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Submit a ProposalHybridized Technologies for the Treatment of Mining Effluents
 | Edited by Elvis Fosso-Kankeu and Bhekie Mamba
Copyright: 2023 | Status: Published ISBN: 9781119896425 | Hardcover | 307 pages Price: $195 USD  |
One Line Description
The main goal of this book is to review the principles, development, and performances of hybridized technologies that have been used for the treatment of mine effluents.
Audience
This book will be of interest to academic researchers from the fields of environment, chemistry, engineering, mineral processing, hydrometallurgy, geochemistry, and professionals including mining plant operators, environmental managers in the industries, water treatment plants managers and operators, water authorities, government regulatory bodies officers and environmentalists.
This book will be of interest to academic researchers from the fields of environment, chemistry, engineering, mineral processing, hydrometallurgy, geochemistry, and professionals including mining plant operators, environmental managers in the industries, water treatment plants managers and operators, water authorities, government regulatory bodies officers and environmentalists.
Description
Recent developments consist of the integration/hybridization of technologies to achieve the effective removal of pollutants from acid mine drainage (AMD) effluents in a stepwise manner such as to ensure that the cost of the process is minimized, and the resulting water is fit for purpose.
This book presents eight specialized chapters that provide a state-of-the-art review of the different hybridized technologies that have been developed over the years for the treatment of mine effluent, including AMD. The successful implementation and challenges of these technologies are highlighted to give the reader a perspective on the management of such waste in the mining industry.
In this innovative book, readers will be introduced to
• The limitations of passive and active treatment processes as stand-alone technologies while appraising the functioning and performances of these technologies when combined to address their challenges;
• The numerous approaches that have been considered over the years for effective combination of these technologies are explored taking into account their successful implementation at large scale as well as the long-term sustainability.
Back to Top
Recent developments consist of the integration/hybridization of technologies to achieve the effective removal of pollutants from acid mine drainage (AMD) effluents in a stepwise manner such as to ensure that the cost of the process is minimized, and the resulting water is fit for purpose.
This book presents eight specialized chapters that provide a state-of-the-art review of the different hybridized technologies that have been developed over the years for the treatment of mine effluent, including AMD. The successful implementation and challenges of these technologies are highlighted to give the reader a perspective on the management of such waste in the mining industry.
In this innovative book, readers will be introduced to
• The limitations of passive and active treatment processes as stand-alone technologies while appraising the functioning and performances of these technologies when combined to address their challenges;
• The numerous approaches that have been considered over the years for effective combination of these technologies are explored taking into account their successful implementation at large scale as well as the long-term sustainability.
Back to Top
Author / Editor Details
Elvis Fosso-Kankeu, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Metallurgy, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, Johannesburg, South Africa. His research focuses on the hydrometallurgical extraction of metal from solid phases, the prediction of pollutants dispersion from industrial areas, and the development of effective and sustainable methods for the removal of inorganic and organic pollutants from polluted water. He has published more than 220 papers including journal articles, books, book chapters, and conference proceeding papers. He has won several research awards including the NSTF Award (National Science and Technology Forum: largest science, engineering, technology, and innovation awards in South Africa and are known as the “Science Oscars” of recent times) Engineering Research Capacity Development, in 2019.
Elvis Fosso-Kankeu, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Metallurgy, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, Johannesburg, South Africa. His research focuses on the hydrometallurgical extraction of metal from solid phases, the prediction of pollutants dispersion from industrial areas, and the development of effective and sustainable methods for the removal of inorganic and organic pollutants from polluted water. He has published more than 220 papers including journal articles, books, book chapters, and conference proceeding papers. He has won several research awards including the NSTF Award (National Science and Technology Forum: largest science, engineering, technology, and innovation awards in South Africa and are known as the “Science Oscars” of recent times) Engineering Research Capacity Development, in 2019.
Bhekie Mamba, PhD, is the executive dean of the College of Science, Engineering, and Technology, University of South Africa. Prof Mamba is a visionary and has occupied a number of leadership positions including being a Professor and Head at Department of Applied Chemistry at the University of Johannesburg, and the Director of the Institute of Nanotechnology and Water Research at the University of Johannesburg. He has published about 7 book chapters, over 250 journal papers, about 12 technical reports, and over 50 conference proceedings. His general research interest involves developing advanced technologies for water treatment, which include nanotechnology and membrane technology.
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Table of Contents
Preface
1. Passive Remediation of Acid Mine Drainage Using Phytoremediation: Role of Substrate, Plants, and External Factors in Inorganic Contaminants Removal
Nguegang Beauclair, Vhahangwele, Masindi, Titus Alfred Makudali Msagati and Tekere Memory
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Materials and Methods
1.2.1 Samples Collection and Characterization
1.2.2 Acquisition of the Plants and Reagents
1.2.3 Characterization of Samples
1.2.4 Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC)
1.2.5 Wetlands Design and Optimization Experiments
1.2.5.1 Wetland Design
1.2.5.2 Wetland Experimental Procedure and Assays
1.2.5.3 The Performance of the System
1.2.5.4 Determination of the Translocation and Distribution of Metals
1.2.5.5 Geochemical Modeling
1.3 Results and Discussion
1.3.1 Remediation Studies
1.3.1.1 Effect of FWS-CW on pH
1.3.1.2 Effect of FWS-CW on Electrical Conductivity
1.3.1.3 Effect of FWS-CW on Sulphate Concentration
1.3.1.4 Effect of FWS-CW on Metal Concentration
1.3.1.5 Role of Substrate in Metals Accumulation
1.3.1.6 Removal Efficiency of Metals and Sulphate in the Experimental System
1.3.2 Tolerance Index, Bioaccumulation, and Translocation Effects
1.3.2.1 Tolerance Index
1.3.2.2 Bioconcentration Factor
1.3.2.3 Translocation Factor
1.3.2.4 Metal Translocation and Distribution
1.3.3 Metals Concentration in Substrate and Vetiveria zizanioides Before and After Contact With AMD
1.3.4 Partitioning of Metals Between Substrate, Plants, and External Factors
1.3.5 Characterization of Solid Samples
1.3.5.1 Elemental Composition of the Substrate
1.3.5.2 Mineralogical Composition of the Substrate
1.3.5.3 Analysis of Vetiveria zizanioides Roots for Functional Group
1.3.5.4 Scanning Electron Microscope-Electron Dispersion Spectrometry of Vetiveria zizanioides Roots
1.4 Chemical Species for Untreated and AMD-Treated Wetland With FWS-CW
1.5 Limitation of the Study
1.6 Conclusions and Recommendations
References
2. Recovery of Strategically Important Heavy Metals from Mining Influenced Water: An Experimental Approach Based on Ion-Exchange
Janith Abeywickrama, Marlies Grimmer and Nils Hoth
Abbreviations
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Ion Exchange in Mine Water Treatment
2.2.1 Ion Exchange Terminology
2.2.2 Fundamentals of Ion Exchange Process
2.2.3 Selectivity of Ion-Exchange Materials
2.2.4 Chelating Cation Exchangers
2.3 Laboratory-Scale Ion Exchange Column Experiments
2.3.1 General Introduction to the Setup
2.3.2 Column Loading Process
2.3.3 Mass Transfer Zone
2.3.4 Regeneration Process (Deloading)
2.3.5 Metal Separation by Ion Exchange
2.3.6 Mass Balance Calculations
2.4 Case Study: Selective Recovery of Copper and Cobalt From a Chilean Mine Water
2.4.1 Problem Description and Objectives
2.4.2 Recovery of Copper from Mining Influenced Water
2.4.3 Cobalt Enrichment Using the Runoff Water from Previous Column Experiments
2.4.3.1 Column Experiment with TP 220 Resin Without pH Adjustment
2.4.3.2 Comparison of Breakthrough Curves in Cobalt Enrichment Experiments
2.4.4 Copper–Cobalt Separation During the Deloading Process
2.5 Case Study: Recovery of Zinc from Abandoned Mine Water Galleries in Saxony, Germany
2.6 Perspectives and Challenges
Acknowledgments
References
3. Remediation of Acid Mine Drainage Using Natural Materials: A Systematic Review
Matome L. Mothetha, Vhahangwele Masindi, Titus A.M. Msagati and Kebede K. Kefeni
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Acid Mine Drainage
3.3 Formation of the Acid Mine Drainage
3.4 Potential Impacts of Acid Mine Drainage
3.4.1 The Impacts of AMD on the Environment and Ecology
3.5 Acid Mine Drainage Abatement/Prevention
3.6 Mechanisms of Pollutants Removal From AMD
3.6.1 Active Treatment
3.6.2 Chemical Precipitation
3.6.3 Adsorption
3.6.4 Passive Treatment
3.6.5 Other Treatment Methods
3.6.5.1 Ion Exchange
3.6.5.2 Membrane Filtration
3.6.5.3 Acid Mine Drainage Treatment Using Native Materials
3.7 Conclusion
References
4. Recent Development of Active Technologies for AMD Treatment
Zvinowanda, Caliphs
Abbreviations
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Difference Between Active and Nonactive AMD Treatment Methods
4.1.2 Conventional Active Techniques for AMD Treatment
4.1.2.1 Alkali/Alkaline Neutralization Processes
4.1.2.2 In Situ Active AMD Treatment Processes
4.1.2.3 Microbiological Active AMD Treatment Systems
4.2 Recent Developments of Active AMD Treatment Technologies
4.2.1 Resource Recovery From Active AMD Treatment Technologies
4.2.1.1 Continuous Counter-Current–Based Technologies
4.2.1.2 Continuous Ion Filtration for Acid Mine Drainage Treatment
4.2.2 The Alkali-Barium-Calcium Process
4.2.3 Magnesium-Barium Oxide (MBO) Process
4.2.4 HybridICE Freeze Desalination Technology
4.2.5 Evaporation-Based Technologies
4.2.5.1 Multieffect Membrane Distillation (MEND) for AMD Treatment
4.2.5.2 Desalination of AMD Using Dewvaporation Process
4.2.5.3 Membrane-Based Technologies
4.3 Recent Disruptive Developments of AMD Treatment Technologies
4.3.1 Tailing Technology
4.3.2 Advanced Oxidation Processes
4.3.2.1 Ferrate Oxidation-Neutralization Process
4.3.2.2 Treatment of AMD by Ozone Oxidation
4.3.2.3 Ion-Exchange Technology for Active AMD Treatment
References
5. Buffering Capacity of Soils in Mining Areas and Mitigation of Acid Mine Drainage Formation
Rudzani Lusunzi, Elvis Fosso-Kankeu and Frans Waanders
Abbreviations
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Control of Acid Mine Drainage
5.2.1 Water Covers
5.2.2 Mine Land Reclamation
5.2.3 Biocidal AMD Control
5.2.4 Alternative Dump Construction
5.3 Treatment of Acid Mine Drainage
5.3.1 Active Treatment
5.3.1.1 Limestone
5.3.1.2 Hydrated Lime
5.3.1.3 Quicklime
5.3.1.4 Soda Ash
5.3.1.5 Caustic Soda
5.3.1.6 Ammonia
5.3.2 Passive Treatment
5.3.2.1 Biological Passive Treatment Systems
5.3.2.2 Geochemical Passive Treatment Systems
5.3.3 Emerging Passive Treatment Systems
5.3.3.1 Phytoremediation
References
6. Novel Approaches to Passive and Semi-Passive Treatment of Zinc‑Bearing Circumneutral Mine Waters in England and Wales
Kennedy, J., Okeme, I.C. and Sapsford D.J.
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Active Treatment Options for Zn
6.1.2 Passive Treatment Options for Zn
6.2 Hybrid Semi-Passive Treatment: Na2CO3 Dosing and Other Water Treatment Reagents
6.2.1 Abbey Consols Mine Water
6.2.2 Laboratory Scale Na2CO3 Dosing
6.2.3 Practical Implementation of Na2CO3 Dosing
6.3 Polishing of Trace Metals With Vertical Flow Reactors
6.4 Concluding Remarks
References
7. Recovery of Drinking Water and Valuable Metals From Iron-Rich Acid Mine Water Through a Combined Biological, Chemical, and Physical Treatment Process
Tumelo Monty Mogashane, Johannes Philippus Maree, Kwena Desmond Modibane, Munyaradzi Mujuru and Mamasegare Mabel Mphahlele-Makgwane
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 General Problem with Mine Water
7.1.2 Legislation
7.1.3 Ideal Solution
7.2 Objectives
7.3 Literature
7.3.1 Mine Water Treatment Processes
7.3.1.1 Limestone
7.3.1.2 Gypsum Crystallization and Inhibition
7.3.1.3 ROC
7.3.1.4 Biological Iron (II) Oxidation
7.3.1.5 Selective Metal Removal
7.3.2 Solubilities
7.3.3 Pigment
7.4 Materials and Methods
7.4.1 Fe2+ Oxidation
7.4.1.1 Feedstock
7.4.1.2 Equipment
7.4.1.3 Procedure
7.4.1.4 Experimental
7.4.2 Neutralization (CaCO3, Na2CO3 and MgO)
7.4.2.1 Feedstock
7.4.2.2 Equipment
7.4.2.3 Procedure
7.4.2.4 Experimental
7.4.3 pH 7.5 Sludge From Na2CO3 as Alkali for Fe3+ Removal
7.4.3.1 Feedstock
7.4.3.2 Equipment
7.4.3.3 Procedure
7.4.3.4 Experimental
7.4.4 Inhibition
7.4.4.1 Feedstock
7.4.4.2 Equipment
7.4.4.3 Procedure
7.4.4.4 Experimental
7.4.5 MgO/SiO2 Separation
7.4.5.1 Feedstock
7.4.5.2 Equipment
7.4.5.3 Procedure
7.4.5.4 Experimental
7.4.6 SiO2 Removal
7.4.7 Pigment Formation
7.4.7.1 Feedstock
7.4.7.2 Equipment
7.4.7.3 Procedure
7.4.7.4 Experimental
7.4.8 Analytical
7.4.9 Characterization of the Sludge
7.4.10 OLI
7.5 Results and Discussion
7.5.1 Chemical Composition
7.5.2 Biological Fe2+-Oxidation
7.5.3 CaCO3 as Alkali for Removal of Fe3+ and Remaining Metals
7.5.3.1 Limestone Neutralization
7.5.3.2 pH 7.5 Sludge from Na2CO3 as Alkali for Fe+3 Removal
7.5.4 MgO and Na2CO3 as Alkalis for Selective Removal of Fe3+ and Al3+
7.5.4.1 Fe3+ Removal with MgO
7.5.4.2 Al3+ Removal with Na2CO3
7.5.4.3 Metal Behavior as Predicted by OLI Simulations
7.5.5 Gypsum Crystallization
7.5.5.1 Kinetics Gypsum Seed Crystal Concentration and Reaction Order
7.5.5.2 Inhibition of Gypsum Crystallization in the Absence of Fe(OH)3 at Neutral pH
7.5.6 Separation of MgO and SiO2
7.5.7 Si4+ Removal from Solution
7.5.8 Fe(OH)3 Purity and Pigment Formation
7.5.9 Economic Feasibility
7.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
8. Acid Mine Drainage Treatment Technologies: Challenges and Future Perspectives
Nguegang Beauclair, Vhahangwele, Masindi, Titus Alfred Makudali Msagati and Tekere Memory
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Acid Mine Drainage
8.2.1 Acid Mine Drainage Formation
8.2.2 Roles of Different Factors Influencing AMD Formation
8.2.2.1 Role of Bacteria in Acid Mine Drainage Generation
8.2.2.2 Role of Oxygen in Acid Mine Drainage Generation
8.2.2.3 Role of Water in Acid Mine Drainage Generation
8.2.2.4 Other Factors Influencing the Generation of AMD
8.3 Types of Mine Drainage
8.3.1 Neutral/Alkaline Mine Drainage
8.4 Physicochemical Properties of AMD
8.4.1 Physical Properties
8.4.2 Chemical Properties
8.5 Environmental Impacts of Acid Mine Drainage
8.6 AMD Abatement
8.6.1 Alkaline Amendment Tailing
8.6.2 Oxygen Barriers
8.6.3 Reclamation of Contaminated Land
8.6.4 Bacteria Control
8.6.5 Water Cover
8.7 Treatment Technologies of AMD
8.7.1 Active Treatment of AMD
8.7.2 Passive Treatment
8.7.2.1 Wetlands
8.7.2.2 Emerging Passive Treatment Technologies: Phytoremediation
8.7.3 Other Commonly Used Passive Treatment Technologies
8.7.3.1 Anaerobic Sulphate-Reducing Bioreactors (Biological Treatment)
8.7.3.2 Anoxic Limestone Drains
8.7.3.3 Vertical Flow Wetlands
8.7.3.4 Limestone Leach Beds
8.7.4 Hybrid Approach in AMD Treatment
8.7.5 Integrated Approach
8.8 Mechanisms of Pollutants Removal in AMD Treatment
8.8.1 Adsorption
8.8.2 Precipitation
8.8.3 Ion Exchange
8.8.4 Bioadsorption
8.8.5 Filtration
8.8.6 Electrodialysis
8.8.7 Crystallization
8.9 Recovery of Natural Resources From AMD
8.10 Future Perspectives and Challenges of AMD Treatment
8.11 Conclusion
References
Index
Back to Top
Preface
1. Passive Remediation of Acid Mine Drainage Using Phytoremediation: Role of Substrate, Plants, and External Factors in Inorganic Contaminants Removal
Nguegang Beauclair, Vhahangwele, Masindi, Titus Alfred Makudali Msagati and Tekere Memory
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Materials and Methods
1.2.1 Samples Collection and Characterization
1.2.2 Acquisition of the Plants and Reagents
1.2.3 Characterization of Samples
1.2.4 Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC)
1.2.5 Wetlands Design and Optimization Experiments
1.2.5.1 Wetland Design
1.2.5.2 Wetland Experimental Procedure and Assays
1.2.5.3 The Performance of the System
1.2.5.4 Determination of the Translocation and Distribution of Metals
1.2.5.5 Geochemical Modeling
1.3 Results and Discussion
1.3.1 Remediation Studies
1.3.1.1 Effect of FWS-CW on pH
1.3.1.2 Effect of FWS-CW on Electrical Conductivity
1.3.1.3 Effect of FWS-CW on Sulphate Concentration
1.3.1.4 Effect of FWS-CW on Metal Concentration
1.3.1.5 Role of Substrate in Metals Accumulation
1.3.1.6 Removal Efficiency of Metals and Sulphate in the Experimental System
1.3.2 Tolerance Index, Bioaccumulation, and Translocation Effects
1.3.2.1 Tolerance Index
1.3.2.2 Bioconcentration Factor
1.3.2.3 Translocation Factor
1.3.2.4 Metal Translocation and Distribution
1.3.3 Metals Concentration in Substrate and Vetiveria zizanioides Before and After Contact With AMD
1.3.4 Partitioning of Metals Between Substrate, Plants, and External Factors
1.3.5 Characterization of Solid Samples
1.3.5.1 Elemental Composition of the Substrate
1.3.5.2 Mineralogical Composition of the Substrate
1.3.5.3 Analysis of Vetiveria zizanioides Roots for Functional Group
1.3.5.4 Scanning Electron Microscope-Electron Dispersion Spectrometry of Vetiveria zizanioides Roots
1.4 Chemical Species for Untreated and AMD-Treated Wetland With FWS-CW
1.5 Limitation of the Study
1.6 Conclusions and Recommendations
References
2. Recovery of Strategically Important Heavy Metals from Mining Influenced Water: An Experimental Approach Based on Ion-Exchange
Janith Abeywickrama, Marlies Grimmer and Nils Hoth
Abbreviations
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Ion Exchange in Mine Water Treatment
2.2.1 Ion Exchange Terminology
2.2.2 Fundamentals of Ion Exchange Process
2.2.3 Selectivity of Ion-Exchange Materials
2.2.4 Chelating Cation Exchangers
2.3 Laboratory-Scale Ion Exchange Column Experiments
2.3.1 General Introduction to the Setup
2.3.2 Column Loading Process
2.3.3 Mass Transfer Zone
2.3.4 Regeneration Process (Deloading)
2.3.5 Metal Separation by Ion Exchange
2.3.6 Mass Balance Calculations
2.4 Case Study: Selective Recovery of Copper and Cobalt From a Chilean Mine Water
2.4.1 Problem Description and Objectives
2.4.2 Recovery of Copper from Mining Influenced Water
2.4.3 Cobalt Enrichment Using the Runoff Water from Previous Column Experiments
2.4.3.1 Column Experiment with TP 220 Resin Without pH Adjustment
2.4.3.2 Comparison of Breakthrough Curves in Cobalt Enrichment Experiments
2.4.4 Copper–Cobalt Separation During the Deloading Process
2.5 Case Study: Recovery of Zinc from Abandoned Mine Water Galleries in Saxony, Germany
2.6 Perspectives and Challenges
Acknowledgments
References
3. Remediation of Acid Mine Drainage Using Natural Materials: A Systematic Review
Matome L. Mothetha, Vhahangwele Masindi, Titus A.M. Msagati and Kebede K. Kefeni
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Acid Mine Drainage
3.3 Formation of the Acid Mine Drainage
3.4 Potential Impacts of Acid Mine Drainage
3.4.1 The Impacts of AMD on the Environment and Ecology
3.5 Acid Mine Drainage Abatement/Prevention
3.6 Mechanisms of Pollutants Removal From AMD
3.6.1 Active Treatment
3.6.2 Chemical Precipitation
3.6.3 Adsorption
3.6.4 Passive Treatment
3.6.5 Other Treatment Methods
3.6.5.1 Ion Exchange
3.6.5.2 Membrane Filtration
3.6.5.3 Acid Mine Drainage Treatment Using Native Materials
3.7 Conclusion
References
4. Recent Development of Active Technologies for AMD Treatment
Zvinowanda, Caliphs
Abbreviations
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Difference Between Active and Nonactive AMD Treatment Methods
4.1.2 Conventional Active Techniques for AMD Treatment
4.1.2.1 Alkali/Alkaline Neutralization Processes
4.1.2.2 In Situ Active AMD Treatment Processes
4.1.2.3 Microbiological Active AMD Treatment Systems
4.2 Recent Developments of Active AMD Treatment Technologies
4.2.1 Resource Recovery From Active AMD Treatment Technologies
4.2.1.1 Continuous Counter-Current–Based Technologies
4.2.1.2 Continuous Ion Filtration for Acid Mine Drainage Treatment
4.2.2 The Alkali-Barium-Calcium Process
4.2.3 Magnesium-Barium Oxide (MBO) Process
4.2.4 HybridICE Freeze Desalination Technology
4.2.5 Evaporation-Based Technologies
4.2.5.1 Multieffect Membrane Distillation (MEND) for AMD Treatment
4.2.5.2 Desalination of AMD Using Dewvaporation Process
4.2.5.3 Membrane-Based Technologies
4.3 Recent Disruptive Developments of AMD Treatment Technologies
4.3.1 Tailing Technology
4.3.2 Advanced Oxidation Processes
4.3.2.1 Ferrate Oxidation-Neutralization Process
4.3.2.2 Treatment of AMD by Ozone Oxidation
4.3.2.3 Ion-Exchange Technology for Active AMD Treatment
References
5. Buffering Capacity of Soils in Mining Areas and Mitigation of Acid Mine Drainage Formation
Rudzani Lusunzi, Elvis Fosso-Kankeu and Frans Waanders
Abbreviations
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Control of Acid Mine Drainage
5.2.1 Water Covers
5.2.2 Mine Land Reclamation
5.2.3 Biocidal AMD Control
5.2.4 Alternative Dump Construction
5.3 Treatment of Acid Mine Drainage
5.3.1 Active Treatment
5.3.1.1 Limestone
5.3.1.2 Hydrated Lime
5.3.1.3 Quicklime
5.3.1.4 Soda Ash
5.3.1.5 Caustic Soda
5.3.1.6 Ammonia
5.3.2 Passive Treatment
5.3.2.1 Biological Passive Treatment Systems
5.3.2.2 Geochemical Passive Treatment Systems
5.3.3 Emerging Passive Treatment Systems
5.3.3.1 Phytoremediation
References
6. Novel Approaches to Passive and Semi-Passive Treatment of Zinc‑Bearing Circumneutral Mine Waters in England and Wales
Kennedy, J., Okeme, I.C. and Sapsford D.J.
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Active Treatment Options for Zn
6.1.2 Passive Treatment Options for Zn
6.2 Hybrid Semi-Passive Treatment: Na2CO3 Dosing and Other Water Treatment Reagents
6.2.1 Abbey Consols Mine Water
6.2.2 Laboratory Scale Na2CO3 Dosing
6.2.3 Practical Implementation of Na2CO3 Dosing
6.3 Polishing of Trace Metals With Vertical Flow Reactors
6.4 Concluding Remarks
References
7. Recovery of Drinking Water and Valuable Metals From Iron-Rich Acid Mine Water Through a Combined Biological, Chemical, and Physical Treatment Process
Tumelo Monty Mogashane, Johannes Philippus Maree, Kwena Desmond Modibane, Munyaradzi Mujuru and Mamasegare Mabel Mphahlele-Makgwane
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 General Problem with Mine Water
7.1.2 Legislation
7.1.3 Ideal Solution
7.2 Objectives
7.3 Literature
7.3.1 Mine Water Treatment Processes
7.3.1.1 Limestone
7.3.1.2 Gypsum Crystallization and Inhibition
7.3.1.3 ROC
7.3.1.4 Biological Iron (II) Oxidation
7.3.1.5 Selective Metal Removal
7.3.2 Solubilities
7.3.3 Pigment
7.4 Materials and Methods
7.4.1 Fe2+ Oxidation
7.4.1.1 Feedstock
7.4.1.2 Equipment
7.4.1.3 Procedure
7.4.1.4 Experimental
7.4.2 Neutralization (CaCO3, Na2CO3 and MgO)
7.4.2.1 Feedstock
7.4.2.2 Equipment
7.4.2.3 Procedure
7.4.2.4 Experimental
7.4.3 pH 7.5 Sludge From Na2CO3 as Alkali for Fe3+ Removal
7.4.3.1 Feedstock
7.4.3.2 Equipment
7.4.3.3 Procedure
7.4.3.4 Experimental
7.4.4 Inhibition
7.4.4.1 Feedstock
7.4.4.2 Equipment
7.4.4.3 Procedure
7.4.4.4 Experimental
7.4.5 MgO/SiO2 Separation
7.4.5.1 Feedstock
7.4.5.2 Equipment
7.4.5.3 Procedure
7.4.5.4 Experimental
7.4.6 SiO2 Removal
7.4.7 Pigment Formation
7.4.7.1 Feedstock
7.4.7.2 Equipment
7.4.7.3 Procedure
7.4.7.4 Experimental
7.4.8 Analytical
7.4.9 Characterization of the Sludge
7.4.10 OLI
7.5 Results and Discussion
7.5.1 Chemical Composition
7.5.2 Biological Fe2+-Oxidation
7.5.3 CaCO3 as Alkali for Removal of Fe3+ and Remaining Metals
7.5.3.1 Limestone Neutralization
7.5.3.2 pH 7.5 Sludge from Na2CO3 as Alkali for Fe+3 Removal
7.5.4 MgO and Na2CO3 as Alkalis for Selective Removal of Fe3+ and Al3+
7.5.4.1 Fe3+ Removal with MgO
7.5.4.2 Al3+ Removal with Na2CO3
7.5.4.3 Metal Behavior as Predicted by OLI Simulations
7.5.5 Gypsum Crystallization
7.5.5.1 Kinetics Gypsum Seed Crystal Concentration and Reaction Order
7.5.5.2 Inhibition of Gypsum Crystallization in the Absence of Fe(OH)3 at Neutral pH
7.5.6 Separation of MgO and SiO2
7.5.7 Si4+ Removal from Solution
7.5.8 Fe(OH)3 Purity and Pigment Formation
7.5.9 Economic Feasibility
7.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
8. Acid Mine Drainage Treatment Technologies: Challenges and Future Perspectives
Nguegang Beauclair, Vhahangwele, Masindi, Titus Alfred Makudali Msagati and Tekere Memory
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Acid Mine Drainage
8.2.1 Acid Mine Drainage Formation
8.2.2 Roles of Different Factors Influencing AMD Formation
8.2.2.1 Role of Bacteria in Acid Mine Drainage Generation
8.2.2.2 Role of Oxygen in Acid Mine Drainage Generation
8.2.2.3 Role of Water in Acid Mine Drainage Generation
8.2.2.4 Other Factors Influencing the Generation of AMD
8.3 Types of Mine Drainage
8.3.1 Neutral/Alkaline Mine Drainage
8.4 Physicochemical Properties of AMD
8.4.1 Physical Properties
8.4.2 Chemical Properties
8.5 Environmental Impacts of Acid Mine Drainage
8.6 AMD Abatement
8.6.1 Alkaline Amendment Tailing
8.6.2 Oxygen Barriers
8.6.3 Reclamation of Contaminated Land
8.6.4 Bacteria Control
8.6.5 Water Cover
8.7 Treatment Technologies of AMD
8.7.1 Active Treatment of AMD
8.7.2 Passive Treatment
8.7.2.1 Wetlands
8.7.2.2 Emerging Passive Treatment Technologies: Phytoremediation
8.7.3 Other Commonly Used Passive Treatment Technologies
8.7.3.1 Anaerobic Sulphate-Reducing Bioreactors (Biological Treatment)
8.7.3.2 Anoxic Limestone Drains
8.7.3.3 Vertical Flow Wetlands
8.7.3.4 Limestone Leach Beds
8.7.4 Hybrid Approach in AMD Treatment
8.7.5 Integrated Approach
8.8 Mechanisms of Pollutants Removal in AMD Treatment
8.8.1 Adsorption
8.8.2 Precipitation
8.8.3 Ion Exchange
8.8.4 Bioadsorption
8.8.5 Filtration
8.8.6 Electrodialysis
8.8.7 Crystallization
8.9 Recovery of Natural Resources From AMD
8.10 Future Perspectives and Challenges of AMD Treatment
8.11 Conclusion
References
Index
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