.5.1 Corrosion
14.5.2 Corrosion and Sustainable Environment
14.5.3 Industrial Operations and Environmental Sustainability
14.5.4 Industrial Machinery Corrosion and Its Implications
14.6 Corrosion Control and Material Properties
14.6.1 Mechanical Properties
14.6.2 Corrosion Resistant Materials
14.6.3 Design Consideration
14.6.4 Erosion Corrosion
14.6.5 Cathodic/Anodic Protection
14.6.6 Corrosion Inhibitors
14.6.7 Nanomaterials
14.7 Carbon Allotropes and Corrosion Inhibition
14.7.1 Carbon Dots (CD) or Carbon Quantum Dots (CQD)
14.7.2 Buckminster Fullerene C60
14.7.3 Graphene
14.7.4 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
14.8 Conclusion
14.8.1 Commercialization
14.8.2 Synergy in Mixed Nanohybrids
References
Index
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