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Submit a ProposalTechnology Innovation for the Circular Economy
 | Recycling, Remanufacturing, Design, Systems Analysis and Logistics Edited by Nabil Nasr Copyright: 2024 | Status: Published ISBN: 9781394214266 | Hardcover | 813 pages Price: $275 USD  |
One Line Description
The book comprises 56 peer-reviewed chapters comprehensively covering in-depth areas of circular economy design, planning, business models, and enabling technologies.
Audience
This book has a wide audience in academic institutes, business professionals and engineers in a variety of manufacturing industries. It will also appeal to economists and policymakers working on the circular economy, clean tech investors, industrial decision-makers, and environmental professionals.
This book has a wide audience in academic institutes, business professionals and engineers in a variety of manufacturing industries. It will also appeal to economists and policymakers working on the circular economy, clean tech investors, industrial decision-makers, and environmental professionals.
Description
Some of the greatest opportunities for innovation in the circular economy are in
remanufacturing, refurbishment, reuse, and recycling. Critical to its growth, however, are developments in product design approaches and the manufacturing business model that are often met with challenges in the current, largely linear economies of today’s global manufacturing chains.
The conference hosted by the REMADE Institute in Rochester, NY, brought together U.S. and international researchers, industry engineers, technologists, and policymakers, to discuss the myriad intertwining issues relating to the circular economy.
This book consists of 56 chapters in 10 distinct parts covering broad areas of research and applications in the circular economy area. The first four parts explore the system level work related to circular economy approaches, models and advancements including the use of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning to guide implementation, as well as design for circularity approaches. Mechanical and chemical recycling technologies follow, highlighting some of the most advanced research in those areas. Next, innovation in remanufacturing is addressed with descriptions of some of the most advanced work in this field. This is followed by tire remanufacturing and recycling, highlighting innovative technologies in addressing the volume of end-of-use tires. Pathways to net-zero emissions in manufacturing of materials concludes the book, with a focus on industrial decarbonization.
Back to Top
Some of the greatest opportunities for innovation in the circular economy are in
remanufacturing, refurbishment, reuse, and recycling. Critical to its growth, however, are developments in product design approaches and the manufacturing business model that are often met with challenges in the current, largely linear economies of today’s global manufacturing chains.
The conference hosted by the REMADE Institute in Rochester, NY, brought together U.S. and international researchers, industry engineers, technologists, and policymakers, to discuss the myriad intertwining issues relating to the circular economy.
This book consists of 56 chapters in 10 distinct parts covering broad areas of research and applications in the circular economy area. The first four parts explore the system level work related to circular economy approaches, models and advancements including the use of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning to guide implementation, as well as design for circularity approaches. Mechanical and chemical recycling technologies follow, highlighting some of the most advanced research in those areas. Next, innovation in remanufacturing is addressed with descriptions of some of the most advanced work in this field. This is followed by tire remanufacturing and recycling, highlighting innovative technologies in addressing the volume of end-of-use tires. Pathways to net-zero emissions in manufacturing of materials concludes the book, with a focus on industrial decarbonization.
Back to Top
Author / Editor Details
Nabil Nasr is the CEO of the REMADE Institute, Associate Provost for Academic Affairs and Director of the Golisano Institute of Sustainability at the Rochester Institute of Technology, New York, USA. Dr. Nasr launched RIT’s Center for Remanufacturing and Resource Recovery (C3R®). His research focuses on sustainable manufacturing, circular economy, remanufacturing, life-cycle engineering, clean production, and sustainable product development.
He is a member of the International Resource Panel of the U.N. Environment Programme (UNEP), and serves on the board of trustees for the Ellen MacArthur Foundation. He has served as a US expert and expert delegate in international forums such as the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation, United Nations, World Trade Organization, and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).
Nabil Nasr is the CEO of the REMADE Institute, Associate Provost for Academic Affairs and Director of the Golisano Institute of Sustainability at the Rochester Institute of Technology, New York, USA. Dr. Nasr launched RIT’s Center for Remanufacturing and Resource Recovery (C3R®). His research focuses on sustainable manufacturing, circular economy, remanufacturing, life-cycle engineering, clean production, and sustainable product development.
He is a member of the International Resource Panel of the U.N. Environment Programme (UNEP), and serves on the board of trustees for the Ellen MacArthur Foundation. He has served as a US expert and expert delegate in international forums such as the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation, United Nations, World Trade Organization, and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).
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Table of Contents
Preface
Part 1: Circular Economy
1. Standards as Enablers for a Circular Economy
K.C. Morris, Vincenzo Ferrero, Buddhika Hapuwatte, Noah Last and Nehika Mathur
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Standards and Measures for the Transition
1.2.1 ISO TC 323 and its Working Groups
1.2.2 ASTM Committee E60
1.2.3 Metrics as Incentivization
1.3 Conclusions & Recommendations Acknowledgements
References
2. Circularity Index: Performance Assessment of a Low-Carbon and Circular Economy
Luis Gabriel Carmona, Kai Whiting and Jonathan Cullen
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Circularity Index Approach
2.2.1 A More Comprehensive CI Approach
2.2.1.1 Alpha Indicator: Circularity Quantity
2.2.1.2 Beta Equation: Circularity Quality
2.2.1.3 Alignment with CE Principles
2.3 Case Study: UK Car-Based Passenger Mobility
2.4 Conclusions & Recommendations
Acknowledgements
References
3. Biodegradable Polymers For Circular Economy Transitions—Challenges
and Opportunities
Koushik Ghosh and Brad H. Jones
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Clarification of Confusing Terminologies
3.3 Structures, and Application-Space of Biodegradable Polymers
3.4 Knowledge Gaps and Research Needs
3.4.1 Structure and Properties
3.4.2 Testing of Biodegradation
3.4.3 Application Development
3.4.4 Waste Management
3.5 Biodegradable Plastics and Circular Economy Transitions
3.6 Conclusions and Recommendations
Acknowledgements
References
4. Evaluating Nationwide Supply Chain for Circularity of PET and Olefin Plastics
Tasmin Hossain, Damon S. Hartley, Utkarsh S. Chaudhari, David R. Shonnard, Anne T. Johnson and Yingqian Lin
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Methods
4.2.1 Model Input
4.2.2 Model Formulation
4.3 Results and Discussion
4.4 Conclusions and Recommendations
Acknowledgements
References
5. NextCycle: Building Robust Circular Economies Through Partnership and Innovation
Juri Freeman
5.1 Introduction
5.2 The NextCycle Concept
5.2.1 How It Started
5.2.2 The NextCycle Model
5.2.3 Project Outcomes
5.3 Conclusions & Recommendations
Acknowledgements
6. My So-Called Trash: Evaluating the Recovery Potential of Textiles in New York City Residential Refuse
Sarah Coulter, Constanza Gomez, Agustina Mir and Janel Twogood
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Background
6.1.2 Project Goal
6.2 Textile Sub-Sort of DSNY Waste Characterization Study, Fall 2022 Season 6.2.1 Methodology
6.2.2 Sorting Procedure
6.2.3 Safety
6.2.4 Results
6.2.5 Fractions
6.2.6 Item Level Data
6.3 Conclusions & Recommendations
Acknowledgements
References
7. When is it Profitable to Make a Product Sustainable? Insights from a Decision-Support Tool
Karan Bhuwalka, Jessica Sonner, Lisa Lin, Mirjam Ambrosius and A. E. Hosoi
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Literature Review
7.2 Main Content of the Chapter
7.2.1 Methods
7.2.1.1 Production Costs
7.2.1.2 Demand Function
7.2.1.3 Price Optimization
7.2.2 Results
7.2.2 Impact of Product Characteristics and Market Structure
7.2.2.2Full Substitution Case i.e. when f=1
7.2.3 Case Study on Sneakers: Full Substitution of Virgin Polyester Upper to Recycled Polyester
7.3 Conclusions & Recommendations
References
8. Clean Energy Technologies, Critical Materials, and the Potential for Remanufacture
T.E. Graedel
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Modern Examples of Materials Complexity, and Their Implications
8.3 REMADE in the Advanced Technology World
References
Part 2: Enabling a Circular Economy Through AI & Machine Learning
9. Towards Eliminating Recycling Confusion: Mixed Plastics and Electronics Case Study
Amin Sarafraz, Nicholas Alvarez, Jonas Toussaint, Felipe Rangel, Lamar Giggetts and Shawn Wilborne
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Related Work
9.3 Object Recognition API
9.3.1 Back-End Verification
9.3.2 Software Architecture
9.4 UM-LV Recycling Dataset
9.5 Object Recognition Models
9.6 Results
9.6.1 Potential Impacts
9.7 Conclusion and Future Work
Acknowledgements
References
10. Identification and Separation of E-Waste Components Using Modified
Image Recognition Model Based on Advanced Deep Learning Tools
Rahulkumar Sunil Singh, Subbu Venkata Satyasri Harsha Pathapati, Michael L. Free and Prashant K Sarswat
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Materials & Methods
10.3 Results & Discussion
10.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
11. Enhanced Processing of Aluminum Scrap at End-of-Life via Artificial
Intelligence & Smart Sensing
Sean McCoy Langan, Emily Molstad, Ben Longo, Caleb Ralphs, Robert De Saro, Diran Apelian and Sean Kelly
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Results and Discussion
11.2.1 Twitch Characterization
11.2.1.1 Compositional Evaluation
11.2.1.2 Contamination Evaluation
11.2.2 Next Generation Technology: VALI-Melt
11.2.3 Quality Control
11.2.3.1 Solid Scrap Quality Control
11.3.2.2 Molten Metal Quality Control
11.2.4 Optimal Decision Making
11.3 Conclusions & Recommendations
Acknowledgements
References
12. Deep Learning for Defect Detection in Inspection
Mohammad Mohammadzadeh, Pallavi Dubey, Elif Elcin Gunay, John K. Jackman, Gül E. Okudan Kremer and Paul A. Kremer
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Literature Review
12.3 Methodology
12.3.1 Dataset Preparation
12.3.2 Faster R-CNN
12.3.3 MobileNet-SSD with FPN
12.3.4 YOLO v5s
12.3.5 Data Pre-Processing and Experimental Settings
12.3.6 Performance Metric
12.4 Results
12.5 Conclusion and Future Work
Acknowledgements
References
Part 3: Design for Circularity
13. Calculator for Sustainable Tradeoff Optimization in Multi-Generational Product Family Development Considering Re-X Performances
Michael Saidani, Xinyang Liu, Dylan Huey, Harrison Kim, Pingfeng Wang, Atefeh Anisi, Gul Kremer, Andrew Greenlee and Troy Shannon
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 Context and Motivations
13.1.2 Research Objectives and Industrial Relevance
13.2 Design for Reliability Process Review and Re-X Interdependence Identification
13.3 Integrated Tool for Quantifying Reliability and Re-X Performances During Product Design
13.3.1 Working Principles of the Reliability, Re-X, LCA and LCC Modules
13.3.2 Application
13.4 Conclusion and Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
14. A Practical Methodology for Developing and Prioritizing Remanufacturing Design Rules
Brian Hilton
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Design Principles
14.2.1 Design Guideline and Heuristic Collection
14.2.2 Sorting Design Guidelines and Heuristics
14.2.3 Developing Design Principles
14.3 DfReman Framework
14.3.1 Reliability-Centered Maintenance (RCM)
14.3.2 Aligning DfReman Principles with a Customized RCM Framework
14.3.3 DfReman Principles and Top-Level Guidelines
14.4 Conclusions and Recommendations
Acknowledgements
References
15. Recyclability Feedback for Part Assemblies in Computer-Aided Design Software
Bert Bras and Richard Lootens
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Current State of Design for Recycling (DFR) Integration
15.2.1 CAD Vendor Developments
15.2.2 Industry Organizations/Third Party Developments
15.3 Our Approach for a DFR Evaluator CAD Plug-In
15.4 DFR Evaluator Plug-In Demonstration
15.4.1 APR Design Guide Feedback
15.4.2 Compatibility Matrix Feedback
15.4.3 Embodied Energy/Carbon Dioxide Equivalent
15.5 Conclusions & Recommendations
Acknowledgements
References
Part 4: Systems Analysis
16. Preliminary Work Towards A Cross Lifecycle Design Tool for Increased High-Quality Metal Recycling
Daniel R. Cooper, Aya Hamid, Seyed M. Heidari, Alissa Tsai and Yongxian Zhu
16.1 Introduction
16.2 A Quantitative Recycling Pertinent Model of Vehicle Design
16.3 Modeling Existing and Emerging Recycling Systems and Processes
16.4 Optimizing the Cross Lifecycle Supply Chain for Maximized Recycling
16.5 Preliminary Results from the DMFAs and Potential Environmental Benefits 16.6 Conclusions & Recommendations
Acknowledgements
References
17. Assessing the Status Quo of U.S. Steel Circularity and Decarbonization Options
Barbara K. Reck, Yongxian Zhu, Shahana Althaf and Daniel R. Cooper
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Methodology
17.3 Results and Discussion
17.3.1 The 2017 U.S. Steel Cycle and Global Context
17.3.2 Decarbonization Pathways for Steel
17.3.3 Increasing the Efficiency in Steel Production and Shifting from BOF to DRI Technology
17.3.4 Material Efficiency and Demand Reduction
17.4 Conclusions & Recommendations
Acknowledgements
References
18. Fiber and Fabric-Integrated Tracing Technologies for Textile Sorting and Recycling: A Review
Brian Iezzi, Max Shtein, Tairan Wang and Mordechai Rothschild
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Stakeholder Challenges in Textile Tracing and Sorting
18.2.1 Fiber and Yarn
18.2.2 Fabric and Garment
18.2.3 Brands/Retailers/Consumers
18.2.4 Sorting/Recycling
18.3 Textile Markers for Tracing and Sorting
18.3.1 Incumbent: Fiber Content and Care Label
18.3.2 Quick Response (QR) Codes
18.3.3 Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and Near Field Communication (NPB) Tags and Yarns
18.3.4 DNA Tracers and Direct Fiber DNA Testing
18.3.5 Fluorescent Inorganic/Organic Nanoparticles
18.3.6 Polymeric Photonic Fiber Barcodes
18.4 Tracing Technology and Stakeholder Techno-Economic Assessment
18.5 Conclusions and Recommendations
18.6 Cost Estimates from Techno-Economic Assessment
18.6.1 Rare Earth Nanoparticle Cost Estimate
18.6.2 DNA Tagging Cost Estimate
18.6.3 QR/RFID Tagging Cost Estimate
18.6.4 Photonic Barcode Tagging Cost Estimate
Acknowledgements
References
19. A Systems Approach to Addressing Industrial Products Circularity Challenges
Manish Gupta and Umeshwar Dayal
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Industrial Products Circularity
19.3 Barriers to Industrial Products Circularity
19.3.1 Production Customers
19.3.2 RE* Providers/Remanufacturers
19.3.3 Core Brokers and Dealers
19.4 A System for Addressing the Industrial Products Circularity Barriers
19.4.1 Trusted Platform for Shared Truth Between Stakeholders
19.4.2 Big-Data Capability
19.4.3 Product Lifecycle and Track and Trace
19.4.4 AI/Analytics Enabled Process Optimization and Stakeholder Decision-Support
19.4.5 Product Customers
19.4.6 RE* Providers/Remanufacturers
19.4.7 Core Brokers and Dealers
19.4.8 Circularity KPIs
19.5 Conclusions
References
20. Environmental and Economic Analyses of Chemical Recycling via Dissolution of Waste Polyethylene Terephthalate
Utkarsh S. Chaudhari, Daniel G. Kulas, Alejandra Peralta, Robert M. Handler, Anne T. Johnson, Barbara K. Reck, Vicki S. Thompson, Damon S. Hartley, Tasmin Hossain, David W. Watkins and David R. Shonnard
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Methods
20.2.1 Process Simulation
20.3 Technoeconomic Analysis (TEA)
20.4 Life Cycle Analysis (LCA)
20.5 Results and Discussion
20.5.1 Process Simulation
20.5.2 Technoeconomic Analysis Results for Dissolution
20.5.3 GHG Emissions and Energy Impacts of Dissolution Process
20.6 Conclusions and Recommendations
Acknowledgements
References
21. Techno-Economic Analysis of a Material Recovery Facility Employing Robotic Sorting Technology
S.M. Mizanur Rahman and Barbara K. Reck
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Methodology
21.2.1 System Boundary
21.2.2 Data Collection and Assumptions for the Techno-Economic Analysis (TEA)
21.3 Results and Discussion
21.4 Conclusions & Recommendations
Acknowledgements
References
22. Key Strategies in Industry for Circular Economy: Analysis of Remanufacturing and Beneficial Reuse
Subodh Chaudhari, Sachin Nimbalkar, Bruce Lung, Marco Gonzalez, Bert Hill and Bryant Esch
22.1 Introduction
22.1.1 Background on Circular Economy
22.1.2 Barriers to CE Adoption
22.1.3 Enablers of CE Adoption
22.2 Pathways to CE in Manufacturing Operations
'22.2.1 Source Reduction
22.2.2 Extended Life Cycle
22.2.3 Maximum Value Extraction
22.3 Remanufacturing
22.3.1 Remanufacturing in Different Manufacturing Sectors
22.3.2 Enablers and Barriers to Remanufacturing
22.3.3 Case Study – I: Volvo Group – Remanufacturing
22.3.3.1 Background and Description
22.3.3.2 Benefits
22.4 Beneficial Reuse
22.4.1 Beneficial Reuse in Different Manufacturing Sectors
22.4.2 Enablers and Barriers
22.4.3 Case Study – II : Waupaca Foundry Beneficial Reuse
22.4.3.1 Background and Description
22.4.3.2 Benefits
22.5 Discussion
22.6 Conclusions & Recommendations
Acknowledgements
References
23. Spatio-Temporal Life Cycle Assessment of NMC111 Hydrometallurgical
Recycling in the US
Francis Hanna, Luyao Yuan, Calvin Somers and Annick Anctil
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Methods
23.2.1 Goal & Scope of the Study
23.2.2 System Boundary and Functional Unit
23.2.3 Li-Ion Batteries Recycling
23.2.3.1 Conventional Hydrometallurgy – Individual Salt Synthesis
23.2.3.2 Novel (Truncated) Hydrometallurgy – No Intermediate Sulfates Extraction 23.2.4 Electricity Grid Modeling
23.2.5 Life Cycle Inventory and Evaluation Methodology
23.2.6 Life Cycle Impact Assessment
23.3 Results & Discussion
23.3.1 Grid Modelling
23.3.2 Recycling Processes - Analysis Results and Comparison
23.3.3 Spatio-Temporal Analysis
23.4 Conclusions & Recommendations
Acknowledgments
References
Part 5: Mechanical Recycling
24. Diverting Mixed Polyolefins from Municipal Solid Waste to Feedstocks for Automotive and Construction Applications
Tanyaradzwa S. Muzata, Alexandra Alford, Laurent Matuana, Ramani Narayan, Lawrence Drzal, Kari Bliss and Muhammad Rabnawaz
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Experimental Section
24.2.1 Materials
24.2.2 Processing of the Samples
24.2.3 Waste Plastic Separation and Milling
24.2.4 Characterization
24.2.5 Statistical Analysis
24.3 Results and Discussion
24.3.1 MFI Values of L-PO/RM
24.3.2 Development of a Model Equation
24.3.4 Purity Analysis
24.3.5 MFI of m-PO
24.4 Conclusion
References
25. Ultrahigh-Speed Extrusion of Recycled Film-Grade LDPE and Injection Molding Characterization
Peng Gao, Joshua Krantz, Olivia Ferki, Zarek Nieduzak, Sarah Perry, Davide Masato and Margaret J. Sobkowicz
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Materials and Methods
25.2.1 Film-Grade Recycled LDPE Characterization
25.2.2 Ultrahigh-Speed Extrusion
25.2.3 Injection Molding
25.2.4 Approach and Characterization
25.2.5 Characterization Techniques
25.3 Results and Discussion
25.3.1 Material Modification
25.3.2 Injection Molding and Characterization
25.3.2.1 Effects of Processing Techniques on Tensile Properties
25.3.3 Energy Consumption Analysis
25.4 Conclusions & Recommendations
25.5 Acknowledgments
References
26. Composites from Post-Consumer Polypropylene Carpet and HDPE Retail Bags
Anuj Maheshwari, Mohamadreza Youssefi Azarfam, Siddhesh Chaudhari, Clinton Switzer, Jay C. Hanan, Sudheer Bandla, Ranji Vaidyanathan and Frank D. Blum
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Experimental
26.2.1 Materials
26.2.2 Thermal Analysis
26.2.3 Compression Molding
26.2.4 Design of Experiments
26.2.5 Characterization Techniques
26.3 Results and Discussion
26.3.1 Components of HDPE Retail Bags and PP Carpet
26.3.2 Mechanical Properties
26.3.2.1 Flexural Testing
26.3.3 Creep Behavior
26.3.4 Morphology in Composites
26.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
27. Upcycling of Aerospace Aluminum Scrap
Mohamed Aboukhatwa and David Weiss
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Solidification Simulations and Alloy Chemistry Optimization
27.3 Casting Trials
27.4 Constrained Rod Casting (CRC)
27.5 Mechanical Property Testing and Microstructural Characterization
27.6 Technology Demonstration
27.7 Conclusions & Recommendations
Acknowledgement
References
28. Stabilization of Waste Plastics with Lightly Pyrolyzed Crumb Rubber in Asphalt
Yuetan Ma, Hongyu Zhou, Pawel Polaczyk and Baoshan Huang
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Main Content of Chapter
28.2.1 Raw Materials
28.2.2 Production of LPCR
28.2.3 Production of Polymer-Modified Asphalt
28.2.4 Experimental Methodology
28.2.4.1 Characterization of LPCR Solubility
28.2.4.2 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) Test
28.2.4.3 Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) Test
28.2.4.4 Cigar Tube Test
28.2.4.5 Optical Microscopy Test
28.2.5 Results and Analysis
28.2.5.1 LPCR Solubility Results
28.2.5.2 Pyrolyzed Mechanisms for GTR
28.2.5.3 Rheological Properties of Polymer Modified Asphalt
28.2.5.4 Storage Stability of Polymer Modified Asphalt
28.2.5.5 Polymer Micromorphology of Modified Asphalt
Acknowledgments
References
29. Analysis and Design for Sustainable Circularity of Barrier Films Used in Sheet Molding Composites Production
Farshid Nazemi, Bhavik Bakshi, Jose Castro, Rachmat Mulyana, Rebecca Hanes, Saikrishna Mukkamala, Kevin Dooley, George Basile, George Stephanopoulos, Andrea Nahas, Aleen Kujur and Todd Hyche
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Main Content of Chapter
29.2.1 SMC Barrier Film Supply Chain
29.2.1.1 Life Cycle Assessment
29.2.1.2 Techno-Economic Analysis
29.2.2 Alternative Pathways for EoL Management of SMC Films
29.2.2.1 Experimental Results
29.2.2.2 Value Chain and Customer Preference
29.2.2.3 Life Cycle Assessment
29.2.3 Developing a Tool for Analyzing and Designing a Sustainable Circular Economy
29.3 Conclusions & Recommendations
29.4 Acknowledgements
References
30. An Update on PVC Plastic Circularity and Emerging Advanced Recovery Technologies for End-of-Life PVC Materials
Domenic DeCaria
30.1 Introduction – Understanding PVC Materials
30.2 Mechanical PVC Recycling is Robust for Pre-Consumer Materials
30.3 New Focus on Post-Consumer Recycling of PVC Materials
30.4 Need for Advanced Recycling Technology for Post-Consumer PVC Materials 30.5 Potential Advanced Recycling Technology for PVC-Rich Resource Streams 30.5.1 Coupling and Compatibilizer Agents
30.5.2 Catalytic Decomposition
30.5.3 Microwave-Assisted Selective Decomposition
30.5.4 Selective Solvent Dissolution Techniques
30.6 Potential Advanced Recycling Technology for PVC-Lean Resource Streams 30.7 Circularity is Achievable
30.8 Conclusions and Recommendations
Acknowledgements
References
31. Dynamic Crosslinking for EVA Recycling
Kimberly Miller McLoughlin, Alireza Bandegi, Jayme Kennedy, Amin Jamei Oskouei, Sarah Mitchell, Michelle K. Sing, Thomas Gray and Ica Manas-Zloczower
31.1 Introduction
31.2 Vitrimer Technology
31.3 Objective
31.3.1 Experimental Materials
31.3.2 Methods
31.4 Results
31.4.1 Crosslinking of EVA
31.4.2 Vitrimerization of Crosslinked EVA
31.4.3 Vitrimerization of EVA Foam
31.5 Conclusions & Recommendations
Acknowledgements
References
Part 6: Chemical Recycling
32. Performing Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) Glycolysis in a Torque Rheometer Using Decreasing Temperatures
Jonathan Hatt, Karl Englund and Hui Li
32.1 Introduction
32.2 Experimental
32.3 Results and Discussion
32.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
33. Sustainable Petrochemical Alternatives From Plastic Upcycling
Ryan A. Hackler and Robert M. Kennedy
33.1 Introduction
33.2 Details of Catalytic Hydrogenolysis
33.3 Applications for Plastic-Derived Products
33.4 Environmental and Emissions Ramifications from Catalytic Hydrogenolysis 33.5 Conclusions & Recommendations
Acknowledgements
References
34. PE Upcycling Using Ozone and Acid Treatments
Michael S. Behrendt, Brandon D. Howard, Scott Calabrese-Barton, John R. Dorgan, Samantha Au Gee and Amit Gokale
34.1 Introduction
34.2 Materials and Methods
34.2.1 Materials
34.2.2 Methods
34.3 Main Content of Chapter
34.3.1 Ozone Chemistry
34.3.1.1 Chemistry of Oxidation Pathways
34.4 Results and Discussion
34.4.1 Ozonolysis of LDPE
34.4.2 Acid Activation of HDPE
34.5 Conclusions
References
35. Enzyme-Based Biotechnologies for Removing Stickies and Regaining Fiber Quality in Paper Recycling
Yun Wang, Cornellius Marcello, Neha Sawant, Swati Sood, Qaseem Haider, Abdus Salam and Kecheng Li
35.1 Introduction
35.2 Materials and Methods
35.2.1 Materials
35.2.2 Enzyme Treatments
35.2.3 Characterization of Contaminants
35.2.4 Mechanical Properties of Remanufactured Papersheets
35.3 Results and Discussion
35.3.1 Characteristics of Sticky Contaminants
35.3.2 Enzyme-Assisted Treatment for Contamination Removal and Strength Improvement
35.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
36. Removal of Iron and Manganese Impurities from Secondary Aluminum Melts Using Microstructural Engineering Techniques
M.K. Sinha, B. Mishra, J. Hiscocks, B. Davi, S.K. Das, T. Grosko and J. Pickens
36.1 Introduction
36.2 Results and Discussion
36.2.1 Low Si Aluminum Alloy Analysis by Thermodynamic Modeling
36.2.1.1 Effect of Mn on Fe Removal
36.2.1.2 Effect of Cr on Fe/Mn Removal
36.2.2 Effect of Si as an Alloying Element
36.2.3 Thermodynamic Analysis of the Effect of Mn on the Removal of Fe from High Si Alloy
36.2.3.1 Effect of Cr on Fe/Mn Removal from High Si Alloy
36.3 Experimental Validation 471 36.3.1 Removal of Fe/Mn from Low Si Alloys 36.3.2 Removal of Fe/Mn from High Si Alloys
36.4 Conclusions & Recommendations
References
37. A Novel Solvent-Based Recycling Technology: From Theory to Pilot Plant
Ezra Bar-Ziv, Shreyas Kolapkar, George W. Huber and Reid C. Van Lehn
37.1 Introduction
37.2 Main Content of Chapter
37.2.1 Molecular Simulations and Experimental Verification
37.2.2 Lab-Scale STRAP Results for Multi-Layer Flexible Films
37.2.3 Polymer Characterization
37.2.4 Scaling-Up
37.2.5 Plastic Waste Dosing
37.2.6 Dissolution Tank
37.2.7 Hot Filter
37.2.8 Precipitator
37.2.9 Solvent Recovery and Solvent Purification
37.2.10 Techno-Economic and Lifecycle Analysis
37.3 Conclusions and Recommendations
Acknowledgements
References
38. Valorization of Plastic Waste via Advanced Separation and Processing
Paschalis Alexandridis, Karthik Dantu, Christian Ferger, Ali Ghasemi, Gabrielle Kerr, Vaishali Maheshkar, Javid Rzayev, Nicholas Stavinski, Thomas Thundat, Marina Tsianou, Luis Velarde and Yaoli Zhao
38.1 Introduction
38.2 Multi-Modal Sensor Recognition and Autonomous Sorting of Plastic Waste
38.2.1 Multi-Modal Sensor Development Using Mid-IR Standoff Spectroscopy
38.2.2 Spectral Database of Plastics and Plastic Type Classification Using Machine Learning
38.2.3 Multi-Modal Classification of Plastics
38.3 Physical and Chemical Molecular Valorization of Recovered Polyolefins
38.3.1 Environmentally Responsible Dissolution/Precipitation Recycling of Polyolefins
38.3.2 Synthesis of Telechelic PE Waxes (t-PEW)
38.4 Conclusions & Recommendations
Acknowledgements
References
Part 7: Innovations in Remanufacturing
39. Image-Based Machine Learning in Automotive Used Parts Identification for Remanufacturing
Abu Islam, Suvrat Jain, Nenad G. Nenadic, Michael G.Thurston, Justin Greenberg and Brad Moss
39.1 Introduction
39.2 Literature Review
39.3 Goals
39.3.1 Experiment Description
39.3.2 Model Used
39.3.3 Results
39.4 Combining Classifiers
39.5 Conclusions and Recommendations
Acknowledgements
References
40. Image-Based Methods for Inspection of Printed Circuit Boards
Nicholas Gardner, Cooper Linsky, Everardo FriasRios and Nenad Nenadic
40.1 Introduction
40.2 System-Level Approach to Introducing Machine Learning-Based Automation 40.2.1 System-Level Description
40.2.2 Image Capture
40.2.3 Part Number Identification
40.2.4 LED Degradation Assessment
40.3 Conclusions & Recommendations
Acknowledgments
References
41. Effects of Ultrasonic Impact Treatment on the Fatigue Performance of the High Strength Alloy Steel Joha Shamsujjoha, Shirley Garcia Ruano, Mark Walluk, Michael Thurston and M. Ravi Shankar
41.1 Introduction
41.2 Materials and Methods
41.2.1 Materials
41.2.2 Ultrasonic Impact Treatment (UIT)
41.2.3 Microstructure Evaluation
41.2.4 Mechanical Evaluation-Hardness & Fatigue Testing
41.2.5 Design of Experiments
41.3 Results and Discussions
41.3.1 Surface Morphology
41.3.2 Microstructures
41.3.3 Microhardness
41.3.4 Rotational Bend Fatigue
41.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
42. Mechanical Properties of High Carbon Steel Coatings on Gray Cast Iron Formed by Twin Wire ARC
K. DePalma, M. Walluk and L. P. Martin
42.1 Introduction
42.2 Main Content of Chapter
42.2.1 Materials
42.2.2 Coating Procedure
42.2.3 Test Methods
42.3 Results
42.3.1 Adhesion and Hardness Testing
42.3.2 Metallography
42.3.3 Bend Testing
42.3.4 Wear
42.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
43. Towards Development of Additive Manufacturing Material and Process Technologies to Improve the Re-Manufacturing Efficiency of Commercial Vehicle Tires
Yiqun Fu, Tadek Kosmal, Ren Bean, Robert Radulescu, Timothy E. Long
and Christopher B. Williams
43.1 Introduction
43.2 3D Scanning of Worn Tires
43.2.1 Structured Light Scanning
43.2.2 Structured Light Scanning for Tire Repair
43.2.3 Tire Scanning Validation
43.2.4 Next Steps
43.3 Additive Manufacturing of Elastomeric Materials via Photopolymerization of Latex Resins
43.3.1 3D Printable Latex Rubber
43.3.2 SBR Latex Resin Synthesis, Printing, and Characterization
43.3.3 Next Steps
43.4 Conclusions & Recommendations
Acknowledgements
References
Part 8: Tire Recycling and Remanufacturing
44. Crumb Rubber From End-of-Life Tires to Reduce the Environmental Impact and Material Intensity of Road Pavements
Angela Farina, Annick Anctil and M. Emin Kutay
44.1 Introduction
44.2 Materials and Methods
44.2.1 Asphalt Mixtures Preparation
44.2.2 Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design
44.2.3 Life Cycle Assessment
44.3 Results
44.4 Conclusions
References
45. Tire Life Assessment for Increasing Re-Manufacturing of Commercial
Vehicle Tires
Vispi Karkaria, Jie Chen, Chase Siuta, Damien Lim, Robert Radelescu and Wei Chen
45.1 Introduction
45.2 Method
45.2.1 Description About the Tire Life Prediction Framework
45.2.1.1 Data Sources, Data Fusion and Data Reduction for the Tire Life Prediction Framework
45.2.1.2 Data Balancing for the Tire Life Prediction Framework
45.2.1.3 Training the Machine Learning Model for the Tire Life Prediction
45.2.2 Tire Life Comparison
45.3 Results
45.3.1 Validation of the Tire Life Prediction Framework
45.3.2 Comparison for Tires at Different Truck Fleets
45.3.3 Comparison for Tires at Different Tire Location
45.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Appendix
46. Recycling Waste Tire Rubber in Asphalt Pavement Design and Construction
Dongzhao Jin and Zhanping You
46.1 Introduction
46.1.1 Waste Tire Rubber Materials
46.2 Recycled Tire Rubber in Asphalt Pavement
46.2.1 Recycled Tire Rubber in Asphalt Overlay and Performance Evaluation
46.2.2 Recycled Tire Rubber in Hot Rubber Chip Seal and Performance Evaluation
46.2.3 Recycled Tire Rubber as Stress Absorbing Membrane Interlayer and Performance Evaluation
46.2.4 Recycled Tire Rubber as TDA Subgrade and Performance Evaluation
46.3 Conclusions & Recommendations
Acknowledgements
References
47. Chemical Pre-Treatment of Tire Rubbers for Froth Flotation Separation
of Butyl and Non-Butyl Rubbers
Haruka Pinegar and Jeffrey Spangenberger
47.1 Introduction
47.2 Research Work
47.2.1 Materials
47.2.2 Experimental Methods
47.2.3 Experimental Results
47.3 Conclusions and Recommendations
Acknowledgement
References
48. Development of Manufacturing Technologies to Increase Scrap Steel Recycling Into New Tires
Seetharaman Sridhar, Subramaniam Rajan, Robert Radulescu and Narayanan Neithalath
48.1 Introduction
48.2 Technical Approach
48.2.1 Evaluation of Material Characteristics and Microstructure Features of Embrittlement
48.2.2 Mechanical Property Tests to Elucidate the Influence of Straining
48.2.3 Thermal and Chemical Mitigation of Sensitized Features
48.3 Conclusions and Recommendations
References
Part 9: E-Scrap Recycling
49. Selective Leaching and Electrochemical Purification for the Recovery of Tantalum from Tantalum Capacitors
R. Adcock, T. Chen, N. Click, M.-F. Tseng and M. Tao
49.1 Introduction
49.2 Materials and Methods
49.3 Results and Discussion
49.4 Conclusions and Recommendations
Acknowledgement
References
50. Recovery of Lead in Silicon Solar Modules
Natalie Click, Randy Adcock and Meng Tao
50.1 Introduction
50.2 Methodology and Materials
50.3 Results and Discussion
50.3.1 Virgin Solder Leaching
50.3.2 Leached Solar Cell
50.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
51. Thermolysis Processing of Waste Printed Circuit Boards: Char-Metals
Mixture Characterization for Recovery of Base and Precious Metals
Mohammad Rezaee, Joelson P. M. Alves, Sarma V. Pisupati, Charles Ludwig, Henry Brandhorst and Ernest Zavoral
51.1 Introduction
51.2 Material and Methods
51.2.1 Thermolysis Process
51.2.2 Characterization
51.2.3 Size-Density Fractionation
51.3 Results and Discussions
51.3.1 Analysis of the Gas Product
51.3.2 Char-Metal Mixture Characterization
51.3.2.1 Dioxin Content Analysis
51.3.2.2 Elemental Content
51.3.2.3 Characterization of Size Fractions
51.3.2.4 Characterization of Size-Density Fractions
51.3.2.5 Degree of Liberation Analyses
51.4 Conceptual Process Flowsheet for Liberation and Recovery of Base and Precious Metals
51.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
52. Circular Economy and the Digital Divide: Assessing Opportunity for Value Retention Processes in the Consumer Electronics Sector
Kyle Parnell, Constanza Berrón, Chelsea Gulliver, Michael Thurston and Nabil Nasr
52.1 Introduction
52.1.1 Consumer Electronics & The Circular Economy
52.1.2 The Digital Divide
52.1.3 Circular Opportunity in CEPs
52.2 Methods
52.2.1 Key Product Identification
52.2.2 Domestic Material Flow Analysis (MFA)
52.2.3 Transboundary Material Flow Analysis (MFA)
52.3 Results
52.3.1 Key Technologies
52.3.2 Baseline MFA Models
52.3.3 US Output Disposition MFA Models
52.3.4 Transboundary Analysis
52.4 Conclusions & Recommendations
52.4.1 The Case for VRPs
52.4.2 Capacity Limitations & Uncertainty Analysis
52.4.3 Challenges & Future Work
References
Part 10: Pathways to Net Zero Emissions
53. Emission Reduction for an Imflux® Constant Pressure Injection Molding Process
Birchmeier, Brandon, Lawless III, William F. and Santini, Kelly
53.1 Introduction
53.2 Experimental Method and Results
53.2.1 Experimental Approach
53.2.2 Single Cavity 4.5 Gallon Bucket Energy Consumption Experiment
53.2.3 16 Cavity Deodorant Cap Energy Consumption Experiment
53.2.4 Single Cavity Tensile Bar Energy Consumption Experiment
53.3 Conclusions and Recommendations
53.3.1 Summary of Results for All Experiments
53.3.2 Summary of CO2 Emissions Reduction
References
54. Circular Economy Contributions to Decarbonizing the US Steel Sector
Julien Walzberg and Alberta Carpenter
54.1 Introduction
54.2 Method
54.3 Results
54.3.1 Bibliographic Summary
54.3.2 Review of Material Efficiency Strategies in the Steel Sector
54.3.3 Estimations of Greenhouse Gas Emission Reductions from Material Efficiency
54.4 Conclusions & Recommendations
Acknowledgements
References
55. Environmentally Extended Input-Output (EEIO) Modeling for Industrial Decarbonization Opportunity Assessment: A Circular Economy Case Study Samuel Gause, Heather Liddell, Caroline Dollinger, Jordan Steen and Joe Cresko
55.1 Introduction
55.2 Methods
55.3 Results
55.3.1 Case Study 1: Construction Improvements to Reduce Cement Emissions 55.3.2 Case Study 2: Improving Longevity of Motor Vehicles
55.4 Conclusions and Recommendations
Acknowledgments
References
56. Pathways to Net Zero Emissions in Manufacturing and Materials Production- HVAC OEMs Perspective
Deba Maitra, Swathy Ramaswamy, Cal Krause and Tiffany Waymer
56.1 Introduction
56.2 Pathways to Net-Zero Solutions
56.3 Establishing Pathways for Alternate Alloys
56.4 Closing the Loop within the Supply Chain 7
56.5 The Future of Low Carbon Aluminum
56.6 The Future of Low Carbon Steel
56.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Index
Back to Top
Preface
Part 1: Circular Economy
1. Standards as Enablers for a Circular Economy
K.C. Morris, Vincenzo Ferrero, Buddhika Hapuwatte, Noah Last and Nehika Mathur
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Standards and Measures for the Transition
1.2.1 ISO TC 323 and its Working Groups
1.2.2 ASTM Committee E60
1.2.3 Metrics as Incentivization
1.3 Conclusions & Recommendations Acknowledgements
References
2. Circularity Index: Performance Assessment of a Low-Carbon and Circular Economy
Luis Gabriel Carmona, Kai Whiting and Jonathan Cullen
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Circularity Index Approach
2.2.1 A More Comprehensive CI Approach
2.2.1.1 Alpha Indicator: Circularity Quantity
2.2.1.2 Beta Equation: Circularity Quality
2.2.1.3 Alignment with CE Principles
2.3 Case Study: UK Car-Based Passenger Mobility
2.4 Conclusions & Recommendations
Acknowledgements
References
3. Biodegradable Polymers For Circular Economy Transitions—Challenges
and Opportunities
Koushik Ghosh and Brad H. Jones
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Clarification of Confusing Terminologies
3.3 Structures, and Application-Space of Biodegradable Polymers
3.4 Knowledge Gaps and Research Needs
3.4.1 Structure and Properties
3.4.2 Testing of Biodegradation
3.4.3 Application Development
3.4.4 Waste Management
3.5 Biodegradable Plastics and Circular Economy Transitions
3.6 Conclusions and Recommendations
Acknowledgements
References
4. Evaluating Nationwide Supply Chain for Circularity of PET and Olefin Plastics
Tasmin Hossain, Damon S. Hartley, Utkarsh S. Chaudhari, David R. Shonnard, Anne T. Johnson and Yingqian Lin
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Methods
4.2.1 Model Input
4.2.2 Model Formulation
4.3 Results and Discussion
4.4 Conclusions and Recommendations
Acknowledgements
References
5. NextCycle: Building Robust Circular Economies Through Partnership and Innovation
Juri Freeman
5.1 Introduction
5.2 The NextCycle Concept
5.2.1 How It Started
5.2.2 The NextCycle Model
5.2.3 Project Outcomes
5.3 Conclusions & Recommendations
Acknowledgements
6. My So-Called Trash: Evaluating the Recovery Potential of Textiles in New York City Residential Refuse
Sarah Coulter, Constanza Gomez, Agustina Mir and Janel Twogood
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Background
6.1.2 Project Goal
6.2 Textile Sub-Sort of DSNY Waste Characterization Study, Fall 2022 Season 6.2.1 Methodology
6.2.2 Sorting Procedure
6.2.3 Safety
6.2.4 Results
6.2.5 Fractions
6.2.6 Item Level Data
6.3 Conclusions & Recommendations
Acknowledgements
References
7. When is it Profitable to Make a Product Sustainable? Insights from a Decision-Support Tool
Karan Bhuwalka, Jessica Sonner, Lisa Lin, Mirjam Ambrosius and A. E. Hosoi
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Literature Review
7.2 Main Content of the Chapter
7.2.1 Methods
7.2.1.1 Production Costs
7.2.1.2 Demand Function
7.2.1.3 Price Optimization
7.2.2 Results
7.2.2 Impact of Product Characteristics and Market Structure
7.2.2.2Full Substitution Case i.e. when f=1
7.2.3 Case Study on Sneakers: Full Substitution of Virgin Polyester Upper to Recycled Polyester
7.3 Conclusions & Recommendations
References
8. Clean Energy Technologies, Critical Materials, and the Potential for Remanufacture
T.E. Graedel
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Modern Examples of Materials Complexity, and Their Implications
8.3 REMADE in the Advanced Technology World
References
Part 2: Enabling a Circular Economy Through AI & Machine Learning
9. Towards Eliminating Recycling Confusion: Mixed Plastics and Electronics Case Study
Amin Sarafraz, Nicholas Alvarez, Jonas Toussaint, Felipe Rangel, Lamar Giggetts and Shawn Wilborne
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Related Work
9.3 Object Recognition API
9.3.1 Back-End Verification
9.3.2 Software Architecture
9.4 UM-LV Recycling Dataset
9.5 Object Recognition Models
9.6 Results
9.6.1 Potential Impacts
9.7 Conclusion and Future Work
Acknowledgements
References
10. Identification and Separation of E-Waste Components Using Modified
Image Recognition Model Based on Advanced Deep Learning Tools
Rahulkumar Sunil Singh, Subbu Venkata Satyasri Harsha Pathapati, Michael L. Free and Prashant K Sarswat
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Materials & Methods
10.3 Results & Discussion
10.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
11. Enhanced Processing of Aluminum Scrap at End-of-Life via Artificial
Intelligence & Smart Sensing
Sean McCoy Langan, Emily Molstad, Ben Longo, Caleb Ralphs, Robert De Saro, Diran Apelian and Sean Kelly
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Results and Discussion
11.2.1 Twitch Characterization
11.2.1.1 Compositional Evaluation
11.2.1.2 Contamination Evaluation
11.2.2 Next Generation Technology: VALI-Melt
11.2.3 Quality Control
11.2.3.1 Solid Scrap Quality Control
11.3.2.2 Molten Metal Quality Control
11.2.4 Optimal Decision Making
11.3 Conclusions & Recommendations
Acknowledgements
References
12. Deep Learning for Defect Detection in Inspection
Mohammad Mohammadzadeh, Pallavi Dubey, Elif Elcin Gunay, John K. Jackman, Gül E. Okudan Kremer and Paul A. Kremer
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Literature Review
12.3 Methodology
12.3.1 Dataset Preparation
12.3.2 Faster R-CNN
12.3.3 MobileNet-SSD with FPN
12.3.4 YOLO v5s
12.3.5 Data Pre-Processing and Experimental Settings
12.3.6 Performance Metric
12.4 Results
12.5 Conclusion and Future Work
Acknowledgements
References
Part 3: Design for Circularity
13. Calculator for Sustainable Tradeoff Optimization in Multi-Generational Product Family Development Considering Re-X Performances
Michael Saidani, Xinyang Liu, Dylan Huey, Harrison Kim, Pingfeng Wang, Atefeh Anisi, Gul Kremer, Andrew Greenlee and Troy Shannon
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 Context and Motivations
13.1.2 Research Objectives and Industrial Relevance
13.2 Design for Reliability Process Review and Re-X Interdependence Identification
13.3 Integrated Tool for Quantifying Reliability and Re-X Performances During Product Design
13.3.1 Working Principles of the Reliability, Re-X, LCA and LCC Modules
13.3.2 Application
13.4 Conclusion and Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
14. A Practical Methodology for Developing and Prioritizing Remanufacturing Design Rules
Brian Hilton
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Design Principles
14.2.1 Design Guideline and Heuristic Collection
14.2.2 Sorting Design Guidelines and Heuristics
14.2.3 Developing Design Principles
14.3 DfReman Framework
14.3.1 Reliability-Centered Maintenance (RCM)
14.3.2 Aligning DfReman Principles with a Customized RCM Framework
14.3.3 DfReman Principles and Top-Level Guidelines
14.4 Conclusions and Recommendations
Acknowledgements
References
15. Recyclability Feedback for Part Assemblies in Computer-Aided Design Software
Bert Bras and Richard Lootens
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Current State of Design for Recycling (DFR) Integration
15.2.1 CAD Vendor Developments
15.2.2 Industry Organizations/Third Party Developments
15.3 Our Approach for a DFR Evaluator CAD Plug-In
15.4 DFR Evaluator Plug-In Demonstration
15.4.1 APR Design Guide Feedback
15.4.2 Compatibility Matrix Feedback
15.4.3 Embodied Energy/Carbon Dioxide Equivalent
15.5 Conclusions & Recommendations
Acknowledgements
References
Part 4: Systems Analysis
16. Preliminary Work Towards A Cross Lifecycle Design Tool for Increased High-Quality Metal Recycling
Daniel R. Cooper, Aya Hamid, Seyed M. Heidari, Alissa Tsai and Yongxian Zhu
16.1 Introduction
16.2 A Quantitative Recycling Pertinent Model of Vehicle Design
16.3 Modeling Existing and Emerging Recycling Systems and Processes
16.4 Optimizing the Cross Lifecycle Supply Chain for Maximized Recycling
16.5 Preliminary Results from the DMFAs and Potential Environmental Benefits 16.6 Conclusions & Recommendations
Acknowledgements
References
17. Assessing the Status Quo of U.S. Steel Circularity and Decarbonization Options
Barbara K. Reck, Yongxian Zhu, Shahana Althaf and Daniel R. Cooper
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Methodology
17.3 Results and Discussion
17.3.1 The 2017 U.S. Steel Cycle and Global Context
17.3.2 Decarbonization Pathways for Steel
17.3.3 Increasing the Efficiency in Steel Production and Shifting from BOF to DRI Technology
17.3.4 Material Efficiency and Demand Reduction
17.4 Conclusions & Recommendations
Acknowledgements
References
18. Fiber and Fabric-Integrated Tracing Technologies for Textile Sorting and Recycling: A Review
Brian Iezzi, Max Shtein, Tairan Wang and Mordechai Rothschild
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Stakeholder Challenges in Textile Tracing and Sorting
18.2.1 Fiber and Yarn
18.2.2 Fabric and Garment
18.2.3 Brands/Retailers/Consumers
18.2.4 Sorting/Recycling
18.3 Textile Markers for Tracing and Sorting
18.3.1 Incumbent: Fiber Content and Care Label
18.3.2 Quick Response (QR) Codes
18.3.3 Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and Near Field Communication (NPB) Tags and Yarns
18.3.4 DNA Tracers and Direct Fiber DNA Testing
18.3.5 Fluorescent Inorganic/Organic Nanoparticles
18.3.6 Polymeric Photonic Fiber Barcodes
18.4 Tracing Technology and Stakeholder Techno-Economic Assessment
18.5 Conclusions and Recommendations
18.6 Cost Estimates from Techno-Economic Assessment
18.6.1 Rare Earth Nanoparticle Cost Estimate
18.6.2 DNA Tagging Cost Estimate
18.6.3 QR/RFID Tagging Cost Estimate
18.6.4 Photonic Barcode Tagging Cost Estimate
Acknowledgements
References
19. A Systems Approach to Addressing Industrial Products Circularity Challenges
Manish Gupta and Umeshwar Dayal
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Industrial Products Circularity
19.3 Barriers to Industrial Products Circularity
19.3.1 Production Customers
19.3.2 RE* Providers/Remanufacturers
19.3.3 Core Brokers and Dealers
19.4 A System for Addressing the Industrial Products Circularity Barriers
19.4.1 Trusted Platform for Shared Truth Between Stakeholders
19.4.2 Big-Data Capability
19.4.3 Product Lifecycle and Track and Trace
19.4.4 AI/Analytics Enabled Process Optimization and Stakeholder Decision-Support
19.4.5 Product Customers
19.4.6 RE* Providers/Remanufacturers
19.4.7 Core Brokers and Dealers
19.4.8 Circularity KPIs
19.5 Conclusions
References
20. Environmental and Economic Analyses of Chemical Recycling via Dissolution of Waste Polyethylene Terephthalate
Utkarsh S. Chaudhari, Daniel G. Kulas, Alejandra Peralta, Robert M. Handler, Anne T. Johnson, Barbara K. Reck, Vicki S. Thompson, Damon S. Hartley, Tasmin Hossain, David W. Watkins and David R. Shonnard
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Methods
20.2.1 Process Simulation
20.3 Technoeconomic Analysis (TEA)
20.4 Life Cycle Analysis (LCA)
20.5 Results and Discussion
20.5.1 Process Simulation
20.5.2 Technoeconomic Analysis Results for Dissolution
20.5.3 GHG Emissions and Energy Impacts of Dissolution Process
20.6 Conclusions and Recommendations
Acknowledgements
References
21. Techno-Economic Analysis of a Material Recovery Facility Employing Robotic Sorting Technology
S.M. Mizanur Rahman and Barbara K. Reck
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Methodology
21.2.1 System Boundary
21.2.2 Data Collection and Assumptions for the Techno-Economic Analysis (TEA)
21.3 Results and Discussion
21.4 Conclusions & Recommendations
Acknowledgements
References
22. Key Strategies in Industry for Circular Economy: Analysis of Remanufacturing and Beneficial Reuse
Subodh Chaudhari, Sachin Nimbalkar, Bruce Lung, Marco Gonzalez, Bert Hill and Bryant Esch
22.1 Introduction
22.1.1 Background on Circular Economy
22.1.2 Barriers to CE Adoption
22.1.3 Enablers of CE Adoption
22.2 Pathways to CE in Manufacturing Operations
'22.2.1 Source Reduction
22.2.2 Extended Life Cycle
22.2.3 Maximum Value Extraction
22.3 Remanufacturing
22.3.1 Remanufacturing in Different Manufacturing Sectors
22.3.2 Enablers and Barriers to Remanufacturing
22.3.3 Case Study – I: Volvo Group – Remanufacturing
22.3.3.1 Background and Description
22.3.3.2 Benefits
22.4 Beneficial Reuse
22.4.1 Beneficial Reuse in Different Manufacturing Sectors
22.4.2 Enablers and Barriers
22.4.3 Case Study – II : Waupaca Foundry Beneficial Reuse
22.4.3.1 Background and Description
22.4.3.2 Benefits
22.5 Discussion
22.6 Conclusions & Recommendations
Acknowledgements
References
23. Spatio-Temporal Life Cycle Assessment of NMC111 Hydrometallurgical
Recycling in the US
Francis Hanna, Luyao Yuan, Calvin Somers and Annick Anctil
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Methods
23.2.1 Goal & Scope of the Study
23.2.2 System Boundary and Functional Unit
23.2.3 Li-Ion Batteries Recycling
23.2.3.1 Conventional Hydrometallurgy – Individual Salt Synthesis
23.2.3.2 Novel (Truncated) Hydrometallurgy – No Intermediate Sulfates Extraction 23.2.4 Electricity Grid Modeling
23.2.5 Life Cycle Inventory and Evaluation Methodology
23.2.6 Life Cycle Impact Assessment
23.3 Results & Discussion
23.3.1 Grid Modelling
23.3.2 Recycling Processes - Analysis Results and Comparison
23.3.3 Spatio-Temporal Analysis
23.4 Conclusions & Recommendations
Acknowledgments
References
Part 5: Mechanical Recycling
24. Diverting Mixed Polyolefins from Municipal Solid Waste to Feedstocks for Automotive and Construction Applications
Tanyaradzwa S. Muzata, Alexandra Alford, Laurent Matuana, Ramani Narayan, Lawrence Drzal, Kari Bliss and Muhammad Rabnawaz
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Experimental Section
24.2.1 Materials
24.2.2 Processing of the Samples
24.2.3 Waste Plastic Separation and Milling
24.2.4 Characterization
24.2.5 Statistical Analysis
24.3 Results and Discussion
24.3.1 MFI Values of L-PO/RM
24.3.2 Development of a Model Equation
24.3.4 Purity Analysis
24.3.5 MFI of m-PO
24.4 Conclusion
References
25. Ultrahigh-Speed Extrusion of Recycled Film-Grade LDPE and Injection Molding Characterization
Peng Gao, Joshua Krantz, Olivia Ferki, Zarek Nieduzak, Sarah Perry, Davide Masato and Margaret J. Sobkowicz
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Materials and Methods
25.2.1 Film-Grade Recycled LDPE Characterization
25.2.2 Ultrahigh-Speed Extrusion
25.2.3 Injection Molding
25.2.4 Approach and Characterization
25.2.5 Characterization Techniques
25.3 Results and Discussion
25.3.1 Material Modification
25.3.2 Injection Molding and Characterization
25.3.2.1 Effects of Processing Techniques on Tensile Properties
25.3.3 Energy Consumption Analysis
25.4 Conclusions & Recommendations
25.5 Acknowledgments
References
26. Composites from Post-Consumer Polypropylene Carpet and HDPE Retail Bags
Anuj Maheshwari, Mohamadreza Youssefi Azarfam, Siddhesh Chaudhari, Clinton Switzer, Jay C. Hanan, Sudheer Bandla, Ranji Vaidyanathan and Frank D. Blum
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Experimental
26.2.1 Materials
26.2.2 Thermal Analysis
26.2.3 Compression Molding
26.2.4 Design of Experiments
26.2.5 Characterization Techniques
26.3 Results and Discussion
26.3.1 Components of HDPE Retail Bags and PP Carpet
26.3.2 Mechanical Properties
26.3.2.1 Flexural Testing
26.3.3 Creep Behavior
26.3.4 Morphology in Composites
26.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
27. Upcycling of Aerospace Aluminum Scrap
Mohamed Aboukhatwa and David Weiss
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Solidification Simulations and Alloy Chemistry Optimization
27.3 Casting Trials
27.4 Constrained Rod Casting (CRC)
27.5 Mechanical Property Testing and Microstructural Characterization
27.6 Technology Demonstration
27.7 Conclusions & Recommendations
Acknowledgement
References
28. Stabilization of Waste Plastics with Lightly Pyrolyzed Crumb Rubber in Asphalt
Yuetan Ma, Hongyu Zhou, Pawel Polaczyk and Baoshan Huang
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Main Content of Chapter
28.2.1 Raw Materials
28.2.2 Production of LPCR
28.2.3 Production of Polymer-Modified Asphalt
28.2.4 Experimental Methodology
28.2.4.1 Characterization of LPCR Solubility
28.2.4.2 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) Test
28.2.4.3 Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) Test
28.2.4.4 Cigar Tube Test
28.2.4.5 Optical Microscopy Test
28.2.5 Results and Analysis
28.2.5.1 LPCR Solubility Results
28.2.5.2 Pyrolyzed Mechanisms for GTR
28.2.5.3 Rheological Properties of Polymer Modified Asphalt
28.2.5.4 Storage Stability of Polymer Modified Asphalt
28.2.5.5 Polymer Micromorphology of Modified Asphalt
Acknowledgments
References
29. Analysis and Design for Sustainable Circularity of Barrier Films Used in Sheet Molding Composites Production
Farshid Nazemi, Bhavik Bakshi, Jose Castro, Rachmat Mulyana, Rebecca Hanes, Saikrishna Mukkamala, Kevin Dooley, George Basile, George Stephanopoulos, Andrea Nahas, Aleen Kujur and Todd Hyche
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Main Content of Chapter
29.2.1 SMC Barrier Film Supply Chain
29.2.1.1 Life Cycle Assessment
29.2.1.2 Techno-Economic Analysis
29.2.2 Alternative Pathways for EoL Management of SMC Films
29.2.2.1 Experimental Results
29.2.2.2 Value Chain and Customer Preference
29.2.2.3 Life Cycle Assessment
29.2.3 Developing a Tool for Analyzing and Designing a Sustainable Circular Economy
29.3 Conclusions & Recommendations
29.4 Acknowledgements
References
30. An Update on PVC Plastic Circularity and Emerging Advanced Recovery Technologies for End-of-Life PVC Materials
Domenic DeCaria
30.1 Introduction – Understanding PVC Materials
30.2 Mechanical PVC Recycling is Robust for Pre-Consumer Materials
30.3 New Focus on Post-Consumer Recycling of PVC Materials
30.4 Need for Advanced Recycling Technology for Post-Consumer PVC Materials 30.5 Potential Advanced Recycling Technology for PVC-Rich Resource Streams 30.5.1 Coupling and Compatibilizer Agents
30.5.2 Catalytic Decomposition
30.5.3 Microwave-Assisted Selective Decomposition
30.5.4 Selective Solvent Dissolution Techniques
30.6 Potential Advanced Recycling Technology for PVC-Lean Resource Streams 30.7 Circularity is Achievable
30.8 Conclusions and Recommendations
Acknowledgements
References
31. Dynamic Crosslinking for EVA Recycling
Kimberly Miller McLoughlin, Alireza Bandegi, Jayme Kennedy, Amin Jamei Oskouei, Sarah Mitchell, Michelle K. Sing, Thomas Gray and Ica Manas-Zloczower
31.1 Introduction
31.2 Vitrimer Technology
31.3 Objective
31.3.1 Experimental Materials
31.3.2 Methods
31.4 Results
31.4.1 Crosslinking of EVA
31.4.2 Vitrimerization of Crosslinked EVA
31.4.3 Vitrimerization of EVA Foam
31.5 Conclusions & Recommendations
Acknowledgements
References
Part 6: Chemical Recycling
32. Performing Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) Glycolysis in a Torque Rheometer Using Decreasing Temperatures
Jonathan Hatt, Karl Englund and Hui Li
32.1 Introduction
32.2 Experimental
32.3 Results and Discussion
32.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
33. Sustainable Petrochemical Alternatives From Plastic Upcycling
Ryan A. Hackler and Robert M. Kennedy
33.1 Introduction
33.2 Details of Catalytic Hydrogenolysis
33.3 Applications for Plastic-Derived Products
33.4 Environmental and Emissions Ramifications from Catalytic Hydrogenolysis 33.5 Conclusions & Recommendations
Acknowledgements
References
34. PE Upcycling Using Ozone and Acid Treatments
Michael S. Behrendt, Brandon D. Howard, Scott Calabrese-Barton, John R. Dorgan, Samantha Au Gee and Amit Gokale
34.1 Introduction
34.2 Materials and Methods
34.2.1 Materials
34.2.2 Methods
34.3 Main Content of Chapter
34.3.1 Ozone Chemistry
34.3.1.1 Chemistry of Oxidation Pathways
34.4 Results and Discussion
34.4.1 Ozonolysis of LDPE
34.4.2 Acid Activation of HDPE
34.5 Conclusions
References
35. Enzyme-Based Biotechnologies for Removing Stickies and Regaining Fiber Quality in Paper Recycling
Yun Wang, Cornellius Marcello, Neha Sawant, Swati Sood, Qaseem Haider, Abdus Salam and Kecheng Li
35.1 Introduction
35.2 Materials and Methods
35.2.1 Materials
35.2.2 Enzyme Treatments
35.2.3 Characterization of Contaminants
35.2.4 Mechanical Properties of Remanufactured Papersheets
35.3 Results and Discussion
35.3.1 Characteristics of Sticky Contaminants
35.3.2 Enzyme-Assisted Treatment for Contamination Removal and Strength Improvement
35.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
36. Removal of Iron and Manganese Impurities from Secondary Aluminum Melts Using Microstructural Engineering Techniques
M.K. Sinha, B. Mishra, J. Hiscocks, B. Davi, S.K. Das, T. Grosko and J. Pickens
36.1 Introduction
36.2 Results and Discussion
36.2.1 Low Si Aluminum Alloy Analysis by Thermodynamic Modeling
36.2.1.1 Effect of Mn on Fe Removal
36.2.1.2 Effect of Cr on Fe/Mn Removal
36.2.2 Effect of Si as an Alloying Element
36.2.3 Thermodynamic Analysis of the Effect of Mn on the Removal of Fe from High Si Alloy
36.2.3.1 Effect of Cr on Fe/Mn Removal from High Si Alloy
36.3 Experimental Validation 471 36.3.1 Removal of Fe/Mn from Low Si Alloys 36.3.2 Removal of Fe/Mn from High Si Alloys
36.4 Conclusions & Recommendations
References
37. A Novel Solvent-Based Recycling Technology: From Theory to Pilot Plant
Ezra Bar-Ziv, Shreyas Kolapkar, George W. Huber and Reid C. Van Lehn
37.1 Introduction
37.2 Main Content of Chapter
37.2.1 Molecular Simulations and Experimental Verification
37.2.2 Lab-Scale STRAP Results for Multi-Layer Flexible Films
37.2.3 Polymer Characterization
37.2.4 Scaling-Up
37.2.5 Plastic Waste Dosing
37.2.6 Dissolution Tank
37.2.7 Hot Filter
37.2.8 Precipitator
37.2.9 Solvent Recovery and Solvent Purification
37.2.10 Techno-Economic and Lifecycle Analysis
37.3 Conclusions and Recommendations
Acknowledgements
References
38. Valorization of Plastic Waste via Advanced Separation and Processing
Paschalis Alexandridis, Karthik Dantu, Christian Ferger, Ali Ghasemi, Gabrielle Kerr, Vaishali Maheshkar, Javid Rzayev, Nicholas Stavinski, Thomas Thundat, Marina Tsianou, Luis Velarde and Yaoli Zhao
38.1 Introduction
38.2 Multi-Modal Sensor Recognition and Autonomous Sorting of Plastic Waste
38.2.1 Multi-Modal Sensor Development Using Mid-IR Standoff Spectroscopy
38.2.2 Spectral Database of Plastics and Plastic Type Classification Using Machine Learning
38.2.3 Multi-Modal Classification of Plastics
38.3 Physical and Chemical Molecular Valorization of Recovered Polyolefins
38.3.1 Environmentally Responsible Dissolution/Precipitation Recycling of Polyolefins
38.3.2 Synthesis of Telechelic PE Waxes (t-PEW)
38.4 Conclusions & Recommendations
Acknowledgements
References
Part 7: Innovations in Remanufacturing
39. Image-Based Machine Learning in Automotive Used Parts Identification for Remanufacturing
Abu Islam, Suvrat Jain, Nenad G. Nenadic, Michael G.Thurston, Justin Greenberg and Brad Moss
39.1 Introduction
39.2 Literature Review
39.3 Goals
39.3.1 Experiment Description
39.3.2 Model Used
39.3.3 Results
39.4 Combining Classifiers
39.5 Conclusions and Recommendations
Acknowledgements
References
40. Image-Based Methods for Inspection of Printed Circuit Boards
Nicholas Gardner, Cooper Linsky, Everardo FriasRios and Nenad Nenadic
40.1 Introduction
40.2 System-Level Approach to Introducing Machine Learning-Based Automation 40.2.1 System-Level Description
40.2.2 Image Capture
40.2.3 Part Number Identification
40.2.4 LED Degradation Assessment
40.3 Conclusions & Recommendations
Acknowledgments
References
41. Effects of Ultrasonic Impact Treatment on the Fatigue Performance of the High Strength Alloy Steel Joha Shamsujjoha, Shirley Garcia Ruano, Mark Walluk, Michael Thurston and M. Ravi Shankar
41.1 Introduction
41.2 Materials and Methods
41.2.1 Materials
41.2.2 Ultrasonic Impact Treatment (UIT)
41.2.3 Microstructure Evaluation
41.2.4 Mechanical Evaluation-Hardness & Fatigue Testing
41.2.5 Design of Experiments
41.3 Results and Discussions
41.3.1 Surface Morphology
41.3.2 Microstructures
41.3.3 Microhardness
41.3.4 Rotational Bend Fatigue
41.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
42. Mechanical Properties of High Carbon Steel Coatings on Gray Cast Iron Formed by Twin Wire ARC
K. DePalma, M. Walluk and L. P. Martin
42.1 Introduction
42.2 Main Content of Chapter
42.2.1 Materials
42.2.2 Coating Procedure
42.2.3 Test Methods
42.3 Results
42.3.1 Adhesion and Hardness Testing
42.3.2 Metallography
42.3.3 Bend Testing
42.3.4 Wear
42.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
43. Towards Development of Additive Manufacturing Material and Process Technologies to Improve the Re-Manufacturing Efficiency of Commercial Vehicle Tires
Yiqun Fu, Tadek Kosmal, Ren Bean, Robert Radulescu, Timothy E. Long
and Christopher B. Williams
43.1 Introduction
43.2 3D Scanning of Worn Tires
43.2.1 Structured Light Scanning
43.2.2 Structured Light Scanning for Tire Repair
43.2.3 Tire Scanning Validation
43.2.4 Next Steps
43.3 Additive Manufacturing of Elastomeric Materials via Photopolymerization of Latex Resins
43.3.1 3D Printable Latex Rubber
43.3.2 SBR Latex Resin Synthesis, Printing, and Characterization
43.3.3 Next Steps
43.4 Conclusions & Recommendations
Acknowledgements
References
Part 8: Tire Recycling and Remanufacturing
44. Crumb Rubber From End-of-Life Tires to Reduce the Environmental Impact and Material Intensity of Road Pavements
Angela Farina, Annick Anctil and M. Emin Kutay
44.1 Introduction
44.2 Materials and Methods
44.2.1 Asphalt Mixtures Preparation
44.2.2 Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design
44.2.3 Life Cycle Assessment
44.3 Results
44.4 Conclusions
References
45. Tire Life Assessment for Increasing Re-Manufacturing of Commercial
Vehicle Tires
Vispi Karkaria, Jie Chen, Chase Siuta, Damien Lim, Robert Radelescu and Wei Chen
45.1 Introduction
45.2 Method
45.2.1 Description About the Tire Life Prediction Framework
45.2.1.1 Data Sources, Data Fusion and Data Reduction for the Tire Life Prediction Framework
45.2.1.2 Data Balancing for the Tire Life Prediction Framework
45.2.1.3 Training the Machine Learning Model for the Tire Life Prediction
45.2.2 Tire Life Comparison
45.3 Results
45.3.1 Validation of the Tire Life Prediction Framework
45.3.2 Comparison for Tires at Different Truck Fleets
45.3.3 Comparison for Tires at Different Tire Location
45.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Appendix
46. Recycling Waste Tire Rubber in Asphalt Pavement Design and Construction
Dongzhao Jin and Zhanping You
46.1 Introduction
46.1.1 Waste Tire Rubber Materials
46.2 Recycled Tire Rubber in Asphalt Pavement
46.2.1 Recycled Tire Rubber in Asphalt Overlay and Performance Evaluation
46.2.2 Recycled Tire Rubber in Hot Rubber Chip Seal and Performance Evaluation
46.2.3 Recycled Tire Rubber as Stress Absorbing Membrane Interlayer and Performance Evaluation
46.2.4 Recycled Tire Rubber as TDA Subgrade and Performance Evaluation
46.3 Conclusions & Recommendations
Acknowledgements
References
47. Chemical Pre-Treatment of Tire Rubbers for Froth Flotation Separation
of Butyl and Non-Butyl Rubbers
Haruka Pinegar and Jeffrey Spangenberger
47.1 Introduction
47.2 Research Work
47.2.1 Materials
47.2.2 Experimental Methods
47.2.3 Experimental Results
47.3 Conclusions and Recommendations
Acknowledgement
References
48. Development of Manufacturing Technologies to Increase Scrap Steel Recycling Into New Tires
Seetharaman Sridhar, Subramaniam Rajan, Robert Radulescu and Narayanan Neithalath
48.1 Introduction
48.2 Technical Approach
48.2.1 Evaluation of Material Characteristics and Microstructure Features of Embrittlement
48.2.2 Mechanical Property Tests to Elucidate the Influence of Straining
48.2.3 Thermal and Chemical Mitigation of Sensitized Features
48.3 Conclusions and Recommendations
References
Part 9: E-Scrap Recycling
49. Selective Leaching and Electrochemical Purification for the Recovery of Tantalum from Tantalum Capacitors
R. Adcock, T. Chen, N. Click, M.-F. Tseng and M. Tao
49.1 Introduction
49.2 Materials and Methods
49.3 Results and Discussion
49.4 Conclusions and Recommendations
Acknowledgement
References
50. Recovery of Lead in Silicon Solar Modules
Natalie Click, Randy Adcock and Meng Tao
50.1 Introduction
50.2 Methodology and Materials
50.3 Results and Discussion
50.3.1 Virgin Solder Leaching
50.3.2 Leached Solar Cell
50.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
51. Thermolysis Processing of Waste Printed Circuit Boards: Char-Metals
Mixture Characterization for Recovery of Base and Precious Metals
Mohammad Rezaee, Joelson P. M. Alves, Sarma V. Pisupati, Charles Ludwig, Henry Brandhorst and Ernest Zavoral
51.1 Introduction
51.2 Material and Methods
51.2.1 Thermolysis Process
51.2.2 Characterization
51.2.3 Size-Density Fractionation
51.3 Results and Discussions
51.3.1 Analysis of the Gas Product
51.3.2 Char-Metal Mixture Characterization
51.3.2.1 Dioxin Content Analysis
51.3.2.2 Elemental Content
51.3.2.3 Characterization of Size Fractions
51.3.2.4 Characterization of Size-Density Fractions
51.3.2.5 Degree of Liberation Analyses
51.4 Conceptual Process Flowsheet for Liberation and Recovery of Base and Precious Metals
51.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
52. Circular Economy and the Digital Divide: Assessing Opportunity for Value Retention Processes in the Consumer Electronics Sector
Kyle Parnell, Constanza Berrón, Chelsea Gulliver, Michael Thurston and Nabil Nasr
52.1 Introduction
52.1.1 Consumer Electronics & The Circular Economy
52.1.2 The Digital Divide
52.1.3 Circular Opportunity in CEPs
52.2 Methods
52.2.1 Key Product Identification
52.2.2 Domestic Material Flow Analysis (MFA)
52.2.3 Transboundary Material Flow Analysis (MFA)
52.3 Results
52.3.1 Key Technologies
52.3.2 Baseline MFA Models
52.3.3 US Output Disposition MFA Models
52.3.4 Transboundary Analysis
52.4 Conclusions & Recommendations
52.4.1 The Case for VRPs
52.4.2 Capacity Limitations & Uncertainty Analysis
52.4.3 Challenges & Future Work
References
Part 10: Pathways to Net Zero Emissions
53. Emission Reduction for an Imflux® Constant Pressure Injection Molding Process
Birchmeier, Brandon, Lawless III, William F. and Santini, Kelly
53.1 Introduction
53.2 Experimental Method and Results
53.2.1 Experimental Approach
53.2.2 Single Cavity 4.5 Gallon Bucket Energy Consumption Experiment
53.2.3 16 Cavity Deodorant Cap Energy Consumption Experiment
53.2.4 Single Cavity Tensile Bar Energy Consumption Experiment
53.3 Conclusions and Recommendations
53.3.1 Summary of Results for All Experiments
53.3.2 Summary of CO2 Emissions Reduction
References
54. Circular Economy Contributions to Decarbonizing the US Steel Sector
Julien Walzberg and Alberta Carpenter
54.1 Introduction
54.2 Method
54.3 Results
54.3.1 Bibliographic Summary
54.3.2 Review of Material Efficiency Strategies in the Steel Sector
54.3.3 Estimations of Greenhouse Gas Emission Reductions from Material Efficiency
54.4 Conclusions & Recommendations
Acknowledgements
References
55. Environmentally Extended Input-Output (EEIO) Modeling for Industrial Decarbonization Opportunity Assessment: A Circular Economy Case Study Samuel Gause, Heather Liddell, Caroline Dollinger, Jordan Steen and Joe Cresko
55.1 Introduction
55.2 Methods
55.3 Results
55.3.1 Case Study 1: Construction Improvements to Reduce Cement Emissions 55.3.2 Case Study 2: Improving Longevity of Motor Vehicles
55.4 Conclusions and Recommendations
Acknowledgments
References
56. Pathways to Net Zero Emissions in Manufacturing and Materials Production- HVAC OEMs Perspective
Deba Maitra, Swathy Ramaswamy, Cal Krause and Tiffany Waymer
56.1 Introduction
56.2 Pathways to Net-Zero Solutions
56.3 Establishing Pathways for Alternate Alloys
56.4 Closing the Loop within the Supply Chain 7
56.5 The Future of Low Carbon Aluminum
56.6 The Future of Low Carbon Steel
56.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Index
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