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Handbook of Agricultural Biotechnology

Volume IV Nanoinsecticides

Edited by Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji and Julius Kola Oloke
Copyright: 2023   |   Status: Published
ISBN: 9781119836179  |  Hardcover  |  
404 pages
Price: $225 USD
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One Line Description
The book provides detailed information about the application of repellent products that contain plant-based ingredients known as nanobioinsecticides, including the pesticide evaluation scheme guidelines for repellent testing, relevant information about the procedures to evaluate several repellent compounds, the development of new products that offer high repellency, and guidelines for consumer safety.

Audience
The book is a useful resource for a diverse audience, including industrialists, food industry professionals, agriculturists, agricultural microbiologists, plant pathologists, botanists, microbiologists, biotechnologists, nanotechnologists, microbial biotechnologists, farmers, policymakers, and extension workers.

Description
The chapters of volume IV of this set, focus on a wide range of related topics. They chronicle many traditional repellent plants that could be used in ethnobotanical studies and provides valuable insight into the development of new natural products. It outlines the standardization and numerous investigations used to affirm the level of repellent compounds from various plants. Furthermore, it details the safety, efficacy, and facts about plant-based repellent testing, and reviews new developments in the field.
The book also explores the sustainable techniques involved in the structural elucidation and characterization of active constituents found in nanobioinsecticides, and gives relevant information on the use of essential oils, derived from plants, in the preparation of nanobioinsecticides.

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Author / Editor Details
Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Microbiology at the Edo University Iyamho, in Edo State, Nigeria. Currently, he is the Director of Intellectual Properties and Technology Transfer and Chairman of the Committee on Research Grants at EUI. He has won several scientific awards and grants from renowned academic bodies such as the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) India. He has published more than 600 papers in peer-reviewed national and international journals as well as more than 50 books, 340 book chapters, and many scientific patents.

Julius Kola Oloke, PhD, is a Professor and Vice Chancellor in the Department of Pure and Applied Biology at the Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria. He has a PhD in microbiology from Obafemi Awolowo University in 1989. Professor Oloke was conferred with the National Productivity Order of Merit Award by the Federal Government of Nigeria in August 2012, for his work on formulating an immune modulating agent known as Trinity Immuno-booster (Trino IB) which has been used in many countries.

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Table of Contents
Preface
1. The Contribution of Ethnobotany to the Discovery of New Plant-Based Repellents
Edokpolor Osazee Ohanmu, Saheed Ibrahim Musa, Gloria Omorowa Omoregie, Anagwonye Uju, Etinfoh Hope, Ebiminor Gift Taramapreye, Alexis Ojeide and Beckley Ikhajiagbe
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Ethnobotany in the Discovery of New Plant-Based Repellents
1.2.1 Ethnobotany and Its Role in Plant-Based Repellents
1.2.2 Problems in Ethnobotanical Studies in Relation to Plant-Based Repellent
1.3 Plant-Based Repellent
1.3.1 Plant Products Used as Repellents
1.3.1.1 Citronella
1.3.1.2 Neem
1.3.1.3 Oil of Lemon Eucalyptus
1.3.1.4 Essential Oils
1.3.1.5 Catnip
1.3.1.6 Vanillin
Acknowledgements
References
2. Nanobioinsecticide Derived from Essential Oils of Cymbopogon nardus
R. Vijayalaskshmi, D. Thilagavathi and T. Vennilavan
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Materials and Methods
2.2.1 Nanobioinsecticide
2.2.2 Essential Oil From Cymbopogon nardus, Its Chemical Constituents
2.2.3 GC-MS Analysis
2.2.4 Statistical Analysis
2.2.5 Nanoemulsion Formulation and Characterization
2.2.6 Formulating Gel from Econanoemulsion
2.2.7 Microencapsulation
2.2.8 Repellent Activity of Eco-Based Gels
2.2.9 Chemical Composition of Essential Oils
2.3 Root
2.3.1 Flower
2.3.2 Characterization of Nanoemulsion
2.3.3 Insecticidal Activity of Eco-Based Gel
2.4 Discussion
2.5 Conclusion
References
3. Nanobioinsecticides Derived from Neem-Based Preparations
Ojo, S.K.S., Ojo, A.M., Ayo, I.O., Oluwole, B.R. and Otugboyega, J.O.
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Conventional Farming and its Challenges
3.3 Insects
3.3.1 Insects in Crop Production
3.3.2 Detrimental Effects of Insects on Plants
3.3.3 Other Negative Effects of Insects
3.4 Pesticides
3.4.1 Insecticides
3.4.1.1 Synthetic Insecticides
3.4.1.2 Benefits of Synthetic Insecticides in Agriculture
3.5 Nanotechnology
3.6 Biomaterials
3.6.1 Bioinsecticides
3.6.1.1 Plant Extracts
3.6.1.2 Essential Oils as Bioinsecticides
3.6.2 Bioinsecticide Limitations
3.6.3 Nanobioinsecticides
3.6.3.1 Synthesis Routes of Nanobioinsecticides
3.6.3.2 Mechanisms of Action of Nanobioinsecticides
3.6.3.3 Advantages of Nanobioinsecticides
3.7 Description of Neem
3.7.1 Neem Oil
3.7.2 Bioactivities of Neem Leaf
3.7.3 Bioactivities of Neem Bark
3.7.4 Bioactivities of Neem Cake
3.7.5 Neem Bioactive Components
3.7.5.1 Azadirachtin
3.7.5.2 Nimbolide
3.7.5.3 Salannin
3.8 Farm Level Neem Bioinsecticide Preparation
3.8.1 Processing of Kernel Extract from Neem Plant
3.8.2 Processing of Neem Leaf Extract
3.9 Effects of Neem Compounds and Its Composites on Insects
3.9.1 Antifeedant
3.9.2 Insect Growth Regulation
3.9.3 Oviposition Deterrent
3.9.4 Neem as Repellent
3.9.5 Fecundity Suppression and Sterilization
3.9.6 Inhibition of Chitin Synthesis
3.10 Neem-Based Preparations
3.10.1 Biogenic Synthetic Route
3.10.2 Nanodelivered Bioinsecticide
3.10.3 Nanoencapsulated Bioinsecticide
3.10.4 Nanocomposite Bioinsecticide
3.10.5 Nanoemulsified Bioinsecticides
3.11 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
4. Nanoinsecticides Derived from Poaceae Family
Ruth Ebunoluwa Bodunrinde and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Nanobioinsecticides Derived from Poaceae
4.3 Some Examples of Essential Oils Applied in Different Studies
4.4 Effectiveness/Efficacy of Essential Oils from Several Plants
4.5 Mechanism of Action of Essential Oils
References
5. Nanoinsecticides Derived from Pennyroyal-Containing Compounds
Ruth Ebunoluwa Bodunrinde and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Nanobioinsecticides Derived from Pennyroyal
5.3 Effectiveness/Efficacy of Essential Oils from Several Plants
5.4 Mechanism of Action of Essential Oils
5.5 Conclusion
References
6. Nanobioinsecticide Derived from Thyme Oil
Ruth Ebunoluwa Bodunrinde and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Effectiveness/Efficacy of Oils from Several Plants
6.3 Mechanism of Action of Essential Oils
6.4 Conclusion
References
7. Nanobioinsecticides from Geraniol-Containing Compounds
Ruth Ebunoluwa Bodunrinde, Nyejirime Young Wike, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji and Olugbemi T. Olaniyan
7.1 Introduction
7.2 General Overview
7.3 Nanobioinsecticides Derived from Geraniol
7.4 Effectiveness/Efficacy of Essential Oils from Several Plants
References
8. Repellant Testing Methodology for Nanobioinsecticide
Babatunde Oluwafemi Adetuyi, Peace Abiodun Olajide, Oluwakemi Semiloore Omowumi and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji
8.1 Introduction
8.2 The Antifeedant Management, Resources, and Reserve Capabilities of Nanotechnology-Based Antifeedant Delivery Systems for Insect Pest Control
8.3 Delivery System for Nanoparticle Antifeedant Formulation
8.4 Preventive Maintenance Dose (PMD) from Lemon Eucalyptus (Corymbia citriodora) Extract
8.4.1 Citronella
8.4.2 Oils and Emulsions Found in Nature
8.4.2.1 Using Aromatherapy Oils
8.4.3 Methodological Considerations for Testing Repellents
8.4.4 Misconceptions Regarding Natural and Plant-Based Insect Repellents
8.4.5 Exciting New Breakthroughs in Naturally Occurring Repellents
8.5 Conclusion
8.6 The Way Forward
References
9. Nanobioinsecticide and Nanoemulsions: Recent Advances
Babatunde Oluwafei Adetuyi, Grace Odine, Peace Olajide Abiodun, Oluwakemi Semilore Omowumi and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Insecticide
9.2.1 Different Kinds of Directly Attacked Insects
9.2.2 Systemic Insecticide
9.2.3 Ingested Insecticides
9.3 Bioinsecticide
9.3.1 Types of Bioinsecticide
9.3.2 Microbial Bioinsecticide
9.3.3 Biochemical Insecticide
9.3.4 GMO Products
9.4 Problems with Bioinsecticide
9.5 Mechanism of Action of Bioinsecticide
9.6 Nanotechnology
9.6.1 Nanobioinsecticide
9.6.2 Delivery of Nanobiotics that Kill Insects
9.6.3 Environmental Susceptibility of Nanobioinsecticide
9.6.4 Emulsion
9.6.4.1 Classes of Emulsion
9.6.4.2 Single Emulsion
9.6.4.3 Multiple Emulsion
9.6.4.4 Properties of Emulsion
9.7 Nanoemulsion
9.7.1 Advantages of Nanoemulsion
9.7.2 Disadvantage of Nanoemulsion
9.7.3 Component of Nanoemulsion
9.8 Monomolecular Films
9.9 Multimolecular Films
9.10 Solid Particulate Films
9.11 Method of Nanoemulsion
9.11.1 Ultrasonic Emulsification
9.11.2 High Energy Method
9.11.3 Homogenization of High Blood Pressure
9.11.4 Microfluidazation
9.11.5 Low Energy Method
9.11.6 Phase Inversion Temperature Method
9.11.7 Phase Inversion Composition Method
9.11.8 Spontaneous Emulsification Method
9.11.9 Formulation of Nanoemulsion
9.12 Characterization of Nanoemulsion
9.12.1 Flocculation
9.12.2 Cracking
9.12.3 Miscellaneous Instability
9.13 Application of Nanoemulsion
9.13.1 Nanoemulsion in Drug Delivery
9.13.2 Nanoemulsion in Food Industry
9.13.3 Nanoemulsion as Building Blocks
9.13.4 Nanoemulsion in Pharmaceutical Industry
9.14 Recent Advances in Nanobioinsectides and Nanoemulsion
9.14.1 Oral Drug Delivery
9.14.2 Parental Drug Delivery
9.14.3 Transdermal Drug Delivery
9.14.4 Ocular Drug Delivery
9.14.5 Intranasal Drug Delivery
9.15 Future Perspectives
9.16 Summary and Conclusion
References
10. Roles of Improved Formulations and Fixatives in the Development of Nanobioinsecticide
Babatunde Oluwafemi Adetuyi, Peace Abiodun Olajide and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Biopesticides in Organic Farming
10.2.1 A Taxonomy of Botanical Insecticides
10.2.2 The Dangers of Using Botanical Insecticides
10.3 Natural Pesticide Mechanisms
10.3.1 Toxic to Insects But Not to Humans, Plant-Based Compounds
10.3.2 Insect-Killing Essential Oils
10.3.3 Insect-Killing Fatty Acids and Their Derivatives
10.3.4 Pesticides Derived from Plants (Biochemical Pesticides)
10.3.5 Appealing Odors and Pheromones
10.3.6 Eliminators of Pests
10.4 Antifeedants
10.5 Citronella
10.6 Neem
10.7 Naturally Occurring Oils and Emulsions
10.8 Fragrant Oils
10.9 Considerations for Repellent Testing Methodology
10.10 Several Misconceptions Regarding Natural or Plant-Based Repellents
10.11 Progress in Plant-Based Repellents that is Promising
10.12 Botanical Pesticide Formulations Nanotechnology Use
10.13 Conclusion
References
11. Plant-Based Repellent Evaluation and Development
Edokpolor Osazee Ohanmu, Barka Peter Mshelmbula, Francis Aibuedefe Igiebor, Gloria Omorowa Omoregie, Precious Oselumese Agbi, Nathan Benjamin Iredia,
Peace Achioya Isime, Oghenefegor Edheba and Beckley Ikhajiagbe
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Plants
11.1.2 Pests
11.1.3 Plant-Based Insect Repellent
11.1.4 Allelopathy
11.2 Plant-Based Repellents
11.2.1 Classification of Plant-Based Repellents
11.2.1.1 Essential Oils
11.2.1.2 Alkaloids
11.2.1.3 Flavonoids
11.2.1.4 Esters and Fatty Acids
11.2.2 Barriers in Maximizing the Potentials of Plant-Based Repellents
11.3 Mechanism of Action
11.3.1 Morphological Mechanism of Action
11.3.2 Biochemical Mechanism of Action
11.3.3 Physiological Mechanism of Action
11.3.4 Molecular Mechanism of Action
11.4 Development in Plant-Based Repellents
11.4.1 Current Strides in Harnessing Plant-Based Repellents
11.4.2 Eliminating Barriers Facing Plant-Based Repellents
11.4.3 Efficacy of Plant-Based Repellents
11.4.3.1 Citronella
11.4.3.2 Peppermint
11.4.3.3 Cinnamomum
11.4.3.4 Catnip
11.4.3.5 Thyme
11.4.3.6 Olive
11.4.3.7 Eucalyptus
11.4.3.8 Myrtle
11.4.3.9 Basil
11.4.3.10 Neem
11.4.3.11 Rosemary
11.4.3.12 Clove
11.4.3.13 Orange Oil
11.4.3.14 Turmeric
11.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
12. Techniques Involved in the Structural Elucidation and Characterization of Active Constituents That Could Serve as Repellent Products Containing Plant-Based Ingredients as Nanobioinsecticide
Babatunde Oluwafemi Adetuyi, Peace Abiodun Olajide and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Farming’s Use of Nano-Agrochemicals
12.2.1 Prevention Against Weeds, Diseases, and Pests with Nanopesticides
12.3 Employing Natural Insecticides to Eradicate Serious Insects from Vegetable Crops
12.3.1 Coleoptera
12.3.2 Diptera
12.3.3 Hemiptera
12.3.4 Thysanoptera
12.3.5 Lepidoptera
12.4 Effectiveness of Natural Pesticides in Practical Situations
12.5 Sustainability in Action: Natural Insecticides for Vegetable Crop Production
12.6 Conclusions
References
13. The Influence of Nanoinsecticides on the Social Economy and Its Bio-Economy Perspectives in Attaining Sustainable Development Goals
Abere Benjamin Olusola and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Nanotechnology as a Potential Source of Modern Pesticides
13.3 Agriculture and Toxicology of Insecticides
13.4 Nanostructured Alumina: A Novel Pesticide Powder Developed Through Nanotechnology
13.5 Pesticides Made of Nanoparticles
13.6 Review of the Literature
13.7 The Impact of Nanoinsecticides on the Development of Sustainable Development Goals
13.8 Conclusion
References
14. Procedure Involved in the Evaluation of Several Repellent Compounds Used for the Fabrication of Nanobioinsecticide
Babatunde Oluwafemi Adetuyi, Edward Kwame Opata, Peace Abiodun Olajide and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Insecticide Nanoparticles in a Variety of Forms
14.2.1 Nanoemulsions
14.2.2 Differences Between Conventional Microemulsions and Nanoemulsions
14.2.3 Nanoemulsion Formulation
14.2.4 Nanoemulsion Components
14.2.5 Nanoemulsion Types
14.3 Resources for Producing Nanoemulsions
14.3.1 The New Sonication Method
14.3.2 Using High Pressure as a Homogenizer
14.3.3 Microfluidization
14.3.4 Insecticides Made of Nanoemulsion
14.4 Nanosuspensions Production
14.4.1 Homogenization Under Pressure (HPH)
14.4.2 High-Pressure Hybridization and Lyophilization (h96)
14.5 Nanocapsules
14.5.1 Using Nanocapsules Has Advantages
14.5.2 Developing Miniature Bug-Killer Pills
14.5.3 Preparing for Polymer Production
14.5.4 Lactic Acid Direct Polycondensation
14.5.5 Insecticides Created From Nanoparticles
14.5.6 Temephos
14.5.7 Imidacloprid
14.5.8 Neem Oil, Castor Oil
14.5.9 Cypermethrin Nanocapsules
14.6 Nanoparticles
14.7 Classification of Nanoparticles
14.7.1 Organo-Nanoparticles
14.7.2 Inorgano-Nanoparticles
14.8 Silver Nanoparticle Production
14.9 Nano-Sized Silica Particles
14.10 Making Silica Nanoparticles: Techniques
14.11 Pest Control: The Role of Silica Nanoparticles
14.12 Conclusion
References
15. Safety, Efficacy, and Facts on Testing of Plant-Based Repellants and Effectiveness of Nanobioinsecticides
Babatunde Oluwafemi Adetuyi, Oluwakemi Semilore Omowumi, Peace Abiodun Olajide and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Insects Repellants
15.2.1 Reasons for Using Insect Repellents
15.2.2 Optimal Insect Repellents’ Properties
15.3 PMD Obtained from Concentrate of Lemon Eucalyptus (Corymbia citriodora)
15.3.1 Citronella
15.3.2 Neem
15.3.3 Regular Emulsions and Oils
15.3.4 Valuable Substances
15.4 Techniques to Consider While Assessing Repellents
15.5 Test Protocols for Repellents Based on Guidelines from (WHOPES, 2009)
15.6 Effectiveness, Safety of Toxic Chemical, and Plant-Based Insect Repellents
15.7 Insecticides Produced Using Plants
15.8 A Few Misguided Judgments with Respect to Normal or Plant-Based Repellents
15.9 The Fate of Plant-Based Repellents Looks Encouraging
15.10 Differentiating Bug Repellents Made of Synthetic Compounds and Plants
15.11 Bioinsecticides Based on Plant Science for Mosquito Control
15.12 Utilizing Insect Sprays to Control Mosquitoes
15.13 Mosquito Insecticide Resistance
15.14 Bioinsecticides Based on Plants
15.14.1 Phytochemicals and Mosquito Control
15.14.2 Essential Oils
15.14.3 Neem
15.14.4 Pyrethrum
15.14.5 Alkaloids
15.14.6 Other Plant Substances
15.15 Assessment of Plant-Based Bioinsecticides’ Mosquito Control Effectiveness
15.16 Using Plant-Based Bioinsecticides to Control Resistant Mosquito Populations
15.17 How Might Plant-Based Bioinsecticides Be More Effective in Mosquito Control Techniques?
15.18 Conclusion
References
16. Recent Advances in the Application of Biogenic Materials in the Formulation of Nanobioinsecticide Derived from Azadirachta indica
Kehinde Abraham Odelade, Babatunde Oluwafemi Adetuyi, Adetoro Inumidun Fasonyin, Oluwafemi Ajibola Abiona, Winnie Asuquo Andem, Dorcas Adebambo Odelade and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Chemistry and Function of Neem Oil
16.2.1 Composition and Extraction
16.3 Main Products of Neem
16.3.1 Oil from Neem
16.3.2 Bactericidal Properties of Neem Oil
16.3.3 Fungicidal Properties of Neem Oil
16.3.4 Antioxidative Nature of Neem Oil
16.3.5 Insecticidal and Pesticidal Properties of Neem Oil
16.4 Neem Oil Nanoemulsion
16.4.1 A High-Tech Distribution System
16.4.2 Techniques for Synthesizing Nanoemulsions
16.5 Food Preservation and Packaging Function of the Oil of Neem Oil and its Nanoemulsion
16.5.1 Preservation and Storage of Food
16.5.2 Sustainable Food Packaging Made from Biopolymers
16.5.3 Neem Seed Cake
16.5.4 Leaves of Neem
16.5.5 Bark of Neem
16.5.6 Roots of Neem
16.6 The Usefulness of the Pesticides of Neem as an Agonist against a Variety of Pests Found in Food Crops
16.7 The Anti-Insect Properties of Azadirachtin
16.8 Neem’s Action Mode and Specificity
16.8.1 Deterrents to Ovulation
16.8.2 Repellent
16.8.3 Antifeedant
16.8.4 Growth Regulation
16.8.5 Sterility
16.9 Neem’s Future Prospects
16.10 Conclusions
References
Index

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