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Submit a ProposalCondition Monitoring, Troubleshooting, and Reliability in Rotating Machinery
 | Edited by Robert X. Perez Series: Rotating Machinery Fundamentals and Advances Copyright: 2023 | Status: Published ISBN: 9781119631545 | Hardcover | 411 pages Price: $225 USD  |
One Line Description
This third volume in a broad collection of current rotating machinery topics, written by industry experts, is a must-have for rotating equipment engineers, maintenance personnel, students, and anyone else wanting to stay abreast with current rotating machinery concepts and technology.
Audience
Rotating equipment professionals, maintenance personnel, project engineers, process engineers, mechanical engineering students, and anyone working around critical rotating equipment.
Rotating equipment professionals, maintenance personnel, project engineers, process engineers, mechanical engineering students, and anyone working around critical rotating equipment.
Description
Rotating machinery represents a broad category of equipment, which includes pumps, compressors, fans, gas turbines, electric motors, internal combustion engines, etc., that are critical to the efficient operation of process facilities around the world. These machines must be designed to move gases and liquids safely, reliably, and in an environmentally friendly manner. To fully understand rotating machinery, owners must be familiar with their associated technologies, such as machine design, lubrication, fluid dynamics, thermodynamics, rotordynamics, vibration analysis, condition monitoring, maintenance practices, reliability theory, and others.
The goal of the “Advances in Rotating Machinery” book series is to provide industry practicioners a time-saving means of learning about the most up-to-date rotating machinery ideas and best practices. This three-book series covers industry-relevant topics, such as design assessments, modeling, reliability improvements, maintenance methods and best practices, reliability audits, data collection, data analysis, condition monitoring, and more.
Readers will find a good mix of theory and sage experience throughout this book series. Whether for the veteran engineer, a new hire, technician, or other industry professional, this is a must-have for any library.
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Rotating machinery represents a broad category of equipment, which includes pumps, compressors, fans, gas turbines, electric motors, internal combustion engines, etc., that are critical to the efficient operation of process facilities around the world. These machines must be designed to move gases and liquids safely, reliably, and in an environmentally friendly manner. To fully understand rotating machinery, owners must be familiar with their associated technologies, such as machine design, lubrication, fluid dynamics, thermodynamics, rotordynamics, vibration analysis, condition monitoring, maintenance practices, reliability theory, and others.
The goal of the “Advances in Rotating Machinery” book series is to provide industry practicioners a time-saving means of learning about the most up-to-date rotating machinery ideas and best practices. This three-book series covers industry-relevant topics, such as design assessments, modeling, reliability improvements, maintenance methods and best practices, reliability audits, data collection, data analysis, condition monitoring, and more.
Readers will find a good mix of theory and sage experience throughout this book series. Whether for the veteran engineer, a new hire, technician, or other industry professional, this is a must-have for any library.
Back to Top
Author / Editor Details
Robert Perez is a mechanical engineer with more than 40 years of rotating equipment experience in the petrochemical industry. He has worked in petroleum refineries, chemical facilities, and gas processing plants. He earned a BSME degree from Texas A&M University at College Station, an MSME degree from the University of Texas at Austin and holds a Texas PE license. Mr. Perez has written numerous technical articles for magazines and conferences proceedings and has authored and coauthored 11 books covering machinery reliability, including several books also available from Wiley-Scrivener.
Robert Perez is a mechanical engineer with more than 40 years of rotating equipment experience in the petrochemical industry. He has worked in petroleum refineries, chemical facilities, and gas processing plants. He earned a BSME degree from Texas A&M University at College Station, an MSME degree from the University of Texas at Austin and holds a Texas PE license. Mr. Perez has written numerous technical articles for magazines and conferences proceedings and has authored and coauthored 11 books covering machinery reliability, including several books also available from Wiley-Scrivener.
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Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
Part 1: Condition Monitoring
1. An Introduction to Machinery Monitoring
By Robert X. Perez
2. Centrifugal Pump Monitoring, Troubleshooting and Diagnosis Using Vibration Technologies
By William D. Marscher
Introduction
Vibration Definitions
How Vibration vs. Time Relates to a Vibration vs. Frequency “Spectrum”
What are Reasons for Excess Vibration?
Relationship of Vibration to Centrifugal Pump Acceptability and Reliability
Vibration Standards, Informal and Formal: Intent and Basis
Vibration Measurement Form
Vibration Detection Sensors
Accelerometers
Proximity Probes
Motion Magnified Video (aka Vibration Video Amplification)
International Vibration Acceptance Standards
Pump Components Playing Key Roles in Vibration Diagnostics
Rotor Support by Bearings: Fluid Film Journal Bearings vs. Rolling Element Bearings
Rotor Support by Seals: Annular Seal “Lomakin Effect”
Couplings
Bearing Housings and Attachment Bolts
Pump Casing, Feet, and Foot Attachment Bolts
Pump Pedestals, Baseplate, and Foundation
Piping, Suction, and Discharge
Pump Drivers
Evaluating Causes of Excess Vibration: Excitation vs. Amplification
Process of Resonant Amplification due to Coincidence of Excitation and Natural Frequencies
Impact Test Method of Determining Natural Frequencies
Specific Forces in Centrifugal Pumps
Mechanical Excitation Forces
Balance
Misalignment
Mechanical Forces Due to Dry Running Pump, Dry Running Seal, Overtightened Seal
Hydraulic Forces and Blade Passing Frequency
Hydraulic Vibration Forces Below Running Speed, Including Subsynchronous Whirl
Detection of Effects of Cavitation
Torsional Excitations
Vibrations Particular to Various Centrifugal Pump Types
Vertical Turbine Pump Evaluation
Vertical Dry Pit Pump Vibration Issues
Submersible Pump Vibration Issues
End Suction Overhung Single Stage Pump Vibration Issues
Between Bearing Double Suction Single Stage Pump Vibration Issues
Horizontal Multistage Pump Vibration Issues
Steps in Pump Evaluation through Vibration Monitoring
Use of the Bode and Nyquist Plots to Confirm Natural Frequencies
Operating Deflection Shapes (ODS)
Conclusions
Nomenclature
References & Bibliography
Acknowledgements
3. Proximity Probes are a Good Choice for Monitoring Critical Machinery with Fluid Film Bearings
By Robert X. Perez
Proximity Probe Benefits
Theory of Operation
Runout Concerns
Grounding and Noise
Shaft Orbits
General Machinery Monitoring Recommendations
Final Thoughts
References
4. Optimizing Lubrication and Lubricant Analysis
By Jim Fitch and Bennett Fitch
Introduction
Optimum Reference State
Lubrication Excellence and the Ascend Chart
Bringing Awareness to Lubrication, Contamination, and Oil Analysis
What You Might Not Know About Lubrication
Machine Surface Interaction
The Lubricant Film
Film Strength
Unlubricated Surface Interactions
Friction and Wear Generation
Mitigating Surface Interactions
Physics and Chemistry
Contamination: The Antagonist to Lubrication
Contamination Control and Condition Monitoring is More Often about Training than Advanced Technology
Contamination Control
Don’t Leave It to Instinct
Creating a Balance Between Exclusion and Removal
Why Perform Oil Analysis
Fluid Properties Analysis
Contamination Analysis
Wear Debris Analysis
Achieving Oil Analysis Success by Looking Holistically
Obtaining a Representative Oil Sample
Select the Right Machines for Oil Analysis
Clean and Correct Sampling Containers and Extraction Tools
Correctly Located Sampling Ports
Proper Sampling Frequency
Proper and Consistent Sampling Procedures
Forward Samples Immediately to the Laboratory
Ensuring Reliable Testing
Certified Training of Laboratory Technicians
Optimized Selection of Tests
Onsite Oil Analysis
Determining the Optimum Course of Action
Effective Organization of Analysis with Proper Trending
Accurate Data Interpretation by the Laboratory
Enhanced Data Interpretation by the End-User
Take Corrective Action and Determine the Root Cause
Continuous Improvement and Key Performance Indicator (KPI)
Oil Analysis Tests
Viscosity
Acid Number and Base Number
FTIR
Elemental Analysis
Particle Counting
Moisture Analysis
Interpreting Oil Analysis Reports
Following the Data Trends
Looking Back at the Past
Inspection 2.0: Advances in Early Fault Detection Strategy
Low-Hanging Fruit
Inspection Frequency Trumps High Science
Beware of Short P-F and Sudden-Death Failures
Inspection Windows and Zones
Inspection 2.0 is a Nurturing Strategy
Final Tips to Help Error-Proof Your Lubrication Program
References
5. Troubleshooting Temperature Problems
By Robert X. Perez
Temperature Assessments
How do Infrared Thermometers Work?
Bearing Temperature Trending
Rolling Element and Sleeve Bearing Temperature Guidelines
Rule of Thumb for Rolling Element Bearings:
Bearing Temperature Guidelines for Instrumented Hydrodynamic Bearings
Recommended Guidelines for Babbitt Bearings
Bearing Temperature Sensor Placement
Sleeve Bearings
Tilting Pad Journal (TPJ) Bearings-Load on Pad
Tilting Pad Journal Bearings-Load between Pads
Thrust Bearings-Tilting Pad
General Temperature Probe Installation Guidelines
Compressor Discharge Temperature Assessments
Heat of Compression
Types of Compression Processes
Adiabatic Compression
Polytropic Compression
Polytropic Example 1
Polytropic Example 2
Why Compression Ratio Matters
What Role It Plays in Compressor Design and Selection
Compression Ratio versus Discharge Temperature
Design Temperature Margin
Design Tradeoffs
Reciprocating Compressor Temperature Monitoring
Valve Temperature Monitoring
Temperature Monitoring Example
Summary
References
6. Assessing Reciprocating Compressors and Engines
By Robert X. Perez
Overview of Reciprocating Compressors
General Monitoring Guidelines for Reciprocating Compressors
Impact Monitoring
Rod Drop Monitoring
Using Ultrasonics to Assess Reciprocating Machinery
Mystery Reciprocating Compressor Knock
Natural Gas Engines
How Accurate are Rotating Equipment and Reciprocating Equipment Analyst Findings?
References
7. Managing Critical Machinery Vibration Data
By Robert X. Perez
Beware of False Positives and False Negatives
Vibration Analysis Strategies
Part 2: Troubleshooting
8. Addressing Reciprocating Compressor PipingbVibration Problems: Design Ideas, Field Audit Tips,band Assessment Methods
By Robert X. Perez
Piping Restraints
Pipe Clamping Systems
Guidelines
Preloading Clamp Bolts
Piping Assessment Steps
Small-Bore Piping
Attaching Pipe Clamps to Structural Members
The Ideal Pipe Clamp Installation
Installation Examples
Collecting and Assessing Piping Vibration
Piping Analysis Steps
Piping Vibration Examples
Bolt Torque Tables
Chapter Glossary
9. Remember to Check the Rotational Speed When Encountering Process Machinery Flow Problems
By Robert X. Perez
10. Troubleshooters Need to be Well Versed in the Equipment They are Evaluating
By Robert X. Perez
What is the Difference Between Troubleshooting and Conducting a Failure Analysis?
Equipment Details
Performance Characteristics
Centrifugal Compressors
Reciprocating Compressors
Basic Fluid Film Bearing Troubleshooting Tips
Design Basis: Speed, Pressures, Flows
System Design Details
OEM Recommendations
History
Putting it All Together
11. Precise Coupling Properties are Required to Accurately Predict Torsional Natural Frequencies
By Robert X. Perez
Introduction
Case Study
Start-Up Issues
Field Vibration Study
Lesson Leaned
Final Thoughts
12. Is Vibration Beating on Machinery a Problem?
By Robert X. Perez and Andrew P. Conkey
What is Vibration Beating?
Zoom FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) Analysis
Electric Motor Zoom Analysis
Field Case Study: “Beating” Effect Caused by Two Closely Spaced Mechanical Frequencies Observed on Two-Shaft, Gas Turbine Drive
Background Information
Vibration Response Analysis
Investigation of System and Analysis
Frequency Analysis
Case Study Solution
Case Study Conclusions and Lessons Learned
Final Comments
References
Part 3: Reliability
13. Using Standby Machinery to Improve Process Reliability
By Robert X. Perez
Introduction
Basic Reliability Theory
Exercising Spared Machinery
Alternating Twin, Non-Critical, Process Pumps
Recommended Swapping Procedures for Critical Motors, Pumps, Blowers, Compressors, Generators, and Steam Turbines
Recommended Swapping Procedures for Reciprocating Process Plant Machinery
above 200 HP
Raptor Modeling Software
Modeling Examples
Example 1: Unspared Compressor
Example 2: Main and Spare Compressor Installation
Example 3: Two out of Three (2oo3) Compressor
Configuration
The Cost of Redundancy
Example 4: Cost of Unreliability
Economics
Justifying of a Spare Compressor
Closing Thoughts
References
14. Gas Turbine Drivers: What Users Need to Know
By Robert X. Perez
Overview
Theory of Operation
How Does a Gas Turbine Work?
Air Compressor
Combustors
Transition Pieces
Expansion Turbine
Turbine Section Challenges and Solutions
Two Shaft Gas Turbine Construction Details
Gas Producer
Lower Pressure Power Turbine (LP)
Typical Conditions Inside an Industrial Gas Turbine
Effect of Atmospheric Conditions
Gas Turbine Controls
Protection
Fuel and Fuel Treatment
Gas Fuels
Degradation and Water Washing
Advanced Materials for Land Based Gas Turbines
Blade Degradation
Condition Monitoring Approaches
Aerothermal Performance Analysis
Vibration Analysis
Transient Analysis
Mechanical Transient Analysis
Dynamic Pressure Analysis
Lube Oil Debris Analysis
Borescope Inspection
Condition Monitoring as a System
Gas Turbine Maintenance Inspections
Standby Inspections
Running Inspections
Combustion Inspections
Hot Gas Path Inspections
Major Inspections
Life Cycle Management
Non-Destructive Testing (NDT)
Spare Parts
Final Words of Advice
References
15. Reliability Improvement Ideas for Integrally Geared Plant Air Compressors
By Abdulrahman Alkhowaiter
Integrally Geared Plant Air Compression Packages
Reliability Concerns
Developing Enhancements for Air Compressor Reliability and Performance
Reliability Improvement Program to Achieve Reliability and Eliminate Frequent Failures
Reliability Improvements (based on 2008 Report) Made to Five (5) 850 HP Air Compressor Failures by Engineering and Maintenance
16. Failure Analysis & Design Evaluation of a 500 KW Regeneration Gas Blower
By Abdulrahman Alkhowaiter
Introduction
Detail Design Analysis
Conclusion
Needed Action by Repair Shop
Action Required by Refinery
17. Operating Centrifugal Pumps with Variable Frequency Drives in Static Head Applications
By Robert X. Perez
VFD Advantages
Static Head Systems
Recommended Startup Sequence
Final Thoughts
References
18. Estimating Reciprocating Compressor Gas Flows
By Robert X. Perez
Swept Volume
Clearance Volume
Volumetric Efficiency
Flow Calculation Example
Factors Affecting Compressor Flow
Final Words
19. Use Your Historical Records to Better Manage Time Dependent Machinery Failure Modes
By Robert X. Perez
Part 4: Professional Development
20. Soft Skills and Habits that All Machinery Professionals Need to Develop
By Robert X. Perez
Asking Probing Questions
Listening More Carefully
Observing
Continuously Learning
Praising
Teaching
Closing Remarks
21. Developing Rotating Machinery Competency
By Robert X. Perez
Part I: Preparing Students to Work with Rotating Machinery
Rotating Machinery Related Job Functions
Part II: Steps to Improving Rotating Machinery Competency: Study-Practice-Share
About the Editor
About the Contributors
Index
Back to Top
Preface
Acknowledgements
Part 1: Condition Monitoring
1. An Introduction to Machinery Monitoring
By Robert X. Perez
2. Centrifugal Pump Monitoring, Troubleshooting and Diagnosis Using Vibration Technologies
By William D. Marscher
Introduction
Vibration Definitions
How Vibration vs. Time Relates to a Vibration vs. Frequency “Spectrum”
What are Reasons for Excess Vibration?
Relationship of Vibration to Centrifugal Pump Acceptability and Reliability
Vibration Standards, Informal and Formal: Intent and Basis
Vibration Measurement Form
Vibration Detection Sensors
Accelerometers
Proximity Probes
Motion Magnified Video (aka Vibration Video Amplification)
International Vibration Acceptance Standards
Pump Components Playing Key Roles in Vibration Diagnostics
Rotor Support by Bearings: Fluid Film Journal Bearings vs. Rolling Element Bearings
Rotor Support by Seals: Annular Seal “Lomakin Effect”
Couplings
Bearing Housings and Attachment Bolts
Pump Casing, Feet, and Foot Attachment Bolts
Pump Pedestals, Baseplate, and Foundation
Piping, Suction, and Discharge
Pump Drivers
Evaluating Causes of Excess Vibration: Excitation vs. Amplification
Process of Resonant Amplification due to Coincidence of Excitation and Natural Frequencies
Impact Test Method of Determining Natural Frequencies
Specific Forces in Centrifugal Pumps
Mechanical Excitation Forces
Balance
Misalignment
Mechanical Forces Due to Dry Running Pump, Dry Running Seal, Overtightened Seal
Hydraulic Forces and Blade Passing Frequency
Hydraulic Vibration Forces Below Running Speed, Including Subsynchronous Whirl
Detection of Effects of Cavitation
Torsional Excitations
Vibrations Particular to Various Centrifugal Pump Types
Vertical Turbine Pump Evaluation
Vertical Dry Pit Pump Vibration Issues
Submersible Pump Vibration Issues
End Suction Overhung Single Stage Pump Vibration Issues
Between Bearing Double Suction Single Stage Pump Vibration Issues
Horizontal Multistage Pump Vibration Issues
Steps in Pump Evaluation through Vibration Monitoring
Use of the Bode and Nyquist Plots to Confirm Natural Frequencies
Operating Deflection Shapes (ODS)
Conclusions
Nomenclature
References & Bibliography
Acknowledgements
3. Proximity Probes are a Good Choice for Monitoring Critical Machinery with Fluid Film Bearings
By Robert X. Perez
Proximity Probe Benefits
Theory of Operation
Runout Concerns
Grounding and Noise
Shaft Orbits
General Machinery Monitoring Recommendations
Final Thoughts
References
4. Optimizing Lubrication and Lubricant Analysis
By Jim Fitch and Bennett Fitch
Introduction
Optimum Reference State
Lubrication Excellence and the Ascend Chart
Bringing Awareness to Lubrication, Contamination, and Oil Analysis
What You Might Not Know About Lubrication
Machine Surface Interaction
The Lubricant Film
Film Strength
Unlubricated Surface Interactions
Friction and Wear Generation
Mitigating Surface Interactions
Physics and Chemistry
Contamination: The Antagonist to Lubrication
Contamination Control and Condition Monitoring is More Often about Training than Advanced Technology
Contamination Control
Don’t Leave It to Instinct
Creating a Balance Between Exclusion and Removal
Why Perform Oil Analysis
Fluid Properties Analysis
Contamination Analysis
Wear Debris Analysis
Achieving Oil Analysis Success by Looking Holistically
Obtaining a Representative Oil Sample
Select the Right Machines for Oil Analysis
Clean and Correct Sampling Containers and Extraction Tools
Correctly Located Sampling Ports
Proper Sampling Frequency
Proper and Consistent Sampling Procedures
Forward Samples Immediately to the Laboratory
Ensuring Reliable Testing
Certified Training of Laboratory Technicians
Optimized Selection of Tests
Onsite Oil Analysis
Determining the Optimum Course of Action
Effective Organization of Analysis with Proper Trending
Accurate Data Interpretation by the Laboratory
Enhanced Data Interpretation by the End-User
Take Corrective Action and Determine the Root Cause
Continuous Improvement and Key Performance Indicator (KPI)
Oil Analysis Tests
Viscosity
Acid Number and Base Number
FTIR
Elemental Analysis
Particle Counting
Moisture Analysis
Interpreting Oil Analysis Reports
Following the Data Trends
Looking Back at the Past
Inspection 2.0: Advances in Early Fault Detection Strategy
Low-Hanging Fruit
Inspection Frequency Trumps High Science
Beware of Short P-F and Sudden-Death Failures
Inspection Windows and Zones
Inspection 2.0 is a Nurturing Strategy
Final Tips to Help Error-Proof Your Lubrication Program
References
5. Troubleshooting Temperature Problems
By Robert X. Perez
Temperature Assessments
How do Infrared Thermometers Work?
Bearing Temperature Trending
Rolling Element and Sleeve Bearing Temperature Guidelines
Rule of Thumb for Rolling Element Bearings:
Bearing Temperature Guidelines for Instrumented Hydrodynamic Bearings
Recommended Guidelines for Babbitt Bearings
Bearing Temperature Sensor Placement
Sleeve Bearings
Tilting Pad Journal (TPJ) Bearings-Load on Pad
Tilting Pad Journal Bearings-Load between Pads
Thrust Bearings-Tilting Pad
General Temperature Probe Installation Guidelines
Compressor Discharge Temperature Assessments
Heat of Compression
Types of Compression Processes
Adiabatic Compression
Polytropic Compression
Polytropic Example 1
Polytropic Example 2
Why Compression Ratio Matters
What Role It Plays in Compressor Design and Selection
Compression Ratio versus Discharge Temperature
Design Temperature Margin
Design Tradeoffs
Reciprocating Compressor Temperature Monitoring
Valve Temperature Monitoring
Temperature Monitoring Example
Summary
References
6. Assessing Reciprocating Compressors and Engines
By Robert X. Perez
Overview of Reciprocating Compressors
General Monitoring Guidelines for Reciprocating Compressors
Impact Monitoring
Rod Drop Monitoring
Using Ultrasonics to Assess Reciprocating Machinery
Mystery Reciprocating Compressor Knock
Natural Gas Engines
How Accurate are Rotating Equipment and Reciprocating Equipment Analyst Findings?
References
7. Managing Critical Machinery Vibration Data
By Robert X. Perez
Beware of False Positives and False Negatives
Vibration Analysis Strategies
Part 2: Troubleshooting
8. Addressing Reciprocating Compressor PipingbVibration Problems: Design Ideas, Field Audit Tips,band Assessment Methods
By Robert X. Perez
Piping Restraints
Pipe Clamping Systems
Guidelines
Preloading Clamp Bolts
Piping Assessment Steps
Small-Bore Piping
Attaching Pipe Clamps to Structural Members
The Ideal Pipe Clamp Installation
Installation Examples
Collecting and Assessing Piping Vibration
Piping Analysis Steps
Piping Vibration Examples
Bolt Torque Tables
Chapter Glossary
9. Remember to Check the Rotational Speed When Encountering Process Machinery Flow Problems
By Robert X. Perez
10. Troubleshooters Need to be Well Versed in the Equipment They are Evaluating
By Robert X. Perez
What is the Difference Between Troubleshooting and Conducting a Failure Analysis?
Equipment Details
Performance Characteristics
Centrifugal Compressors
Reciprocating Compressors
Basic Fluid Film Bearing Troubleshooting Tips
Design Basis: Speed, Pressures, Flows
System Design Details
OEM Recommendations
History
Putting it All Together
11. Precise Coupling Properties are Required to Accurately Predict Torsional Natural Frequencies
By Robert X. Perez
Introduction
Case Study
Start-Up Issues
Field Vibration Study
Lesson Leaned
Final Thoughts
12. Is Vibration Beating on Machinery a Problem?
By Robert X. Perez and Andrew P. Conkey
What is Vibration Beating?
Zoom FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) Analysis
Electric Motor Zoom Analysis
Field Case Study: “Beating” Effect Caused by Two Closely Spaced Mechanical Frequencies Observed on Two-Shaft, Gas Turbine Drive
Background Information
Vibration Response Analysis
Investigation of System and Analysis
Frequency Analysis
Case Study Solution
Case Study Conclusions and Lessons Learned
Final Comments
References
Part 3: Reliability
13. Using Standby Machinery to Improve Process Reliability
By Robert X. Perez
Introduction
Basic Reliability Theory
Exercising Spared Machinery
Alternating Twin, Non-Critical, Process Pumps
Recommended Swapping Procedures for Critical Motors, Pumps, Blowers, Compressors, Generators, and Steam Turbines
Recommended Swapping Procedures for Reciprocating Process Plant Machinery
above 200 HP
Raptor Modeling Software
Modeling Examples
Example 1: Unspared Compressor
Example 2: Main and Spare Compressor Installation
Example 3: Two out of Three (2oo3) Compressor
Configuration
The Cost of Redundancy
Example 4: Cost of Unreliability
Economics
Justifying of a Spare Compressor
Closing Thoughts
References
14. Gas Turbine Drivers: What Users Need to Know
By Robert X. Perez
Overview
Theory of Operation
How Does a Gas Turbine Work?
Air Compressor
Combustors
Transition Pieces
Expansion Turbine
Turbine Section Challenges and Solutions
Two Shaft Gas Turbine Construction Details
Gas Producer
Lower Pressure Power Turbine (LP)
Typical Conditions Inside an Industrial Gas Turbine
Effect of Atmospheric Conditions
Gas Turbine Controls
Protection
Fuel and Fuel Treatment
Gas Fuels
Degradation and Water Washing
Advanced Materials for Land Based Gas Turbines
Blade Degradation
Condition Monitoring Approaches
Aerothermal Performance Analysis
Vibration Analysis
Transient Analysis
Mechanical Transient Analysis
Dynamic Pressure Analysis
Lube Oil Debris Analysis
Borescope Inspection
Condition Monitoring as a System
Gas Turbine Maintenance Inspections
Standby Inspections
Running Inspections
Combustion Inspections
Hot Gas Path Inspections
Major Inspections
Life Cycle Management
Non-Destructive Testing (NDT)
Spare Parts
Final Words of Advice
References
15. Reliability Improvement Ideas for Integrally Geared Plant Air Compressors
By Abdulrahman Alkhowaiter
Integrally Geared Plant Air Compression Packages
Reliability Concerns
Developing Enhancements for Air Compressor Reliability and Performance
Reliability Improvement Program to Achieve Reliability and Eliminate Frequent Failures
Reliability Improvements (based on 2008 Report) Made to Five (5) 850 HP Air Compressor Failures by Engineering and Maintenance
16. Failure Analysis & Design Evaluation of a 500 KW Regeneration Gas Blower
By Abdulrahman Alkhowaiter
Introduction
Detail Design Analysis
Conclusion
Needed Action by Repair Shop
Action Required by Refinery
17. Operating Centrifugal Pumps with Variable Frequency Drives in Static Head Applications
By Robert X. Perez
VFD Advantages
Static Head Systems
Recommended Startup Sequence
Final Thoughts
References
18. Estimating Reciprocating Compressor Gas Flows
By Robert X. Perez
Swept Volume
Clearance Volume
Volumetric Efficiency
Flow Calculation Example
Factors Affecting Compressor Flow
Final Words
19. Use Your Historical Records to Better Manage Time Dependent Machinery Failure Modes
By Robert X. Perez
Part 4: Professional Development
20. Soft Skills and Habits that All Machinery Professionals Need to Develop
By Robert X. Perez
Asking Probing Questions
Listening More Carefully
Observing
Continuously Learning
Praising
Teaching
Closing Remarks
21. Developing Rotating Machinery Competency
By Robert X. Perez
Part I: Preparing Students to Work with Rotating Machinery
Rotating Machinery Related Job Functions
Part II: Steps to Improving Rotating Machinery Competency: Study-Practice-Share
About the Editor
About the Contributors
Index
Back to Top