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Submit a ProposalHandbook of Agricultural Biotechnology
 | Volume V: Nanobiofertilizers Edited by Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Chukwuebuka Egbuna, Anton Ficai and Oluwatosin Ademola Ijabadeniyi Copyright: 2024 | Expected Pub Date:2023/11/30 ISBN: 9781394211494 | Hardcover | |
One Line Description
This book details recent advances in the applications of nanobiofertilizers as a substitute for synthetic fertilizers in boosting food production.
Audience
The book is a useful resource for a diverse audience, including industrialists, food industry professionals, agriculturists, agricultural microbiologists, plant pathologists, botanists, microbiologists, biotechnologists, nanotechnologists, microbial biotechnologists, farmers, policymakers, and extension workers.
The book is a useful resource for a diverse audience, including industrialists, food industry professionals, agriculturists, agricultural microbiologists, plant pathologists, botanists, microbiologists, biotechnologists, nanotechnologists, microbial biotechnologists, farmers, policymakers, and extension workers.
Description
With the steady rise of the world’s population, there is a need to increase the production of safe and nutritious food. The constant loss of arable land, as a result of various anthropogenic activities from human action, has become a threat to global biodiversity and ecosystems. Additionally, the issue of climate change has imposed many obstacles to increasing agricultural productivity, especially from biotic and abiotic stressors and temperature-limited environments, such as in high altitudes or seasonally hot regions. Because of these factors, there is a need to adopt sustainable and modern technologies that can boost and improve the rate of food production.
One of the cheapest means of enhancing sustainable food production is to explore natural and unlimited beneficial microorganisms, particularly those that can increase the level of soil fertility, improve crop production and health, improve tolerance to stress, support nutrient uptake and availability, and boost natural biodiversity. The synergetic effect of nanotechnology and beneficial microorganisms for the effective bio-fabrication of nanobiofertilizers, is a sustainable solution for producing pesticide-free food. This book provides a deep insight into microbial diversity, recent techniques used for the isolation, screening, and characterization of beneficial microorganisms with eco-friendly attributes, used for bioengineering of nanobiofertilizers, as well as the application of proteomics, metabolomics, genomics, and bioinformatics. The book also covers commercialization, patents, and the business and socio-economic aspects of nanobiofertilizers, as well as the role of policymakers, stakeholders, and government agencies in the translation of nanobioferilizer research into policy.
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With the steady rise of the world’s population, there is a need to increase the production of safe and nutritious food. The constant loss of arable land, as a result of various anthropogenic activities from human action, has become a threat to global biodiversity and ecosystems. Additionally, the issue of climate change has imposed many obstacles to increasing agricultural productivity, especially from biotic and abiotic stressors and temperature-limited environments, such as in high altitudes or seasonally hot regions. Because of these factors, there is a need to adopt sustainable and modern technologies that can boost and improve the rate of food production.
One of the cheapest means of enhancing sustainable food production is to explore natural and unlimited beneficial microorganisms, particularly those that can increase the level of soil fertility, improve crop production and health, improve tolerance to stress, support nutrient uptake and availability, and boost natural biodiversity. The synergetic effect of nanotechnology and beneficial microorganisms for the effective bio-fabrication of nanobiofertilizers, is a sustainable solution for producing pesticide-free food. This book provides a deep insight into microbial diversity, recent techniques used for the isolation, screening, and characterization of beneficial microorganisms with eco-friendly attributes, used for bioengineering of nanobiofertilizers, as well as the application of proteomics, metabolomics, genomics, and bioinformatics. The book also covers commercialization, patents, and the business and socio-economic aspects of nanobiofertilizers, as well as the role of policymakers, stakeholders, and government agencies in the translation of nanobioferilizer research into policy.
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Author / Editor Details
Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Microbiology at the Edo University Iyamho, in Edo State, Nigeria. Currently, he is the Director of Intellectual Properties and Technology Transfer and Chairman of the Committee on Research Grants at EUI. He has won several scientific awards
and grants from renowned academic bodies such as the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) India. He has published more than 600 papers in peer-reviewed national and international journals as well as more than 50 books, 340 book chapters, and many scientific patents.
Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Microbiology at the Edo University Iyamho, in Edo State, Nigeria. Currently, he is the Director of Intellectual Properties and Technology Transfer and Chairman of the Committee on Research Grants at EUI. He has won several scientific awards
and grants from renowned academic bodies such as the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) India. He has published more than 600 papers in peer-reviewed national and international journals as well as more than 50 books, 340 book chapters, and many scientific patents.
Chukwuebuka Egbuna, PhD, is a chartered chemist and academic researcher. He has been engaged in several roles at New Divine Favor Pharmaceutical Industry Limited, Nigeri as well as at Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University in Nigeria His primary research interests include biochemistry,
phytochemistry, pharmacology, etc. He has published research articles in many international journals and edited over 20 books.
phytochemistry, pharmacology, etc. He has published research articles in many international journals and edited over 20 books.
Anton Ficai, PhD, is a professor in the Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, University Politehnica, Bucharest, Romania. His research interests include tissue engineering, drug delivery systems, multifunctional materials, etc. He has published over 250 scientific papers, edited two books, received 10
patents, and has 18 patents in the application stage.
patents, and has 18 patents in the application stage.
Oluwatosin Ademola Ijabadeniyi, PhD, is the founder of Food Safety Africa and is a visiting professor at the Department of Food Science, University of Manitoba, Canada. He has worked in the food industry and academia since 2001 and has conducted research and lectured internationally about food quality and safety. His numerous scientific publications have earned several accolades, including research grants, awards, and fellowships such as the Association of Commonwealth Universities fellowship and the APHL-CDC fellowship.
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Table of Contents
Preface
1. Application of Nanobiofertilization for Bioremediation and Ecorestoration of Polluted Soil/Farmland
Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Konjerimam Ishaku Chimbekujwo, Margaret Oniha, Isibor Patrick Omoregie, Opeyemi Isaac Ayanda, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji and John Tsado Mathew
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Nanoparticles
1.2.1 Nanoparticles as Nano-Adsorbents
1.2.2 Nanobiofertilizers
1.2.3 Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles
1.2.4 Microbe-Mediated Synthesis
1.2.5 Plant-Mediated Synthesis
1.3 Nanobiofertilization in Bioremediation
1.3.1 Mechanism of NPs–Microbes Interaction in Pollutant Bioremediation
1.3.2 Plant and Nanoparticle-Based Interaction Mechanism in Pollutant Bioremediation
1.4 Application of Nanobiofertilization in Bioremediation
1.4.1 Heavy Metals Removal
1.4.2 Removal of Hydrocarbon
1.4.3 Removal of Colored Dyes
1.4.4 Removal of Antiseptics and Antibiotics
1.4.5 Nano-Phytoremediation of Polluted Soils
1.4.6 Removal of Organic Pollutants
1.4.7 Removal of Heavy Metal
1.5 Environmental Distress
1.6 Conclusion
References
2. Influence of Nanobiofertilizer on Plant Yield and Growth
Samuel Adeniyi Oyegbade, Andrew Aladele Kolawole, Jerry Gbotemi Oni, Alhassan Muhammad Alhassan, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Margaret Oniha and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji
2.1 Introduction
Nanobiofertilizer
Composition of Nanobiofertilizer
Mechanisms of Nutrient Delivery and Enhanced Bioavailability
Seed Priming (Nanopriming)
Soil-Based Application
Nanobiofertilizer Plant System Interaction
Impact of Nanobiofertilizer on Plant Biomass
Factors Contributing to Enhanced Plant Growth
Comparison of Biomass Enhancement with Traditional Fertilizers
Nanobiofertilizer-Induced Biomass and Chlorophyll Content Enhancement
Crop-Specific Responses to Nanobiofertilizers
Case Studies Highlighting Positive Outcomes on Various Crops
Environmental and Economic Considerations on the Use of Nanobiofertilizers
Comparison of Nanobiofertilizers with Traditional Fertilizers in Terms of Cost and Effectiveness
Potential Long-Term Benefits for Soil Health and Ecosystem
Addressing Concerns Related to Nanoparticle Toxicity and Accumulation
Need for Standardized Testing Protocols and Safety Assessments
Exploration of Innovative Nanobiofertilizer Formulations and Delivery Methods
Strategies for Incorporating Nanobiofertilizers into Existing Farming Systems
Synergistic Effects of Combining Nanobiofertilizers with Other Sustainable Practices
Practical Considerations for Large-Scale Implementation
Potential to Revolutionize Agriculture and Contribute to Food Security
Call to Action for Continued Research, Development, and Adoption of Nanobiofertilizers
Conclusion
References
3. Effect of Bionanofertilizer on Proximate Composition of Crops
Oluwadurotimi Samuel Aworunse, Fadekemi Akinhanmi, Ogochukwu Onwaeze, Alhassan Muhammad Alhassan, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji and John Tsado Mathew
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Biological Synthesis of Nanofertilizers
3.2.1 Bacterial-Based Nanosynthesis
3.2.2 Fungal-Based Nanosynthesis
3.2.3 Algal-Based Nanosynthesis
3.2.4 Plant-Based Nanosynthesis
3.3 Composition of Bionanofertilizers
3.3.1 Macronutrient Bionanofertilizer
3.3.2 Micronutrient Bionanofertilizer
3.3.3 Hybrid Bionanofertilizers
3.4 Properties of Bionanofertilizers
3.4.1 Efficient Nutrient Release and Use
3.4.2 Maintenance of Equilibrium Between Nutrient Demand and Nutrient Supply
3.4.3 Enhancement of Soil Heterogeneity and Reduction of Environmental Pollution
3.4.4 Improvement of Soil Water Retention Capacity
3.5 Effect of Bionanofertilizers of Proximate Parameters of Crops
3.6 Conclusion and Future Direction
References
4. The Role of Policy Maker, Relevant Stakeholders and Government Agency in Translating Nanobiofertilizer Research into Policy
Alhasssan Muhammed Alhassan, Ruth Ebunoluwa Bodunrinde, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji and John Tsado Mathew
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Views of the Dangers of Nanotechnology and Confidence in Stakeholders
4.3 Policy Making Process
4.4 Benefits of Agencies in the Nanoproduction of Fertilizer
4.5 Relevant Stakeholders in the Implementation of Policy
4.6 Report of Nanobiofertilizers Worldwide
4.7 Government Agencies and Their Impact
4.8 Translating Research Into Policy
4.9 Global Safety and Legal Framework for Agricultural Goods Based on Nanotechnology
4.10 Future Initiatives and Studies to Support the Development of Nanobiofertilizers
Conclusion
References
5. Structural Elucidation, Detection, and Characterization of Essential Nutrients Necessary for Soil Fertilization
John Tsado Mathew, Abel Inobeme, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Yakubu Azeh,
Abdulfatai Aideye Otori, Elijah Yanda Shaba, Musah Monday, Musa Safiyanu Tanko, Ezekiel Tanko, Amos Mamman, Jibrin Noah Akoji and Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Importance of Soil Fertility in Agriculture
5.1.2 Role of Essential Nutrients in Soil Fertilization
5.2 Nitrogen (N) in Soil Fertilization
5.2.1 Significance of Nitrogen for Plant Growth
5.2.2 Structural Elucidation of Nitrogen Compounds
5.3 Phosphorus (P) in Soil Fertilization
5.3.1 Importance of Phosphorus in Plant Growth
5.3.2 Structural Elucidation of Phosphorus Compounds
5.4 Potassium (K) in Soil Fertilization
5.4.1 Role of Potassium in Plant Nutrition
5.4.2 Characterization of Potassium in Soils
5.5 Optimization of Nutrient Management Strategies
5.5.1 Integration of Nutrient Detection and Characterization Data
5.5.2 Targeted and Efficient Fertilization Approaches
Conclusion
References
6. Effect of Nanobiofertilizer on Phytochemicals
John Tsado Mathew, Abel Inobeme, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Yakubu Azeh,
Abdulfatai Aideye Otori, Musah Monday, Elijah Yanda Shaba, Badeggi Muhammad Umar, Amos Mamman, Jemkur Maurice and Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole
6.1 General Overview on Nanobiofertilizer
6.2 Constituents of Nanobiofertilizer
6.2.1 Nanoparticles
6.2.1.1 Zinc Nanoparticles or ZnNPs
6.2.1.2 Silver Nanoparticles or AgNPS
6.2.1.3 Silicon Nanoparticles or SiNPs
6.2.1.4 Copper Nanoparticles or CuNPs
6.2.2 Biofertilizer
6.2.3 Preparation of Nanobiofertilizer
6.2 Concept of Nanobiofertilizers and Their Potential as a Sustainable Alternative to Conventional Fertilizers
6.3 Importance of Phytochemicals in Plant Growth and Human Health
6.3.1 Phytochemical Research
6.4 Mechanisms of Nanobiofertilizer on Phytochemicals
6.4.1 Mechanism of Action of NFs
6.4.2 Mode of Application of NFs
6.4.3 Roots
6.5 Recent Studies on Effect of Nanobiofertilizer on Phytochemicals
6.6 Conclusion and Future Trends on Nanobiofertilizer on Phytochemicals
References
7. Characterization of Nanoparticles Used as Nanobiofertilizers
John Tsado Mathew, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Abel Inobeme, Yakubu Azeh, Musah Monday, Etsuyankpa Muhammad Bini, Abdulfatai Aideye Otori, Elijah Yanda Shaba, Muhammad Aishetu Ibrahim, Musa Safiyanu Tanko, Amos Mamman and Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Some Spectroscopic Characterization Technique for Nanomaterials
7.2.1 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)
7.2.2 Principle of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)
7.2.3 Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy (UV-vis)
7.2.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
7.2.5 Zeta Potential Measurements (ZPM)
7.2.6 Principle of Zeta Potential Measurements (ZPM)
7.2.7 Dital Polarimeter
7.2.8 Dynamic Light Scattering (DSL)
7.2.8.1 Principle of Dynamic Light Scattering (DSL)
7.2.9 Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy
7.2.9.1 Principle of Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy
7.3 Characterization of Nanobiofertilizer Through Chemical and Biological Synthesis
7.4 Application of Nanobiofertilizer
7.5 Environmental Impact Assessment
7.6 Future Perspectives and Challenges
7.6.1 Future Perspectives
7.6.2 Challenges
7.7 Conclusion
References
8. Toxicological Effects of Nanobiofertilizer on Water Body, Water Quality, Lower Plants, Zooplanktons, and Beneficial Microorganisms
Ezugwu Basil Utazi, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Japhet Gaius Yakubu, Tsado Priscilla Yetu, Isibor Patrick Omoregie, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, John Tsado Mathew, Victory Igiku, Eniola K. I. T. and Mohammed Bello Yerima
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Effects of Nanofertilizer on Soil Microbial Community
8.3 Nanofertilizers Versus Biofertilizers: Dissimilarity in Synthesis
8.4 Nanobiofertilizer
8.4.1 Toxicological Effects of Nanobiofertilizer on Water Body and Water Quality
8.4.2 Effects of Nanobiofertilizer on Lower Plants
8.4.3 Effects of Nanobiofertilizer on Zooplanktons
8.4.4 Toxicological Effects of Nanobiofertilizer on Beneficial Microorganisms
8.5 Conclusion
References
9. Various Techniques Used in the Application of Nanobiofertilizers on Crops After Synthesis
Victory Igiku, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Fadekemi O. Akinhanmi, Simon Sunday Ameh, Eniola K. I. T. and Mohammed Bello Yerima
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Synthesis of Nanoparticles
9.2.1 Microbial Synthesis of Nanomaterials
9.2.2 Plant-Mediated Synthesis of Nanoparticles
9.3 Synthesis of Nanobiofertilizers
9.4 Methods Used in the Application of Nanobiofertilizers on Crops
9.4.1 Foliar Spraying
9.4.2 Seed Nanopriming
9.4.3 Soil Treatment
9.5 Conclusion
References
10. Non-Target Effect, Environmental Impact, and Assessment of Nanobiofertilizer
Fadekemi O. Akinhanmi, Oluwadurotimi S. Aworunse, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, John Tsado Mathew, Victory Igiku, Eniola K. I. T. and Mohammed Bello Yerima
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Environmental Impact of Nanobiofertilizer on Soil Properties
10.3 Non-Targeted Effects on Soil Properties
10.3.1 Physicochemical Properties of Soil
10.3.2 Biological Properties of Soil
Soil Carbon and Carbon Sequestration
Soil Respiration
Soil Enzymes
Soil Microorganisms and Microbial Diversity
10.4 Recommendation and Conclusion
References
11. Reported Genes Regulating the Biological Activities in Microorganisms Used in the Formation of Nanobiofertilizers
Victory Igiku, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Eniola K.I.T. and Mohammed Bello Yerima
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Synthesis of Nanoparticles
11.2.1 Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles
11.2.2 Microorganisms Used for the Synthesis of Nanobiofertilizers
11.3 Genes Regulating the Biological Activities in Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria
11.4 Conclusion
References
12. Relevance of Molecular Genetics and Synthetic Biology Involved in the Characterization of Microorganisms Used in Nanofertilizer Research
Simon Sunday Ameh, Daniel Gana, Mordecai Gana, Japheth Gaius Yakubu, Amarachi Rosemary Osi, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, John Tsado Mathew, Victory Igiku, Eniola K. I. T. and Mohammed Bello Yerima
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Molecular Genetics and Synthetic Biology
12.2.1 Molecular Genetics
12.2.2 Synthetic Biology
12.2.2.1 Synthetic Biology Tools for Engineering Nanobiofertilizer Microorganisms
12.2.2.2 Case Studies on Use of Synthetic Biology to Enhance Microorganisms
for Nanobiofertilizers
12.2.2.3 Role of Molecular Genetics and Synthetic Biology in Nanobiofertilizer Research
12.3 Nanotechnology
12.4 Constituents of Nanobiofertilizer
12.4.1 Nanoparticles
12.4.1.1 Types of Nanoparticles Used in the Synthesis of Nanobiofertilizer
12.5 Formulation of Nanobiofertilizer
12.6 Microorganisms Employed in Nanobiofertilizer
12.6.1 Rhizobia
12.6.2 Azospirillum
12.6.3 Pseudomonas
12.6.4 Bacillus
12.7 Genetic Techniques Used to Study Microorganisms in Nanobiofertilizers
12.8 Conclusion
12.9 Recommendation
References
13. Techniques Used for Screening and Detection of Beneficial Microorganisms Used for Production of Nanobiofertilizers
Idris Abdullahi Dabban, Aisha Bisola Bello, Adioha Amarachi, Adejoh Suleiman Ocholi., Dewu Mansur Muhammad, Oko Joseph Odey, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Eniola Kehinde Imisiagbaraolorun Temitope
and Mohammed Bello Yerima
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Beneficial Microorganisms Used for Production of Nanobiofertilizers: Sources and Characteristic Traits
13.2.1 Production of Plant Hormones
13.2.2 Production of Siderophore
13.2.3 Solubilization of Phosphorus
13.2.4 Solubilization of Zinc
13.2.5 Solubilization of Potassium
13.2.6 Production of Hydrogen Cyanide and Ammonia
13.2.7 Production of Enzymes and Antibiotics
13.2.8 Nitrogen Fixation
13.3 Techniques Used for Screening and Detection of Nanobiofertilizer-Producing Microbes
13.3.1 Screening and Detection of Nitrogen-Fixing Microbes
13.3.2 Detection of Phosphorus-Solubilizing Organisms
13.3.2.1 Qualitative Screening Method
13.3.2.2 Protocol for Quantitative Screening of Microbes for Phosphorus Solubilization
13.3.3 Production of Indolic Compound Assay
13.3.4 Protocol of Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylate (ACC) Deaminase Production
13.3.5 Screening of Microbes as Biocontrol Agents Against Phytopathogenic Bacteria
13.3.6 Screening of Bacteria as Biocontrol Agents Against Phytopathogenic Fungi
13.3.6.1 Qualitative Screening
13.3.6.2 Quantitative Screening Technique for Dual Culture
13.3.7 Screening of Bacteria as Biocontrol Agents Against Phytopathogenic Fungi by Producing Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
13.4 Molecular Techniques Used for Detection of Beneficial Microbes for Nanobiofertilizer Production
13.4.1 Metagenomic Approach
13.4.2 Sequence-Based Metagenomics in the Capture of Potential Strains for Biofertilizers
13.4.3 Use of Transcriptomics, Proteomics, and Metabolomics in Microbial Strain Selection for the Next Generation
13.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
14. Toxicology and Adverse Effects of Chemical Fertilizer and Nanobiofertilizer Pollution of the Environment; Bioaccumulation, Greenhouse Effects, and Global Warming
Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Japhet Gaius Yakubu, Sani Rabiu Aishat, Iseghohi Frances, Tsado Priscilla Yetu, Opeyemi Isaac Ayanda, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji,
Eniola K. I. T. and Mohammed Bello Yerima
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Chemical Fertilizers
14.2.1 Types of Chemical Fertilizers
14.2.2 Economic Importance of Chemical Fertilizers
14.2.3 Nanofertilizers
14.2.4 Synthesis of Nanofertilizers
14.2.5 Pros and Cons of Nanofertilizers Over Chemical Fertilizers
14.2.5.1 Size
14.2.5.2 Nutrient Delivery
14.2.5.3 Nutrient Uptake
14.2.5.4 Nutrient Utilization
14.2.5.5 Crop Yield
14.2.5.6 Environmental Impact
14.2.5.7 Cost
14.2.5.8 Safety
14.2.5.9 Regulation
14.3 Environmental Pollution Caused by Use of Chemical and Nanofertilizers
14.3.1 Effect of Chemical and Nanofertilizers on Water Pollution
14.3.2 Effect of Chemical and Nanofertilizers on Soil
14.3.3 Effect of Chemical and Nanofertilizers on Air Pollution
14.4 Toxicological Effects of Fertilizers
14.4.1 Toxicological Effects of Fertilizers on Living Things
14.4.1.1 Nitrate Poisoning
14.4.2 Heavy Metal Toxicity
14.4.2.1 Kidney Damage
14.4.2.2 Liver Damage
14.4.2.3 Lung Damage
14.4.2.4 Neurological Damage
14.4.2.5 Immunological Damage
14.4.2.6 Reproductive Damage
14.4.3 Eutrophication
14.4.4 Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals Caused by Nanofertilizers in the Food Chain
14.4.4.1 Contamination
14.4.4.2 Enhancement
14.4.4.3 Interaction
14.4.5 Adverse Effects of Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals
14.4.5.1 On Plants
14.4.5.2 On Animals
14.4.5.3 On Humans
14.4.6 Effects of Bioaccumulation of Chemical Substances Found in Fertilizers on the Health of Animals and Humans
14.4.6.1 On Animals
14.4.6.2 On Humans
14.4.7 Contribution and Effects of Chemical Fertilizers and Nanofertilizers on Global Warming
14.4.8 Ways Through Which Chemical Fertilizers Contribute to Global Warming
14.4.8.1 During Their Production
14.4.8.2 After Their Application
14.5 Conclusion
14.6 Future Perspective
References
15. Effect of Climate Changes, Weather and Other Environmental Factors Whenever Nanobiofertilizer is Applied for Crop Improvement
Temitope Ayinde Oluwaseyi, Abah Daniel Okochegbe, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Samuel Adeniyi Oyegbade, Enitan Emmanuella Lawal, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Eniola K. I. T. and Mohammed Bello Yerima
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Nanobiofertilizers
15.3 Nanobiofertilizer: Pertinence to Trim Improvement
15.4 Nanobiofertilizer: Job in Crop Improvement
15.5 Nanobiofertilizer: Capability in Yield Well-Being
15.6 Progress Made with Nanobiofertilizers
15.6.1 Yield
15.6.2 Nutritional Value
15.6.3 Health
15.7 Crop Improvement Outcomes Using Nanobiofertilizers
15.8 Environmental Factors and the Interaction of Nanobiofertilizers
15.8.1 pH and Soil Composition
15.8.2 Microbes and the Health of the Soil
15.8.3 Improvement of Crops Due to Environmental Variables
15.8.4 Climate Change
15.9 Climate
15.9.1 Climate Change and its Impacts on Agriculture
15.10 Synergies and Challenges: Nanobiofertilizers in a Changing Climate
15.10.1 Enhanced Nutrient Uptake and Use Efficiency
15.10.2 Vulnerabilities and Uncertainties
15.11 Weather Patterns and Nano Biofertilizer Performance
15.11.1 Rainfall Patterns and Nutrient Release
15.11.2 Temperature Extremes and Nutrient Availability
15.11.3 Effect of Climate Change on Crop Improvement
15.12 Strategies to Overcome Impact of Climate Changes
15.12.1 Genetic Engineering
15.13 Conclusion
References
16. Effect of Nanobiofertilizer on Essential Amino Acid Constituents
Margaret Ikhiwili Oniha, Konjerimam Ishaku Chimbekujwo, Aisha Bisola Bello, Mordecai Gana, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Kehinde Imisiagbaraolorun Temitope Eniola and Mohammed Bello Yerima
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Biofertilizers
16.3 Amino Acids
16.4 Nanofertilizers: Effect of Nanobiofertilizers on Amino Acids in Plant Growth
Conclusion
References
17. Relevance of Nanotechnology in Agriculture
Bello Oluwakemi Adetutu, Adamu Binta Buba, Fadekemi Akinhanmi, Mordecai Gana, Ezugwu Basil Utazi, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji,
Eniola K. I. T. and Mohammed Bello Yerima
17.1 Introduction
17.1.1 Defining Nanotechnology: A Glimpse Into the Nanoscale Realm
17.2 Nanotechnology’s Significance Across Industries
17.3 Nanotechnology in Agriculture
17.4 Nanotechnology in Crop Production
17.4.1 From Lab to Field: Applying Nanotechnology to Agriculture
17.4.2 Nanomaterials: The Building Blocks of Agricultural Revolution
17.4.3 Nanomaterials in Agriculture: Tailoring Solutions for Agricultural Challenges
17.4.4 Enhancing Seed Treatment Through Nanotechnology
17.4.5 Precision Nutrient Delivery: Nanofertilizers for Sustainable Agriculture
17.4.6 Empowering Plant Growth Through Nanotechnology
17.5 Nano-Based Crop Protection
17.5.1 Targeted and Controlled Delivery
17.5.2 Reduced Environmental Impact
17.5.3 Minimizing Harm to Non-Target Organisms
17.5.4 Nanotechnology and Soil Health
17.5.5 Improvement of Soil Structure, Water Retention, and Nutrient Availability
17.5.6 Nanoparticles in Soil Remediation
17.6 Precision Farming and Sensors
17.6.1 Precision Agriculture
17.6.2 Nanosensors
17.6.3 Monitoring the Pulse of the Earth: Real-Time Insights
17.6.4 Optimizing Irrigation Practices
17.6.5 Monitoring Plant Health
17.6.6 Optimizing Nutrient Management
17.7 Enhanced Nutrient Management: Utilizing Nanotechnology for Controlled Nutrient Release and Minimized Runoff
17.7.1 Nanofertilizers for Controlled Nutrient Release
17.7.2 Mitigating Nutrient Runoff and Leaching with Nanotechnology
17.7.3 Environmental and Agricultural Implications
17.8 Challenges and Ethical Considerations in the Use of Nanomaterials in Agriculture
17.8.1 Environmental Concerns
17.8.2 Health Concerns
17.8.3 Regulatory Aspects
17.8.4 Need for Responsible Application
17.9 Future Directions and Research Opportunities in Nanotechnology for Agriculture
17.10 Conclusion
References
18. Recent Advancement Toward the Application of Proteomics, Metabolomics, Genomics and Bioinformatics for the Improvement of Nanofertilizer Research
Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Clement Shina Olusanya, Japhet Gaius Yakubu, Oluwadurotimi Samuel Aworunse, Ezugwu, Basil Utazi, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Eniola K. I. T. and Mohammed Bello Yerima
18.1 Nanobiofertilizer
18.1.1 Obstacles to Traditional Agriculture’s Widespread Use of Fertilizer
18.2 Constituents of Nanobiofertilizer
18.2.1 Biofertilizer
18.2.1.1 Biofertilizer Production
18.2.1.2 Mode of Microorganism as Biofertilizer
18.2.1.3 Recent Advancement in Biofertilizer
18.2.2 Nanoparticles
18.2.2.1 Nanoparticle Use in the Synthesis of Nanobiofertilizer
18.3 Nanobiofertilizer Preparation
18.4 Nanobiofertilizer and Soil Fertility
18.5 Response of Plant to Nanobiofertilizer
18.6 Setback and Impact of Nanofertilizer in the Framework of Sustainable Agriculture
18.7 Biotechnology Tools Used in Agriculture
18.7.1 Proteomics
18.7.1.1 Proteomics in Agriculture
18.7.2 Metabolomics
18.7.2.1 Metabolomics in Agriculture
18.7.3 Genomics
18.7.3.1 Genomics in Agriculture
18.7.4 Bioinformatics
18.7.4.1 Bioinformatics in Agriculture
18.8 Present Status of Nanobiofertilizer Research and Application
18.9 Application of Biotechnology Tools for Nanobiofertilizer Improvement
18.10 Conclusion
References
19. Isolation Techniques Used for Molecular Characterization of Beneficial Microorganisms: Cultural, Biochemical and Molecular Characterization
Idris Abdullahi Dabban, Muazu Ahmad, Sherifat Ozavize Enejiyon, Ahmad Nana Hauwau, Mustapha Gani, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Techniques for Isolation and Characterization of Bacteria and Actinomycetes: Cultural, Biochemical, and Molecular (16srRNA)
19.2.1 Cultural Isolation of Bacteria and Actinomycetes
19.2.1.1 Sample Collection
19.2.1.2 Sample Inoculation and Incubation
19.2.2 Bacteria and Actinomycetes Identification
19.2.2.1 Gram Stain
19.2.2.2 Biochemical Tests
19.2.3 Molecular Identification of Bacteria and Actinomycetes
19.2.3.1 DNA Extraction
19.2.3.2 Polymerase Chain Reaction
19.2.3.3 Sequencing
19.3 Techniques for Isolation and Characterization of Fungi
19.3.1 Isolation Techniques for Fungi
19.3.2 Cultural/Macroscopic/Morphological Characterization of Fungi
19.3.3 Microscopic Examination Techniques for Fungi
19.3.3.1 Tease Mount Method
19.3.3.2 Cellophane Tape Mount
19.3.3.3 Slide Culture
19.3.4 Biochemical Techniques
19.3.5 Molecular Identification of Fungi
19.3.5.1 Nuclear Ribosomal Genes Most Commonly Used in Fungal Identification
19.3.5.2 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
19.3.5.3 Multiplexed-Tandem PCR (MT-PCR)
19.3.5.4 Real Time-PCR
19.3.5.5 Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE)
19.3.5.6 Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLP)
19.3.5.7 Fragment Length Polymorphisms (FLP)
19.3.5.8 Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP)
19.3.5.9 Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH)
19.3.5.10 DNA Array Hybridization
19.3.5.11 Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP)
19.4 Methods for Isolation and Characterization of Algae
19.4.1 Sample Collection, Preservation, and Identification
19.4.2 Techniques Used for Isolation of Algae
19.4.2.1 Micropipette Washing Technique
19.4.2.2 Centrifuge Washing and Streak Plating Technique
19.4.2.3 Agar Plating Method
19.4.2.4 Micromanipulation
19.4.2.5 Serial Dilution
19.4.3 Microscopic Examination of Algae
19.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective
References
20. Nanoparticle: Characterization and Their Potential Role as Revolutionary Nanobiofertilizer in Agriculture
Nisha Sogan, Smriti Kala and Alka Rani
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Silver Nanoparticle Characterization and Their Potential as Nanobiofertilizers
20.3 Potential of Gold Nanoparticles as Nanobiofertilizer and Their Characterization
20.4 Zn Oxide Nanoparticles as Nanobiofertilizer
20.5 Actinomycete-Based Nanobiofertilizers
20.6 Fungus-Based Nanobiofertilizers
20.7 Conclusion
References
Index
Back to Top
Preface
1. Application of Nanobiofertilization for Bioremediation and Ecorestoration of Polluted Soil/Farmland
Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Konjerimam Ishaku Chimbekujwo, Margaret Oniha, Isibor Patrick Omoregie, Opeyemi Isaac Ayanda, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji and John Tsado Mathew
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Nanoparticles
1.2.1 Nanoparticles as Nano-Adsorbents
1.2.2 Nanobiofertilizers
1.2.3 Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles
1.2.4 Microbe-Mediated Synthesis
1.2.5 Plant-Mediated Synthesis
1.3 Nanobiofertilization in Bioremediation
1.3.1 Mechanism of NPs–Microbes Interaction in Pollutant Bioremediation
1.3.2 Plant and Nanoparticle-Based Interaction Mechanism in Pollutant Bioremediation
1.4 Application of Nanobiofertilization in Bioremediation
1.4.1 Heavy Metals Removal
1.4.2 Removal of Hydrocarbon
1.4.3 Removal of Colored Dyes
1.4.4 Removal of Antiseptics and Antibiotics
1.4.5 Nano-Phytoremediation of Polluted Soils
1.4.6 Removal of Organic Pollutants
1.4.7 Removal of Heavy Metal
1.5 Environmental Distress
1.6 Conclusion
References
2. Influence of Nanobiofertilizer on Plant Yield and Growth
Samuel Adeniyi Oyegbade, Andrew Aladele Kolawole, Jerry Gbotemi Oni, Alhassan Muhammad Alhassan, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Margaret Oniha and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji
2.1 Introduction
Nanobiofertilizer
Composition of Nanobiofertilizer
Mechanisms of Nutrient Delivery and Enhanced Bioavailability
Seed Priming (Nanopriming)
Soil-Based Application
Nanobiofertilizer Plant System Interaction
Impact of Nanobiofertilizer on Plant Biomass
Factors Contributing to Enhanced Plant Growth
Comparison of Biomass Enhancement with Traditional Fertilizers
Nanobiofertilizer-Induced Biomass and Chlorophyll Content Enhancement
Crop-Specific Responses to Nanobiofertilizers
Case Studies Highlighting Positive Outcomes on Various Crops
Environmental and Economic Considerations on the Use of Nanobiofertilizers
Comparison of Nanobiofertilizers with Traditional Fertilizers in Terms of Cost and Effectiveness
Potential Long-Term Benefits for Soil Health and Ecosystem
Addressing Concerns Related to Nanoparticle Toxicity and Accumulation
Need for Standardized Testing Protocols and Safety Assessments
Exploration of Innovative Nanobiofertilizer Formulations and Delivery Methods
Strategies for Incorporating Nanobiofertilizers into Existing Farming Systems
Synergistic Effects of Combining Nanobiofertilizers with Other Sustainable Practices
Practical Considerations for Large-Scale Implementation
Potential to Revolutionize Agriculture and Contribute to Food Security
Call to Action for Continued Research, Development, and Adoption of Nanobiofertilizers
Conclusion
References
3. Effect of Bionanofertilizer on Proximate Composition of Crops
Oluwadurotimi Samuel Aworunse, Fadekemi Akinhanmi, Ogochukwu Onwaeze, Alhassan Muhammad Alhassan, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji and John Tsado Mathew
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Biological Synthesis of Nanofertilizers
3.2.1 Bacterial-Based Nanosynthesis
3.2.2 Fungal-Based Nanosynthesis
3.2.3 Algal-Based Nanosynthesis
3.2.4 Plant-Based Nanosynthesis
3.3 Composition of Bionanofertilizers
3.3.1 Macronutrient Bionanofertilizer
3.3.2 Micronutrient Bionanofertilizer
3.3.3 Hybrid Bionanofertilizers
3.4 Properties of Bionanofertilizers
3.4.1 Efficient Nutrient Release and Use
3.4.2 Maintenance of Equilibrium Between Nutrient Demand and Nutrient Supply
3.4.3 Enhancement of Soil Heterogeneity and Reduction of Environmental Pollution
3.4.4 Improvement of Soil Water Retention Capacity
3.5 Effect of Bionanofertilizers of Proximate Parameters of Crops
3.6 Conclusion and Future Direction
References
4. The Role of Policy Maker, Relevant Stakeholders and Government Agency in Translating Nanobiofertilizer Research into Policy
Alhasssan Muhammed Alhassan, Ruth Ebunoluwa Bodunrinde, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji and John Tsado Mathew
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Views of the Dangers of Nanotechnology and Confidence in Stakeholders
4.3 Policy Making Process
4.4 Benefits of Agencies in the Nanoproduction of Fertilizer
4.5 Relevant Stakeholders in the Implementation of Policy
4.6 Report of Nanobiofertilizers Worldwide
4.7 Government Agencies and Their Impact
4.8 Translating Research Into Policy
4.9 Global Safety and Legal Framework for Agricultural Goods Based on Nanotechnology
4.10 Future Initiatives and Studies to Support the Development of Nanobiofertilizers
Conclusion
References
5. Structural Elucidation, Detection, and Characterization of Essential Nutrients Necessary for Soil Fertilization
John Tsado Mathew, Abel Inobeme, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Yakubu Azeh,
Abdulfatai Aideye Otori, Elijah Yanda Shaba, Musah Monday, Musa Safiyanu Tanko, Ezekiel Tanko, Amos Mamman, Jibrin Noah Akoji and Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Importance of Soil Fertility in Agriculture
5.1.2 Role of Essential Nutrients in Soil Fertilization
5.2 Nitrogen (N) in Soil Fertilization
5.2.1 Significance of Nitrogen for Plant Growth
5.2.2 Structural Elucidation of Nitrogen Compounds
5.3 Phosphorus (P) in Soil Fertilization
5.3.1 Importance of Phosphorus in Plant Growth
5.3.2 Structural Elucidation of Phosphorus Compounds
5.4 Potassium (K) in Soil Fertilization
5.4.1 Role of Potassium in Plant Nutrition
5.4.2 Characterization of Potassium in Soils
5.5 Optimization of Nutrient Management Strategies
5.5.1 Integration of Nutrient Detection and Characterization Data
5.5.2 Targeted and Efficient Fertilization Approaches
Conclusion
References
6. Effect of Nanobiofertilizer on Phytochemicals
John Tsado Mathew, Abel Inobeme, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Yakubu Azeh,
Abdulfatai Aideye Otori, Musah Monday, Elijah Yanda Shaba, Badeggi Muhammad Umar, Amos Mamman, Jemkur Maurice and Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole
6.1 General Overview on Nanobiofertilizer
6.2 Constituents of Nanobiofertilizer
6.2.1 Nanoparticles
6.2.1.1 Zinc Nanoparticles or ZnNPs
6.2.1.2 Silver Nanoparticles or AgNPS
6.2.1.3 Silicon Nanoparticles or SiNPs
6.2.1.4 Copper Nanoparticles or CuNPs
6.2.2 Biofertilizer
6.2.3 Preparation of Nanobiofertilizer
6.2 Concept of Nanobiofertilizers and Their Potential as a Sustainable Alternative to Conventional Fertilizers
6.3 Importance of Phytochemicals in Plant Growth and Human Health
6.3.1 Phytochemical Research
6.4 Mechanisms of Nanobiofertilizer on Phytochemicals
6.4.1 Mechanism of Action of NFs
6.4.2 Mode of Application of NFs
6.4.3 Roots
6.5 Recent Studies on Effect of Nanobiofertilizer on Phytochemicals
6.6 Conclusion and Future Trends on Nanobiofertilizer on Phytochemicals
References
7. Characterization of Nanoparticles Used as Nanobiofertilizers
John Tsado Mathew, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Abel Inobeme, Yakubu Azeh, Musah Monday, Etsuyankpa Muhammad Bini, Abdulfatai Aideye Otori, Elijah Yanda Shaba, Muhammad Aishetu Ibrahim, Musa Safiyanu Tanko, Amos Mamman and Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Some Spectroscopic Characterization Technique for Nanomaterials
7.2.1 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)
7.2.2 Principle of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)
7.2.3 Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy (UV-vis)
7.2.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
7.2.5 Zeta Potential Measurements (ZPM)
7.2.6 Principle of Zeta Potential Measurements (ZPM)
7.2.7 Dital Polarimeter
7.2.8 Dynamic Light Scattering (DSL)
7.2.8.1 Principle of Dynamic Light Scattering (DSL)
7.2.9 Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy
7.2.9.1 Principle of Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy
7.3 Characterization of Nanobiofertilizer Through Chemical and Biological Synthesis
7.4 Application of Nanobiofertilizer
7.5 Environmental Impact Assessment
7.6 Future Perspectives and Challenges
7.6.1 Future Perspectives
7.6.2 Challenges
7.7 Conclusion
References
8. Toxicological Effects of Nanobiofertilizer on Water Body, Water Quality, Lower Plants, Zooplanktons, and Beneficial Microorganisms
Ezugwu Basil Utazi, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Japhet Gaius Yakubu, Tsado Priscilla Yetu, Isibor Patrick Omoregie, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, John Tsado Mathew, Victory Igiku, Eniola K. I. T. and Mohammed Bello Yerima
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Effects of Nanofertilizer on Soil Microbial Community
8.3 Nanofertilizers Versus Biofertilizers: Dissimilarity in Synthesis
8.4 Nanobiofertilizer
8.4.1 Toxicological Effects of Nanobiofertilizer on Water Body and Water Quality
8.4.2 Effects of Nanobiofertilizer on Lower Plants
8.4.3 Effects of Nanobiofertilizer on Zooplanktons
8.4.4 Toxicological Effects of Nanobiofertilizer on Beneficial Microorganisms
8.5 Conclusion
References
9. Various Techniques Used in the Application of Nanobiofertilizers on Crops After Synthesis
Victory Igiku, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Fadekemi O. Akinhanmi, Simon Sunday Ameh, Eniola K. I. T. and Mohammed Bello Yerima
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Synthesis of Nanoparticles
9.2.1 Microbial Synthesis of Nanomaterials
9.2.2 Plant-Mediated Synthesis of Nanoparticles
9.3 Synthesis of Nanobiofertilizers
9.4 Methods Used in the Application of Nanobiofertilizers on Crops
9.4.1 Foliar Spraying
9.4.2 Seed Nanopriming
9.4.3 Soil Treatment
9.5 Conclusion
References
10. Non-Target Effect, Environmental Impact, and Assessment of Nanobiofertilizer
Fadekemi O. Akinhanmi, Oluwadurotimi S. Aworunse, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, John Tsado Mathew, Victory Igiku, Eniola K. I. T. and Mohammed Bello Yerima
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Environmental Impact of Nanobiofertilizer on Soil Properties
10.3 Non-Targeted Effects on Soil Properties
10.3.1 Physicochemical Properties of Soil
10.3.2 Biological Properties of Soil
Soil Carbon and Carbon Sequestration
Soil Respiration
Soil Enzymes
Soil Microorganisms and Microbial Diversity
10.4 Recommendation and Conclusion
References
11. Reported Genes Regulating the Biological Activities in Microorganisms Used in the Formation of Nanobiofertilizers
Victory Igiku, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Eniola K.I.T. and Mohammed Bello Yerima
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Synthesis of Nanoparticles
11.2.1 Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles
11.2.2 Microorganisms Used for the Synthesis of Nanobiofertilizers
11.3 Genes Regulating the Biological Activities in Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria
11.4 Conclusion
References
12. Relevance of Molecular Genetics and Synthetic Biology Involved in the Characterization of Microorganisms Used in Nanofertilizer Research
Simon Sunday Ameh, Daniel Gana, Mordecai Gana, Japheth Gaius Yakubu, Amarachi Rosemary Osi, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, John Tsado Mathew, Victory Igiku, Eniola K. I. T. and Mohammed Bello Yerima
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Molecular Genetics and Synthetic Biology
12.2.1 Molecular Genetics
12.2.2 Synthetic Biology
12.2.2.1 Synthetic Biology Tools for Engineering Nanobiofertilizer Microorganisms
12.2.2.2 Case Studies on Use of Synthetic Biology to Enhance Microorganisms
for Nanobiofertilizers
12.2.2.3 Role of Molecular Genetics and Synthetic Biology in Nanobiofertilizer Research
12.3 Nanotechnology
12.4 Constituents of Nanobiofertilizer
12.4.1 Nanoparticles
12.4.1.1 Types of Nanoparticles Used in the Synthesis of Nanobiofertilizer
12.5 Formulation of Nanobiofertilizer
12.6 Microorganisms Employed in Nanobiofertilizer
12.6.1 Rhizobia
12.6.2 Azospirillum
12.6.3 Pseudomonas
12.6.4 Bacillus
12.7 Genetic Techniques Used to Study Microorganisms in Nanobiofertilizers
12.8 Conclusion
12.9 Recommendation
References
13. Techniques Used for Screening and Detection of Beneficial Microorganisms Used for Production of Nanobiofertilizers
Idris Abdullahi Dabban, Aisha Bisola Bello, Adioha Amarachi, Adejoh Suleiman Ocholi., Dewu Mansur Muhammad, Oko Joseph Odey, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Eniola Kehinde Imisiagbaraolorun Temitope
and Mohammed Bello Yerima
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Beneficial Microorganisms Used for Production of Nanobiofertilizers: Sources and Characteristic Traits
13.2.1 Production of Plant Hormones
13.2.2 Production of Siderophore
13.2.3 Solubilization of Phosphorus
13.2.4 Solubilization of Zinc
13.2.5 Solubilization of Potassium
13.2.6 Production of Hydrogen Cyanide and Ammonia
13.2.7 Production of Enzymes and Antibiotics
13.2.8 Nitrogen Fixation
13.3 Techniques Used for Screening and Detection of Nanobiofertilizer-Producing Microbes
13.3.1 Screening and Detection of Nitrogen-Fixing Microbes
13.3.2 Detection of Phosphorus-Solubilizing Organisms
13.3.2.1 Qualitative Screening Method
13.3.2.2 Protocol for Quantitative Screening of Microbes for Phosphorus Solubilization
13.3.3 Production of Indolic Compound Assay
13.3.4 Protocol of Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylate (ACC) Deaminase Production
13.3.5 Screening of Microbes as Biocontrol Agents Against Phytopathogenic Bacteria
13.3.6 Screening of Bacteria as Biocontrol Agents Against Phytopathogenic Fungi
13.3.6.1 Qualitative Screening
13.3.6.2 Quantitative Screening Technique for Dual Culture
13.3.7 Screening of Bacteria as Biocontrol Agents Against Phytopathogenic Fungi by Producing Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
13.4 Molecular Techniques Used for Detection of Beneficial Microbes for Nanobiofertilizer Production
13.4.1 Metagenomic Approach
13.4.2 Sequence-Based Metagenomics in the Capture of Potential Strains for Biofertilizers
13.4.3 Use of Transcriptomics, Proteomics, and Metabolomics in Microbial Strain Selection for the Next Generation
13.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
14. Toxicology and Adverse Effects of Chemical Fertilizer and Nanobiofertilizer Pollution of the Environment; Bioaccumulation, Greenhouse Effects, and Global Warming
Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Japhet Gaius Yakubu, Sani Rabiu Aishat, Iseghohi Frances, Tsado Priscilla Yetu, Opeyemi Isaac Ayanda, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji,
Eniola K. I. T. and Mohammed Bello Yerima
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Chemical Fertilizers
14.2.1 Types of Chemical Fertilizers
14.2.2 Economic Importance of Chemical Fertilizers
14.2.3 Nanofertilizers
14.2.4 Synthesis of Nanofertilizers
14.2.5 Pros and Cons of Nanofertilizers Over Chemical Fertilizers
14.2.5.1 Size
14.2.5.2 Nutrient Delivery
14.2.5.3 Nutrient Uptake
14.2.5.4 Nutrient Utilization
14.2.5.5 Crop Yield
14.2.5.6 Environmental Impact
14.2.5.7 Cost
14.2.5.8 Safety
14.2.5.9 Regulation
14.3 Environmental Pollution Caused by Use of Chemical and Nanofertilizers
14.3.1 Effect of Chemical and Nanofertilizers on Water Pollution
14.3.2 Effect of Chemical and Nanofertilizers on Soil
14.3.3 Effect of Chemical and Nanofertilizers on Air Pollution
14.4 Toxicological Effects of Fertilizers
14.4.1 Toxicological Effects of Fertilizers on Living Things
14.4.1.1 Nitrate Poisoning
14.4.2 Heavy Metal Toxicity
14.4.2.1 Kidney Damage
14.4.2.2 Liver Damage
14.4.2.3 Lung Damage
14.4.2.4 Neurological Damage
14.4.2.5 Immunological Damage
14.4.2.6 Reproductive Damage
14.4.3 Eutrophication
14.4.4 Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals Caused by Nanofertilizers in the Food Chain
14.4.4.1 Contamination
14.4.4.2 Enhancement
14.4.4.3 Interaction
14.4.5 Adverse Effects of Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals
14.4.5.1 On Plants
14.4.5.2 On Animals
14.4.5.3 On Humans
14.4.6 Effects of Bioaccumulation of Chemical Substances Found in Fertilizers on the Health of Animals and Humans
14.4.6.1 On Animals
14.4.6.2 On Humans
14.4.7 Contribution and Effects of Chemical Fertilizers and Nanofertilizers on Global Warming
14.4.8 Ways Through Which Chemical Fertilizers Contribute to Global Warming
14.4.8.1 During Their Production
14.4.8.2 After Their Application
14.5 Conclusion
14.6 Future Perspective
References
15. Effect of Climate Changes, Weather and Other Environmental Factors Whenever Nanobiofertilizer is Applied for Crop Improvement
Temitope Ayinde Oluwaseyi, Abah Daniel Okochegbe, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Samuel Adeniyi Oyegbade, Enitan Emmanuella Lawal, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Eniola K. I. T. and Mohammed Bello Yerima
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Nanobiofertilizers
15.3 Nanobiofertilizer: Pertinence to Trim Improvement
15.4 Nanobiofertilizer: Job in Crop Improvement
15.5 Nanobiofertilizer: Capability in Yield Well-Being
15.6 Progress Made with Nanobiofertilizers
15.6.1 Yield
15.6.2 Nutritional Value
15.6.3 Health
15.7 Crop Improvement Outcomes Using Nanobiofertilizers
15.8 Environmental Factors and the Interaction of Nanobiofertilizers
15.8.1 pH and Soil Composition
15.8.2 Microbes and the Health of the Soil
15.8.3 Improvement of Crops Due to Environmental Variables
15.8.4 Climate Change
15.9 Climate
15.9.1 Climate Change and its Impacts on Agriculture
15.10 Synergies and Challenges: Nanobiofertilizers in a Changing Climate
15.10.1 Enhanced Nutrient Uptake and Use Efficiency
15.10.2 Vulnerabilities and Uncertainties
15.11 Weather Patterns and Nano Biofertilizer Performance
15.11.1 Rainfall Patterns and Nutrient Release
15.11.2 Temperature Extremes and Nutrient Availability
15.11.3 Effect of Climate Change on Crop Improvement
15.12 Strategies to Overcome Impact of Climate Changes
15.12.1 Genetic Engineering
15.13 Conclusion
References
16. Effect of Nanobiofertilizer on Essential Amino Acid Constituents
Margaret Ikhiwili Oniha, Konjerimam Ishaku Chimbekujwo, Aisha Bisola Bello, Mordecai Gana, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Kehinde Imisiagbaraolorun Temitope Eniola and Mohammed Bello Yerima
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Biofertilizers
16.3 Amino Acids
16.4 Nanofertilizers: Effect of Nanobiofertilizers on Amino Acids in Plant Growth
Conclusion
References
17. Relevance of Nanotechnology in Agriculture
Bello Oluwakemi Adetutu, Adamu Binta Buba, Fadekemi Akinhanmi, Mordecai Gana, Ezugwu Basil Utazi, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji,
Eniola K. I. T. and Mohammed Bello Yerima
17.1 Introduction
17.1.1 Defining Nanotechnology: A Glimpse Into the Nanoscale Realm
17.2 Nanotechnology’s Significance Across Industries
17.3 Nanotechnology in Agriculture
17.4 Nanotechnology in Crop Production
17.4.1 From Lab to Field: Applying Nanotechnology to Agriculture
17.4.2 Nanomaterials: The Building Blocks of Agricultural Revolution
17.4.3 Nanomaterials in Agriculture: Tailoring Solutions for Agricultural Challenges
17.4.4 Enhancing Seed Treatment Through Nanotechnology
17.4.5 Precision Nutrient Delivery: Nanofertilizers for Sustainable Agriculture
17.4.6 Empowering Plant Growth Through Nanotechnology
17.5 Nano-Based Crop Protection
17.5.1 Targeted and Controlled Delivery
17.5.2 Reduced Environmental Impact
17.5.3 Minimizing Harm to Non-Target Organisms
17.5.4 Nanotechnology and Soil Health
17.5.5 Improvement of Soil Structure, Water Retention, and Nutrient Availability
17.5.6 Nanoparticles in Soil Remediation
17.6 Precision Farming and Sensors
17.6.1 Precision Agriculture
17.6.2 Nanosensors
17.6.3 Monitoring the Pulse of the Earth: Real-Time Insights
17.6.4 Optimizing Irrigation Practices
17.6.5 Monitoring Plant Health
17.6.6 Optimizing Nutrient Management
17.7 Enhanced Nutrient Management: Utilizing Nanotechnology for Controlled Nutrient Release and Minimized Runoff
17.7.1 Nanofertilizers for Controlled Nutrient Release
17.7.2 Mitigating Nutrient Runoff and Leaching with Nanotechnology
17.7.3 Environmental and Agricultural Implications
17.8 Challenges and Ethical Considerations in the Use of Nanomaterials in Agriculture
17.8.1 Environmental Concerns
17.8.2 Health Concerns
17.8.3 Regulatory Aspects
17.8.4 Need for Responsible Application
17.9 Future Directions and Research Opportunities in Nanotechnology for Agriculture
17.10 Conclusion
References
18. Recent Advancement Toward the Application of Proteomics, Metabolomics, Genomics and Bioinformatics for the Improvement of Nanofertilizer Research
Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Clement Shina Olusanya, Japhet Gaius Yakubu, Oluwadurotimi Samuel Aworunse, Ezugwu, Basil Utazi, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Eniola K. I. T. and Mohammed Bello Yerima
18.1 Nanobiofertilizer
18.1.1 Obstacles to Traditional Agriculture’s Widespread Use of Fertilizer
18.2 Constituents of Nanobiofertilizer
18.2.1 Biofertilizer
18.2.1.1 Biofertilizer Production
18.2.1.2 Mode of Microorganism as Biofertilizer
18.2.1.3 Recent Advancement in Biofertilizer
18.2.2 Nanoparticles
18.2.2.1 Nanoparticle Use in the Synthesis of Nanobiofertilizer
18.3 Nanobiofertilizer Preparation
18.4 Nanobiofertilizer and Soil Fertility
18.5 Response of Plant to Nanobiofertilizer
18.6 Setback and Impact of Nanofertilizer in the Framework of Sustainable Agriculture
18.7 Biotechnology Tools Used in Agriculture
18.7.1 Proteomics
18.7.1.1 Proteomics in Agriculture
18.7.2 Metabolomics
18.7.2.1 Metabolomics in Agriculture
18.7.3 Genomics
18.7.3.1 Genomics in Agriculture
18.7.4 Bioinformatics
18.7.4.1 Bioinformatics in Agriculture
18.8 Present Status of Nanobiofertilizer Research and Application
18.9 Application of Biotechnology Tools for Nanobiofertilizer Improvement
18.10 Conclusion
References
19. Isolation Techniques Used for Molecular Characterization of Beneficial Microorganisms: Cultural, Biochemical and Molecular Characterization
Idris Abdullahi Dabban, Muazu Ahmad, Sherifat Ozavize Enejiyon, Ahmad Nana Hauwau, Mustapha Gani, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Techniques for Isolation and Characterization of Bacteria and Actinomycetes: Cultural, Biochemical, and Molecular (16srRNA)
19.2.1 Cultural Isolation of Bacteria and Actinomycetes
19.2.1.1 Sample Collection
19.2.1.2 Sample Inoculation and Incubation
19.2.2 Bacteria and Actinomycetes Identification
19.2.2.1 Gram Stain
19.2.2.2 Biochemical Tests
19.2.3 Molecular Identification of Bacteria and Actinomycetes
19.2.3.1 DNA Extraction
19.2.3.2 Polymerase Chain Reaction
19.2.3.3 Sequencing
19.3 Techniques for Isolation and Characterization of Fungi
19.3.1 Isolation Techniques for Fungi
19.3.2 Cultural/Macroscopic/Morphological Characterization of Fungi
19.3.3 Microscopic Examination Techniques for Fungi
19.3.3.1 Tease Mount Method
19.3.3.2 Cellophane Tape Mount
19.3.3.3 Slide Culture
19.3.4 Biochemical Techniques
19.3.5 Molecular Identification of Fungi
19.3.5.1 Nuclear Ribosomal Genes Most Commonly Used in Fungal Identification
19.3.5.2 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
19.3.5.3 Multiplexed-Tandem PCR (MT-PCR)
19.3.5.4 Real Time-PCR
19.3.5.5 Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE)
19.3.5.6 Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLP)
19.3.5.7 Fragment Length Polymorphisms (FLP)
19.3.5.8 Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP)
19.3.5.9 Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH)
19.3.5.10 DNA Array Hybridization
19.3.5.11 Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP)
19.4 Methods for Isolation and Characterization of Algae
19.4.1 Sample Collection, Preservation, and Identification
19.4.2 Techniques Used for Isolation of Algae
19.4.2.1 Micropipette Washing Technique
19.4.2.2 Centrifuge Washing and Streak Plating Technique
19.4.2.3 Agar Plating Method
19.4.2.4 Micromanipulation
19.4.2.5 Serial Dilution
19.4.3 Microscopic Examination of Algae
19.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective
References
20. Nanoparticle: Characterization and Their Potential Role as Revolutionary Nanobiofertilizer in Agriculture
Nisha Sogan, Smriti Kala and Alka Rani
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Silver Nanoparticle Characterization and Their Potential as Nanobiofertilizers
20.3 Potential of Gold Nanoparticles as Nanobiofertilizer and Their Characterization
20.4 Zn Oxide Nanoparticles as Nanobiofertilizer
20.5 Actinomycete-Based Nanobiofertilizers
20.6 Fungus-Based Nanobiofertilizers
20.7 Conclusion
References
Index
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