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Submit a ProposalAdditive Manufacturing with Novel Materials
 | Processes, Properties and Applications Edited by R. Rajasekar, C. Moganapriya and P. Sathish Kumar Series: Advances in Additive Manufacturing Technologies Copyright: 2024 | Status: Published ISBN: 9781394197910 | Hardcover | 536 pages Price: $225 USD  |
One Line Description
The book explores practically the latest advancements and techniques in 3D and 4D printing using innovative and unconventional materials.
Audience
The book will benefit researchers and industry engineers who work in additive manufacturing, mechanical engineering, 3D/4D printing, and materials science.
The book will benefit researchers and industry engineers who work in additive manufacturing, mechanical engineering, 3D/4D printing, and materials science.
Description
This book comprehensively provides insights into various additive manufacturing processes, novel materials, and their properties, as well as the basic knowledge of AM process parameters, post-processing techniques, and their applications. It also explores the fundamental concepts and recent advancements in the development of novel materials for several applications, with special emphasis on platforms like AM techniques for polymers, ceramics, metallic materials, composites, nanomaterials, hydrogels, etc. Specific topics like environmental aspects of 3D printing and advanced 4D printing are also introduced. The technological aspects of AM are discussed in a concise and understandable way, with extensive illustrations. Also covered are the challenges and opportunities that arise from 3D printing with these materials.
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This book comprehensively provides insights into various additive manufacturing processes, novel materials, and their properties, as well as the basic knowledge of AM process parameters, post-processing techniques, and their applications. It also explores the fundamental concepts and recent advancements in the development of novel materials for several applications, with special emphasis on platforms like AM techniques for polymers, ceramics, metallic materials, composites, nanomaterials, hydrogels, etc. Specific topics like environmental aspects of 3D printing and advanced 4D printing are also introduced. The technological aspects of AM are discussed in a concise and understandable way, with extensive illustrations. Also covered are the challenges and opportunities that arise from 3D printing with these materials.
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Author / Editor Details
R. Rajasekar, PhD, professor and head of the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kongu Engineering College (An Autonomous Institution under Anna University), Tamilnadu, India. He obtained his PhD from the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, and specializes in materials science and engineering, renewable energy, surface coating on solar cells, and tribological performance of carbide inserts. He has published more than 130 research articles in reputed international journals, as well as more than 30 book chapters.
R. Rajasekar, PhD, professor and head of the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kongu Engineering College (An Autonomous Institution under Anna University), Tamilnadu, India. He obtained his PhD from the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, and specializes in materials science and engineering, renewable energy, surface coating on solar cells, and tribological performance of carbide inserts. He has published more than 130 research articles in reputed international journals, as well as more than 30 book chapters.
P. Sathish Kumar, PhD, is a research associate, Department of Mining Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, India. His main research areas are in tribological studies of mining bits, thin film coating, natural fiber composites, and renewable energy.
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Table of Contents
Preface
1. Brief Glimpses of Additive Manufacturing Techniques
V. Bhuvaneswari
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Polymer-Based AM
1.3 Surgical Planning
1.4 Titanium Alloy
1.5 Thickness Control Using Machine Learning
1.6 Carbon Fiber-Based AM
1.7 Ceramics-Based AM
1.8 Wire Polymer-Based AM
1.9 Nanomaterial-Based AM
1.10 Direct Ink Writing (DIW)
1.11 Hull of Soy
1.12 Laser Powder Bed Fusion
1.13 Future Challenges
1.14 Future Scope of AM
1.15 Conclusion
References
2. Recent Developments in Additive Manufacturing Equipment’s and Its Processes
Ganesh Angappan, Santhosh Sivaraj, Madhan Mohankumar, Elango Vaidyanathan and Arun Joseph
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Equipment and Procedures for Polymer Additive Manufacturing
2.2.1 Stereolithography
2.2.2 Ink Jetting
2.3 Equipment and Procedures for Metal Additive Manufacturing
2.3.1 Powder Bed Fusion
2.3.2 Directed Energy Deposition
2.3.3 Binder Jetting
2.3.4 Sheet Lamination
2.4 Equipment and Procedures for Ceramics Additive Manufacturing
2.4.1 Binder Jetting
2.4.2 Ink Jetting
2.4.3 Stereolithography
2.5 FDM 3D Printing Technique
2.6 Hot Melt Extrusion Method—Polymers
2.7 Advancements in Additive Manufacturing
2.8 Conclusion
References
3. Computational Modeling of Additive Manufacturing— Overview, Principles, and Simulations in Different Scales
B. K. Sivaraj, R. Nitheesh Kumar and V. Karthik
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Atomistic Simulation
3.2.1 Introduction
3.2.1.1 Initialization
3.2.1.2 Simulation
3.2.1.3 Output and Post-Processing
3.2.2 Molecular Dynamics Simulation—Demonstration
3.2.3 Atomistic Simulation of Additive Manufacturing
3.2.3.1 Sintering
3.2.3.2 Crystallization
3.2.3.3 Structural Evolution
3.2.3.4 Associated Phenomena in Additive Manufacturing
3.2.4 Limitations
3.3 Mesoscale Modeling
3.3.1 Introduction
3.3.2 Phase-Field Modeling
3.3.2.1 Fundamental Relations
3.3.3 Phase Field Modeling of Additive Manufacturing
3.3.3.1 Cellular Automata-Based Models
3.3.3.2 Monte Carlo-Based Models
3.3.3.3 Finite Element-Based Models
3.3.3.4 Other Phase-Field Models
3.3.4 Limitations of Phase-Field Modeling
3.3.5 Crystal Plasticity
3.3.6 Crystal Plasticity Simulation—Demonstration
3.3.7 CPFEM Simulation of Additive Manufacturing
3.3.8 Limitations of CPFEM
3.4 Macroscale Modeling
3.4.1 Introduction
3.4.2 Thermal Modeling
3.4.3 Mechanical Modeling
3.4.4 Thermomechanical Modeling—Demonstration
3.4.5 FEM Simulation of Additive Manufacturing
3.4.6 Limitations
3.5 Machine Learning
3.5.1 Introduction
3.5.2 Regression and Optimization
3.5.3 K-Means Clustering
3.5.4 Random Forest Algorithm
3.5.5 Self-Organizing Maps
3.5.6 Application of ML in Additive Manufacturing
3.6 Conclusion
References
4. Characterization Methodologies for Additive Manufacturing: From Feedstock to the Final Component
Koduru Venkatesh, A. Muthuchamy and V. Karthik
List of Abbreviations
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Characterization of Solid Feedstock Materials
4.2.1 Density
4.2.1.1 Apparent Density (AD)
4.2.1.2 Tap Density (TD)
4.2.1.3 Skeletal Density
4.2.2 Flowability
4.2.2.1 Hall Flowmeter Funnel Method
4.2.2.2 Carney Funnel Method
4.2.2.3 Arnold Meter and Hall Flowmeter Funnel Method
4.2.3 Particle Size and Particle Size Distribution
4.2.3.1 Sieve Analysis
4.2.3.2 Light Scattering Method
4.2.4 Particle Morphology
4.2.5 Compressibility
4.2.6 Crystal Structure
4.2.7 Elemental Composition
4.2.7.1 Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS)
4.2.7.2 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
4.3 Characterization of Liquid Form Feedstock
4.3.1 Viscosity
4.3.1.1 Capillary Viscometers
4.3.1.2 Orifice/Cup Viscometers
4.3.2 Surface Tension
4.3.3 Density
4.3.4 Thermal Stability
4.3.5 Curing Characteristics
4.4 Characterization of Additively Manufactured Parts
4.4.1 Density
4.4.2 Mechanical Properties
4.4.2.1 Tensile Properties
4.4.2.2 Compressive Properties
4.4.2.3 Hardness
4.4.2.4 Impact Strength
4.4.2.5 Fracture Toughness
4.4.2.6 Fatigue Life
4.4.2.7 Wear
4.4.3 Corrosion
4.4.4 Residual Stress
4.4.5 Crystal Structure
4.4.6 Microstructure
4.4.6.1 Grain Size
4.4.6.2 Crystal Orientation
4.4.6.3 Intermetallic Phases and Inclusions
4.4.6.4 Voids, Microcracks, Delamination, and Porosity
4.4.7 Elemental Composition
4.4.7.1 Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy
4.4.7.2 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
4.4.7.3 X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy
4.4.8 Surface Roughness
4.5 Conclusion
References
5. Additive Manufacturing of Polymeric Materials: Process and Properties
Devarajan Balaji
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Overview of AM Process for Polymeric Materials
5.2 AM Process of Plastics and Their Properties
5.2.1 Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)
5.2.2 Polypropylene (PP) vs Polyethylene (PE)
5.2.3 Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)
5.2.4 Polycarbonates (PC)
5.2.5 Thermoplastic Elastomers (TPE)
5.2.6 Polyamide (PA)
5.2.7 Polylactic Acid (PLA)
5.3 Conclusion
References
6. Additive Manufacturing of Metal-Matrix and Polymer-Matrix Composites
Sandhyarani Biswas and Anurag Jasti
List of Abbreviations
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 General Steps Involved in 3D Printing
6.1.2 Types of AM Processes
6.1.3 Materials for Additive Manufacturing
6.2 AM of Composite Materials
6.2.1 AM of Metal Matrix Composites
6.2.2 AM of Polymer Matrix Composites
6.3 Effect of Parameters on Printed MMCs
6.3.1 Influence of Parameters on DMLS-Printed Parts
6.3.2 Influence of Parameters on SLM-Printed Parts
6.3.3 Influence of Parameters on EBM-Printed Parts
6.3.4 Influence of Parameters on BJ-Printed Parts
6.3.5 Influence of Parameters on DED-Printed Parts
6.4 Effect of Parameters on Printed PMCs
6.4.1 Influence of Parameters on FDM-Printed Parts
6.4.2 Influence of Parameters on VP-Printed Parts
6.4.3 Influence of Parameters on SLS-Printed Parts
6.4.4 Influence of Parameters on DIW-Printed Parts
6.4.5 Influence of Parameters on BJ-Printed Parts
6.4.6 Influence of Parameters on MJ-Printed Parts
6.4.7 Influence of Parameters on LOM-Printed Parts
6.5 Applications of 3D-Printed Polymer Matrix and Metal Matrix Composites
6.6 Future Scope and Challenges
6.7 Summary and Conclusion
References
7. Postprocessing of Additively Manufactured Polymeric and Metallic Parts—A Review
Vishal Mishra, Navya Ann Cherian, Sushant Negi and Simanchal Kar
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Defects Associated with Additively Manufactured Parts
7.2.1 Defects in Additively Manufactured Polymeric Parts
7.2.2 Defects in Additively Manufactured Metallic Parts
7.3 Postprocessing Techniques for AM Processes
7.3.1 Postprocessing Techniques for 3D-Printed Polymers
7.3.1.1 Heat Treatment
7.3.1.2 Ultrasound Treatment
7.3.1.3 Chemical Treatment
7.3.1.4 Laser Treatment
7.3.2 Postprocessing Techniques for 3D-Printed Metallic Parts
7.3.2.1 Laser Shock Peening (LSP)
7.3.2.2 Laser Polishing (LP)
7.3.2.3 Conventional Machining Processes (CMP) Like Milling, Rolling, Chemical, and Abrasive Machining
7.3.2.4 Heat Treatment Techniques
7.4 Conclusion
References
8. Additive Manufacturing of Nanoscale and Microscale Materials
D. Vasanth Kumar, N. Srinivasan, S. J. Davis Hans, S. Gokul, B. Arulmurugan and B. Sathishkumar
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Microscale Additive Manufacturing
8.2.1 Photopolymers
8.2.2 Non-Organic Nonmetallic Composites
8.3 Properties of Materials
8.3.1 Mechanical Properties
8.3.2 Optical Properties
8.3.3 Dielectric Properties
8.4 Nanocomposites Applications
8.4.1 Materials Compatible With Medical Implants
8.4.2 Nanocomposites With Metallic-Based Nanofillers
8.4.3 Nanocomposites With Ceramic Nanofillers
8.4.4 Nanocomposites With Carbon-Based Nanofillers
8.4.5 Nanocomposites With Cellulose-Based Nanofillers
8.5 Conclusion
References
9. Additive Manufacturing of Hydrogels: Process and Properties
V. Bhuvaneswari, Balaji Devarajan and L. Rajeshkumar
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Application of 3D-Printed Hydrogels
9.2.1 Hydrogel Printed Sensors, Actuators, and Design Aspect of Robotics
9.2.2 New Advances in the 3D Printing of Hydrogels for Use in Tissue Engineering
9.3 Hydrogel Materials for Additive Manufacturing
9.3.1 Conductive Hydrogels
9.3.2 Shape Memory Hydrogels
9.3.3 Chitosan-Based Hydrogels
9.3.4 PEGD-Based Hydrogels
9.3.5 Ion-Based Hydrogels
9.3.6 Magnetic Hydrogel
9.3.7 Weldable Hydrogels
9.3.8 Hydrogels With Integrated Cameras
9.3.9 pNIPAM Hydrogels
9.3.10 Polymer-Based Hydrogels
9.3.11 Smart Hydrogel
9.4 Conclusion
References
10. Additive Manufacturing of Bulk Metallic Glasses
Ashutosh Sahu and Anil Kumar
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Bulk Metallic Glass
10.1.2 Additive Manufacturing Techniques to Synthesize Bulk Metallic Glass
10.2 Overview of Various Bulk Metallic Glasses Synthesized by Additive Manufacturing
10.3 Mechanical Properties of Bulk Metallic Glasses Synthesized Via Additive Manufacturing
10.3.1 Strength and Plasticity
10.3.2 Hardness
10.3.3 Fatigue Strength
10.4 Summary and Future Development Perspective
References
11. Additive Manufacturing of Tools and Dies for Metal Forming Applications
Yogeshwaran K. and Shubhajit Das
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Extrusion-Based Additive Manufacturing
11.3 Laser-Based Additive Manufacturing
11.4 Layer-Laminated Additive Manufacturing
11.5 Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing
11.6 Discussions
11.7 Challenges of Metals in Additive Manufacturing
11.8 Conclusion
References
12. Environmental Aspects of 3D Printing Metal and Alloys
Palivela Bhargav Chandan, Pranav G. Bhat, Sangeeth Purushothaman, Devara Venkata Krishna, Tadi Siva Prasad, Aye Aye Thet and Mamilla Ravi Sankar
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Additive Manufacturing Technologies
12.2.1 Selective Laser Sintering
12.2.2 Fused Deposition Modeling
12.2.3 Stereolithography
12.2.4 Laminated Object Manufacturing
12.2.5 Binder Jetting
12.2.6 Directed Energy Deposition
12.3 Metal and Alloy Materials
12.4 Positive Environmental Impact of Additive Manufacturing
12.5 Life Cycle Assessment
12.6 Sustainable Manufacturing
12.7 Negative Environmental Impact of Additive Manufacturing
12.8 Direct Sampling Devices
12.8.1 Condensation Particle Counters (CPC)
12.8.2 Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance (TEOM)
12.8.3 Nanoparticle Surface Area Monitoring (NSAM)
12.9 Health Damage Due to Exposure to Emissions
12.10 Safety Measures to be Followed During 3D Printing
12.11 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
13. Current Aspects of Additive Manufacturing in the Aerospace Industry
Dheeraj Lal Soni and Jagadish
13.1 Introduction
13.2 AM Technologies for the Aerospace Industries
13.2.1 Stereolithography (SLA)
13.2.2 Electron Beam Melting (EBM) or Sublimation
13.2.3 Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)
13.2.4 Selective Laser Sintering
13.2.5 Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM)
13.2.6 Fusion Metal Additive Manufacturing (FMAM)
13.3 Summary of the Literature Study
13.4 Conclusion & Recommendation for Future Work
References
14. Four-Dimensional (4D) Microprinting: Materials, Processes, Challenges and Applications
Roja Rani Korrayi, Anita Jena, Bharat C. G. Marupalli, Bijaya Bikram Samal, Shailendra Kumar Varshney and Cheruvu Siva Kumar
14.1 Introduction
14.2 4D Printing Technologies
14.3 Micro 4D Printing: State of the Art
14.4 Smart Materials for Micro 4D Printing
14.4.1 Polymer-Based Materials
14.4.2 Metallic-Based Materials
14.4.3 Ceramic-Based Materials
14.4.4 Biomaterials
14.5 Micro Additive Manufacturing Processes
14.5.1 Micro Stereolithography
14.5.2 Two-Photon Polymerization
14.5.3 Laser Transfer Micro AM
14.5.4 Ink-Based Micro AM
14.5.5 Micro Laser Sintering
14.5.6 Beam Deposition
14.6 Applications of Micro 4D-Printed Structures
14.7 Challenges and Future Outlook
14.8 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
15. Novel Technique to Measure Shape Memory Behavior of 4D Material
Nilesh Tiwari and Kanif M. Markad
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Additive Manufacturing and Methodology
15.2.1 Sample Preparation of Rectangular Plates
15.2.2 Reverse Engineering and Shape Memory Parameters of Rectangular Samples
15.2.3 Preparation of Samples and RE of Paraboloidal Surfaces
15.2.4 RE of Surfaces
15.3 Analysis
15.3.1 Behavior of Plates With Shape Memory Using Rectangular Shapes
15.3.2 Behavior of Paraboloid Surfaces With Respect to Shape Memory
15.4 Conclusions
References
16. Additive Manufacturing for Building and Constructions: Overview, Applications and Challenges
Akesh B. Kakarla, Ing Kong and Vipulkumar Ishvarbhai Patel
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Techniques of AM Used in B&C
16.2.1 Binder Jetting
16.2.2 Material Extrusion
16.3 Construction Materials for AM
16.3.1 Cementitious-Based Materials
16.3.2 Polymer and Polymer Composites
16.3.3 Sustainable Materials
16.4 Properties of the Printable Construction Materials
16.4.1 Extrudability
16.4.2 Printability
16.4.3 Buildability
16.4.4 Open Time
16.5 Applications of AM in B&C Industries
16.5.1 3D Printing of Building
16.5.2 3D Printing of Bridges
16.6 Challenges and Future Developments of AM in B&C Applications
16.7 Conclusions
References
Index
Back to Top
Preface
1. Brief Glimpses of Additive Manufacturing Techniques
V. Bhuvaneswari
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Polymer-Based AM
1.3 Surgical Planning
1.4 Titanium Alloy
1.5 Thickness Control Using Machine Learning
1.6 Carbon Fiber-Based AM
1.7 Ceramics-Based AM
1.8 Wire Polymer-Based AM
1.9 Nanomaterial-Based AM
1.10 Direct Ink Writing (DIW)
1.11 Hull of Soy
1.12 Laser Powder Bed Fusion
1.13 Future Challenges
1.14 Future Scope of AM
1.15 Conclusion
References
2. Recent Developments in Additive Manufacturing Equipment’s and Its Processes
Ganesh Angappan, Santhosh Sivaraj, Madhan Mohankumar, Elango Vaidyanathan and Arun Joseph
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Equipment and Procedures for Polymer Additive Manufacturing
2.2.1 Stereolithography
2.2.2 Ink Jetting
2.3 Equipment and Procedures for Metal Additive Manufacturing
2.3.1 Powder Bed Fusion
2.3.2 Directed Energy Deposition
2.3.3 Binder Jetting
2.3.4 Sheet Lamination
2.4 Equipment and Procedures for Ceramics Additive Manufacturing
2.4.1 Binder Jetting
2.4.2 Ink Jetting
2.4.3 Stereolithography
2.5 FDM 3D Printing Technique
2.6 Hot Melt Extrusion Method—Polymers
2.7 Advancements in Additive Manufacturing
2.8 Conclusion
References
3. Computational Modeling of Additive Manufacturing— Overview, Principles, and Simulations in Different Scales
B. K. Sivaraj, R. Nitheesh Kumar and V. Karthik
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Atomistic Simulation
3.2.1 Introduction
3.2.1.1 Initialization
3.2.1.2 Simulation
3.2.1.3 Output and Post-Processing
3.2.2 Molecular Dynamics Simulation—Demonstration
3.2.3 Atomistic Simulation of Additive Manufacturing
3.2.3.1 Sintering
3.2.3.2 Crystallization
3.2.3.3 Structural Evolution
3.2.3.4 Associated Phenomena in Additive Manufacturing
3.2.4 Limitations
3.3 Mesoscale Modeling
3.3.1 Introduction
3.3.2 Phase-Field Modeling
3.3.2.1 Fundamental Relations
3.3.3 Phase Field Modeling of Additive Manufacturing
3.3.3.1 Cellular Automata-Based Models
3.3.3.2 Monte Carlo-Based Models
3.3.3.3 Finite Element-Based Models
3.3.3.4 Other Phase-Field Models
3.3.4 Limitations of Phase-Field Modeling
3.3.5 Crystal Plasticity
3.3.6 Crystal Plasticity Simulation—Demonstration
3.3.7 CPFEM Simulation of Additive Manufacturing
3.3.8 Limitations of CPFEM
3.4 Macroscale Modeling
3.4.1 Introduction
3.4.2 Thermal Modeling
3.4.3 Mechanical Modeling
3.4.4 Thermomechanical Modeling—Demonstration
3.4.5 FEM Simulation of Additive Manufacturing
3.4.6 Limitations
3.5 Machine Learning
3.5.1 Introduction
3.5.2 Regression and Optimization
3.5.3 K-Means Clustering
3.5.4 Random Forest Algorithm
3.5.5 Self-Organizing Maps
3.5.6 Application of ML in Additive Manufacturing
3.6 Conclusion
References
4. Characterization Methodologies for Additive Manufacturing: From Feedstock to the Final Component
Koduru Venkatesh, A. Muthuchamy and V. Karthik
List of Abbreviations
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Characterization of Solid Feedstock Materials
4.2.1 Density
4.2.1.1 Apparent Density (AD)
4.2.1.2 Tap Density (TD)
4.2.1.3 Skeletal Density
4.2.2 Flowability
4.2.2.1 Hall Flowmeter Funnel Method
4.2.2.2 Carney Funnel Method
4.2.2.3 Arnold Meter and Hall Flowmeter Funnel Method
4.2.3 Particle Size and Particle Size Distribution
4.2.3.1 Sieve Analysis
4.2.3.2 Light Scattering Method
4.2.4 Particle Morphology
4.2.5 Compressibility
4.2.6 Crystal Structure
4.2.7 Elemental Composition
4.2.7.1 Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS)
4.2.7.2 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
4.3 Characterization of Liquid Form Feedstock
4.3.1 Viscosity
4.3.1.1 Capillary Viscometers
4.3.1.2 Orifice/Cup Viscometers
4.3.2 Surface Tension
4.3.3 Density
4.3.4 Thermal Stability
4.3.5 Curing Characteristics
4.4 Characterization of Additively Manufactured Parts
4.4.1 Density
4.4.2 Mechanical Properties
4.4.2.1 Tensile Properties
4.4.2.2 Compressive Properties
4.4.2.3 Hardness
4.4.2.4 Impact Strength
4.4.2.5 Fracture Toughness
4.4.2.6 Fatigue Life
4.4.2.7 Wear
4.4.3 Corrosion
4.4.4 Residual Stress
4.4.5 Crystal Structure
4.4.6 Microstructure
4.4.6.1 Grain Size
4.4.6.2 Crystal Orientation
4.4.6.3 Intermetallic Phases and Inclusions
4.4.6.4 Voids, Microcracks, Delamination, and Porosity
4.4.7 Elemental Composition
4.4.7.1 Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy
4.4.7.2 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
4.4.7.3 X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy
4.4.8 Surface Roughness
4.5 Conclusion
References
5. Additive Manufacturing of Polymeric Materials: Process and Properties
Devarajan Balaji
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Overview of AM Process for Polymeric Materials
5.2 AM Process of Plastics and Their Properties
5.2.1 Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)
5.2.2 Polypropylene (PP) vs Polyethylene (PE)
5.2.3 Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)
5.2.4 Polycarbonates (PC)
5.2.5 Thermoplastic Elastomers (TPE)
5.2.6 Polyamide (PA)
5.2.7 Polylactic Acid (PLA)
5.3 Conclusion
References
6. Additive Manufacturing of Metal-Matrix and Polymer-Matrix Composites
Sandhyarani Biswas and Anurag Jasti
List of Abbreviations
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 General Steps Involved in 3D Printing
6.1.2 Types of AM Processes
6.1.3 Materials for Additive Manufacturing
6.2 AM of Composite Materials
6.2.1 AM of Metal Matrix Composites
6.2.2 AM of Polymer Matrix Composites
6.3 Effect of Parameters on Printed MMCs
6.3.1 Influence of Parameters on DMLS-Printed Parts
6.3.2 Influence of Parameters on SLM-Printed Parts
6.3.3 Influence of Parameters on EBM-Printed Parts
6.3.4 Influence of Parameters on BJ-Printed Parts
6.3.5 Influence of Parameters on DED-Printed Parts
6.4 Effect of Parameters on Printed PMCs
6.4.1 Influence of Parameters on FDM-Printed Parts
6.4.2 Influence of Parameters on VP-Printed Parts
6.4.3 Influence of Parameters on SLS-Printed Parts
6.4.4 Influence of Parameters on DIW-Printed Parts
6.4.5 Influence of Parameters on BJ-Printed Parts
6.4.6 Influence of Parameters on MJ-Printed Parts
6.4.7 Influence of Parameters on LOM-Printed Parts
6.5 Applications of 3D-Printed Polymer Matrix and Metal Matrix Composites
6.6 Future Scope and Challenges
6.7 Summary and Conclusion
References
7. Postprocessing of Additively Manufactured Polymeric and Metallic Parts—A Review
Vishal Mishra, Navya Ann Cherian, Sushant Negi and Simanchal Kar
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Defects Associated with Additively Manufactured Parts
7.2.1 Defects in Additively Manufactured Polymeric Parts
7.2.2 Defects in Additively Manufactured Metallic Parts
7.3 Postprocessing Techniques for AM Processes
7.3.1 Postprocessing Techniques for 3D-Printed Polymers
7.3.1.1 Heat Treatment
7.3.1.2 Ultrasound Treatment
7.3.1.3 Chemical Treatment
7.3.1.4 Laser Treatment
7.3.2 Postprocessing Techniques for 3D-Printed Metallic Parts
7.3.2.1 Laser Shock Peening (LSP)
7.3.2.2 Laser Polishing (LP)
7.3.2.3 Conventional Machining Processes (CMP) Like Milling, Rolling, Chemical, and Abrasive Machining
7.3.2.4 Heat Treatment Techniques
7.4 Conclusion
References
8. Additive Manufacturing of Nanoscale and Microscale Materials
D. Vasanth Kumar, N. Srinivasan, S. J. Davis Hans, S. Gokul, B. Arulmurugan and B. Sathishkumar
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Microscale Additive Manufacturing
8.2.1 Photopolymers
8.2.2 Non-Organic Nonmetallic Composites
8.3 Properties of Materials
8.3.1 Mechanical Properties
8.3.2 Optical Properties
8.3.3 Dielectric Properties
8.4 Nanocomposites Applications
8.4.1 Materials Compatible With Medical Implants
8.4.2 Nanocomposites With Metallic-Based Nanofillers
8.4.3 Nanocomposites With Ceramic Nanofillers
8.4.4 Nanocomposites With Carbon-Based Nanofillers
8.4.5 Nanocomposites With Cellulose-Based Nanofillers
8.5 Conclusion
References
9. Additive Manufacturing of Hydrogels: Process and Properties
V. Bhuvaneswari, Balaji Devarajan and L. Rajeshkumar
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Application of 3D-Printed Hydrogels
9.2.1 Hydrogel Printed Sensors, Actuators, and Design Aspect of Robotics
9.2.2 New Advances in the 3D Printing of Hydrogels for Use in Tissue Engineering
9.3 Hydrogel Materials for Additive Manufacturing
9.3.1 Conductive Hydrogels
9.3.2 Shape Memory Hydrogels
9.3.3 Chitosan-Based Hydrogels
9.3.4 PEGD-Based Hydrogels
9.3.5 Ion-Based Hydrogels
9.3.6 Magnetic Hydrogel
9.3.7 Weldable Hydrogels
9.3.8 Hydrogels With Integrated Cameras
9.3.9 pNIPAM Hydrogels
9.3.10 Polymer-Based Hydrogels
9.3.11 Smart Hydrogel
9.4 Conclusion
References
10. Additive Manufacturing of Bulk Metallic Glasses
Ashutosh Sahu and Anil Kumar
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Bulk Metallic Glass
10.1.2 Additive Manufacturing Techniques to Synthesize Bulk Metallic Glass
10.2 Overview of Various Bulk Metallic Glasses Synthesized by Additive Manufacturing
10.3 Mechanical Properties of Bulk Metallic Glasses Synthesized Via Additive Manufacturing
10.3.1 Strength and Plasticity
10.3.2 Hardness
10.3.3 Fatigue Strength
10.4 Summary and Future Development Perspective
References
11. Additive Manufacturing of Tools and Dies for Metal Forming Applications
Yogeshwaran K. and Shubhajit Das
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Extrusion-Based Additive Manufacturing
11.3 Laser-Based Additive Manufacturing
11.4 Layer-Laminated Additive Manufacturing
11.5 Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing
11.6 Discussions
11.7 Challenges of Metals in Additive Manufacturing
11.8 Conclusion
References
12. Environmental Aspects of 3D Printing Metal and Alloys
Palivela Bhargav Chandan, Pranav G. Bhat, Sangeeth Purushothaman, Devara Venkata Krishna, Tadi Siva Prasad, Aye Aye Thet and Mamilla Ravi Sankar
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Additive Manufacturing Technologies
12.2.1 Selective Laser Sintering
12.2.2 Fused Deposition Modeling
12.2.3 Stereolithography
12.2.4 Laminated Object Manufacturing
12.2.5 Binder Jetting
12.2.6 Directed Energy Deposition
12.3 Metal and Alloy Materials
12.4 Positive Environmental Impact of Additive Manufacturing
12.5 Life Cycle Assessment
12.6 Sustainable Manufacturing
12.7 Negative Environmental Impact of Additive Manufacturing
12.8 Direct Sampling Devices
12.8.1 Condensation Particle Counters (CPC)
12.8.2 Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance (TEOM)
12.8.3 Nanoparticle Surface Area Monitoring (NSAM)
12.9 Health Damage Due to Exposure to Emissions
12.10 Safety Measures to be Followed During 3D Printing
12.11 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
13. Current Aspects of Additive Manufacturing in the Aerospace Industry
Dheeraj Lal Soni and Jagadish
13.1 Introduction
13.2 AM Technologies for the Aerospace Industries
13.2.1 Stereolithography (SLA)
13.2.2 Electron Beam Melting (EBM) or Sublimation
13.2.3 Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)
13.2.4 Selective Laser Sintering
13.2.5 Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM)
13.2.6 Fusion Metal Additive Manufacturing (FMAM)
13.3 Summary of the Literature Study
13.4 Conclusion & Recommendation for Future Work
References
14. Four-Dimensional (4D) Microprinting: Materials, Processes, Challenges and Applications
Roja Rani Korrayi, Anita Jena, Bharat C. G. Marupalli, Bijaya Bikram Samal, Shailendra Kumar Varshney and Cheruvu Siva Kumar
14.1 Introduction
14.2 4D Printing Technologies
14.3 Micro 4D Printing: State of the Art
14.4 Smart Materials for Micro 4D Printing
14.4.1 Polymer-Based Materials
14.4.2 Metallic-Based Materials
14.4.3 Ceramic-Based Materials
14.4.4 Biomaterials
14.5 Micro Additive Manufacturing Processes
14.5.1 Micro Stereolithography
14.5.2 Two-Photon Polymerization
14.5.3 Laser Transfer Micro AM
14.5.4 Ink-Based Micro AM
14.5.5 Micro Laser Sintering
14.5.6 Beam Deposition
14.6 Applications of Micro 4D-Printed Structures
14.7 Challenges and Future Outlook
14.8 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
15. Novel Technique to Measure Shape Memory Behavior of 4D Material
Nilesh Tiwari and Kanif M. Markad
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Additive Manufacturing and Methodology
15.2.1 Sample Preparation of Rectangular Plates
15.2.2 Reverse Engineering and Shape Memory Parameters of Rectangular Samples
15.2.3 Preparation of Samples and RE of Paraboloidal Surfaces
15.2.4 RE of Surfaces
15.3 Analysis
15.3.1 Behavior of Plates With Shape Memory Using Rectangular Shapes
15.3.2 Behavior of Paraboloid Surfaces With Respect to Shape Memory
15.4 Conclusions
References
16. Additive Manufacturing for Building and Constructions: Overview, Applications and Challenges
Akesh B. Kakarla, Ing Kong and Vipulkumar Ishvarbhai Patel
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Techniques of AM Used in B&C
16.2.1 Binder Jetting
16.2.2 Material Extrusion
16.3 Construction Materials for AM
16.3.1 Cementitious-Based Materials
16.3.2 Polymer and Polymer Composites
16.3.3 Sustainable Materials
16.4 Properties of the Printable Construction Materials
16.4.1 Extrudability
16.4.2 Printability
16.4.3 Buildability
16.4.4 Open Time
16.5 Applications of AM in B&C Industries
16.5.1 3D Printing of Building
16.5.2 3D Printing of Bridges
16.6 Challenges and Future Developments of AM in B&C Applications
16.7 Conclusions
References
Index
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