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Submit a ProposalMetal Oxide Nanocomposite Thin Films for Optoelectronic Device Applications
 | Edited by Rayees Ahmad Zargar
Copyright: 2023 | Status: Published ISBN: 9781119865087 | Hardcover | 423 pages | 67 illustrations Price: $225 USD  |
One Line Description
The book provides insight into the fundamental aspects, latest research, synthesis route development, preparation, and future applications of metal oxide nanocomposite thin films.
Audience
The book will be an important volume for electronics and electrical engineers, nanotechnologists, materials scientists, inorganic chemists in academic research, and those in industries, exploring the applications of nanoparticles in semiconductors, power electronics, and more.
The book will be an important volume for electronics and electrical engineers, nanotechnologists, materials scientists, inorganic chemists in academic research, and those in industries, exploring the applications of nanoparticles in semiconductors, power electronics, and more.
Description
The fabrication of thin film-based materials is important to the future production of safe, efficient, and affordable energy as the devices convert sunlight into electricity. Thin film devices allow excellent interface engineering for high-performance printable solar cells as their structures are highly reliable and stand-alone systems can provide the required megawatts. They have been used as power sources in solar home systems, remote buildings, water pumping, megawatt-scale power plants, satellites, communications, and space vehicles.
Metal Oxide Nanocomposite Thin Films for Optoelectronic Device Applications covers the basics of advanced nanometal oxide-based materials, their synthesis, characterization, and applications, and all the updated information on optoelectronics. Topics discussed include the implications of metal oxide thin films, which are critical for device fabrications. It provides updated information on the economic aspect and toxicity, with great focus paid to display applications, and covers some core areas of nanotechnology, which are particularly concerned with optoelectronics and the available technologies. The book concludes with insights into the role of nanotechnology and the physics behind photovoltaics.
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The fabrication of thin film-based materials is important to the future production of safe, efficient, and affordable energy as the devices convert sunlight into electricity. Thin film devices allow excellent interface engineering for high-performance printable solar cells as their structures are highly reliable and stand-alone systems can provide the required megawatts. They have been used as power sources in solar home systems, remote buildings, water pumping, megawatt-scale power plants, satellites, communications, and space vehicles.
Metal Oxide Nanocomposite Thin Films for Optoelectronic Device Applications covers the basics of advanced nanometal oxide-based materials, their synthesis, characterization, and applications, and all the updated information on optoelectronics. Topics discussed include the implications of metal oxide thin films, which are critical for device fabrications. It provides updated information on the economic aspect and toxicity, with great focus paid to display applications, and covers some core areas of nanotechnology, which are particularly concerned with optoelectronics and the available technologies. The book concludes with insights into the role of nanotechnology and the physics behind photovoltaics.
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Author / Editor Details
R.A. Zargar, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Physics, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri, India, and has been associated with the prestigious laboratory CSIR-National Physical Laboratory (CSIR-NPL), New Delhi for 10 years. He has wide expertise in the field of superconductors, manganites, and optical properties of semiconductors. He is an author or co-author of more than 60 research articles as well as three books.
R.A. Zargar, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Physics, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri, India, and has been associated with the prestigious laboratory CSIR-National Physical Laboratory (CSIR-NPL), New Delhi for 10 years. He has wide expertise in the field of superconductors, manganites, and optical properties of semiconductors. He is an author or co-author of more than 60 research articles as well as three books.
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Table of Contents
Preface
Part I: Nanotechnology
1. Synthesis and Characterization of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles/Nanocrystalline Thin Films for Photovoltaic Application
Santosh Singh Golia, Chandni Puri, Rayees Ahmad Zargar and Manju Arora
1.1 Present Status of Power Generation Capacity and Target in India
1.2 Importance of Solar Energy
1.3 Evolution in Photovoltaic Cells and their Generations
1.3.1 First Generation Photovoltaic Cell
1.3.2 Second-Generation Photovoltaic Cell
1.3.3 Third Generation Photovoltaic Cell
1.3.4 Fourth Generation Photovoltaic Cell
1.4 Role of Nanostructured Metal Oxides in Production, Conversion, and Storage
in Harvesting Renewable Energy
1.5 Synthesis of Nanostructured Metal Oxides for Photovoltaic Cell Application
1.5.1 Chemical Vapor Deposition Method
1.5.2 Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition Method
1.5.3 Plasma-Enhanced CVD (PECVD) Method
1.5.4 Spray Pyrolysis Method
1.5.5 Atomic Layer Deposition or Atomic Layer Epitaxy Method
1.5.6 Chemical Co-Precipitation Method
1.5.7 Sol-Gel Method
1.5.8 Solvothermal/Hydrothermal Method
1.5.9 Microemulsions Method
1.5.10 Microwave-Assisted Method
1.5.11 Ultrasonic/Sonochemical Method
1.5.12 Green Chemistry Method
1.5.13 Spin Coating Method
1.5.14 Dip Coating Method
1.5.15 Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) Methods
1.5.16 Pulsed Laser Deposition Method
1.5.17 Sputtering Method
1.5.17.1 Radio Frequency (RF) Sputtering Method
1.5.17.2 DC Sputtering Method
1.5.18 Chemical Bath Deposition Method
1.5.19 Electron Beam Evaporation
1.5.20 Thermal Evaporation Technique
1.5.21 Electrodeposition Method
1.5.22 Anodic Oxidation Method
1.5.23 Screen Printing Method
1.6 Characterization of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles/Thin Films
1.7 Conclusion and Future Aspects
References
2. Experimental Realization of Zinc Oxide: A Comparison Between Nano and Micro-Film
Rayees Ahmad Zargar, Shabir Ahmad Bhat, Muzaffar Iqbal Khan, Majid Ul Islam, Imran Ahmed and Mohd Shkir
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Approaches to Nanotechnology
2.3 Wide Band Semiconductors
2.4 Zinc Oxide (ZnO)
2.4.1 Crystal Structure of ZnO
2.5 Properties of Zinc Oxide
2.5.1 Mechanical Properties
2.5.2 Electronic Properties
2.5.3 Luminescence Characteristics
2.5.4 Optical Band Gap
2.6 Thin Film Deposition Techniques
2.6.1 Thin and Thick Film
2.6.2 Solution-Cum Syringe Spray Method
2.7 Procedure of Experimental Work
2.8 Calculation of Thickness of Thin ZnO Films
2.9 Structural Analysis
2.9.1 XRD (X-Ray Diffraction)
2.9.2 SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope)
2.10 Optical Characterization
2.10.1 UV Spectroscopy
2.10.2 Photoluminescence (PL) Spectroscopy
2.11 Electrical Characterization
2.11.1 Resistivity by Two-Probe Method
2.12 Applications of Zinc Oxide
2.13 Conclusions and Future Work
References
3. Luminescent Nanocrystalline Metal Oxides: Synthesis, Applications, and Future Challenges
Chandni Puri, Balwinder Kaur, Santosh Singh Golia, Rayees Ahmad Zargar and Manju Arora
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Different Types of Luminescence
3.2.1 Photoluminescence
3.2.2 Thermoluminescence
3.2.3 Chemiluminescence
3.2.4 Sonoluminescence
3.2.5 Bioluminescence
3.2.6 Triboluminescence
3.2.7 Cathodoluminescence
3.2.8 Electroluminescence
3.2.9 Radioluminescence
3.3 Luminescence Mechanism in Nanomaterials
3.4 Luminescent Nanomaterials Characteristic Properties
3.5 Synthesis and Shape Control Methods for Luminescent Metal Oxide Nanomaterials
3.5.1 Chemical Vapor Synthesis Method
3.5.2 Thermal Decomposition Method
3.5.3 Pulsed Electron Beam Evaporation Method
3.5.4 Microwave-Assisted Combustion Method
3.5.5 Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Method
3.5.6 Sol-Gel Method
3.5.7 Chemical Co-Precipitation Method
3.5.8 Sonochemical Method
3.5.9 Continuous Flow Method
3.5.10 Aerosol Pyrolysis Method
3.5.11 Polyol-Mediated Methods
3.5.12 Two-Phase Method
3.5.13 Microemulsion Method
3.5.14 Green Synthesis Method
3.6 Characterization of Nanocrystalline Luminescent Metal Oxides
3.7 Applications of Nanocrystalline Luminescent Metal Oxides
3.8 Conclusion and Future Aspects of Nanocrystalline Luminescent Metal Oxides
References
4. Status, Challenges and Bright Future of Nanocomposite Metal Oxide for Optoelectronic Device Applications
Ajay Singh, Sunil Sambyal, Vishal Singh, Balwinder Kaur and Archana Sharma
Abbreviations
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Synthesis of Nanocomposite Metal Oxide by Physical and Chemical Routes
4.2.1 Synthesis of Metal Oxides Nanoparticles by Chemical Technique
4.2.2 Synthesis of Metal Oxides Nanoparticles by Physical Technique
4.2.3 Synthesis of Metal Oxides by Mechanical Technique
4.3 Characterization Techniques Used for Metal Oxide Optoelectronics
4.3.1 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)
4.3.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
4.3.3 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
4.3.4 Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS)
4.3.5 Fourier-Transform Infra-Red (FTIR)
4.3.6 Raman Spectroscopy
4.3.7 Luminescence Technique
4.4 Optoelectronic Devices Based on MOs Nanocomposites
4.4.1 Light-Emitting Device
4.4.2 Photodetector
4.4.3 Solar Cell
4.4.4 Charge-Transporting Layers Using Metal Oxide NPs
4.4.5 MO NPs as a Medium for Light Conversion
4.4.6 Transparent Conducting Oxides (TCO)
4.5 Advantages of Pure/Doped Metal Oxides Used in Optoelectronic Device Fabrication
4.6 Parameters Required for Optoelectronic Devices Applications
4.7 Conclusion and Future Perspective of Metal Oxides-Based Optoelectronic Devices
Acknowledgement
References
Part II: Thin Film Technology
5. Semiconductor Metal Oxide Thin Films: An Overview
Krishna Kumari Swain, Pravat Manjari Mishra and Bijay Kumar Behera
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 An Introduction to Semiconducting Metal Oxide
5.1.2 Properties of Semiconducting Metal Oxide
5.1.3 Semiconducting Metal Oxide Thin Films
5.1.4 Thin Films Deposition Method
5.1.4.1 Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) Method
5.1.4.2 Evaporation Methodology
5.1.4.3 Thermal Evaporation
5.1.4.4 Molecular Beam Epitaxy
5.1.4.5 Electron Beam Evaporation
5.1.4.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of PVD Method
5.1.4.7 Sputtering Technique
5.1.4.8 Advantages and Disadvantages of Sputtering Technique
5.1.4.9 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
5.1.4.10 Photo-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (PHCVD)
5.1.4.11 Laser-Induced Chemical Vapor Deposition (LICVD)
5.1.4.12 Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition (APCVD)
5.1.4.13 Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (PECVD)
5.1.4.14 Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD)
5.1.4.15 Electrolytic Anodization
5.1.4.16 Electroplating
5.1.4.17 Chemical Reduction Plating
5.1.4.18 Electroless Plating
5.1.4.19 Electrophoretic Deposition
5.1.4.20 Immersion Plating
5.1.4.21 Advantages and Disadvantages of CVD Process
5.1.4.22 Sol-Gel Method
5.1.5 Application of Semiconducting Metal Oxide Thin Films
5.1.5.1 Photovoltaic Cells
5.1.5.2 Thin-Film Transistors
5.1.5.3 Computer Hardware
5.1.5.4 LED and Optical Displays
5.1.6 Limitations of Semiconductor Thin Films
5.2 Conclusion and Outlook
Acknowledgement
References
6. Thin Film Fabrication Techniques
Lankipalli Krishna Sai, Krishna Kumari Swain and Sunil Kumar Pradhan
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Thin Film – Types and Their Application
6.3 Classification of Thin-Film Fabrication Techniques
6.4 Methodology
6.4.1 Thermal Evaporation
6.4.2 Molecular Beam Epitaxy
6.4.3 Electron Beam Evaporation
6.4.4 Sputtering Technique
6.4.5 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
6.4.6 Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD)
6.4.7 Liquid Phase Chemical Formation Technique
6.4.8 Electrolytic Anodization
6.4.9 Electroplating
6.5 Advantages of CVD Process
6.6 Comparison Between PVD and CVD
6.7 Conclusion
References
7. Printable Photovoltaic Solar Cells
Tuiba Mearaj, Faisal Bashir, Rayees Ahmad Zargar, Santosh Chacrabarti and Aurangzeb Khurrem Hafiz
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Working Principle of Printable Solar Cells
7.3 Wide Band Gap Semiconductors
7.3.1 Cadmium Telluride Solar Cells (CIGS)
7.3.2 Perovskite Solar Cells
7.3.3 Solar Cells Based on Additive Free Materials
7.3.4 Charge-Carrier Selective Layers That Can Be Printed
7.4 Metal Oxide-Based Printable Solar Cell
7.5 What is Thick Film, Its Technology with Advantages
7.5.1 Thick Film Materials Substrates
7.5.2 Thick Film Inks
7.6 To Select Suitable Technology for Film Deposition by Considering the Economy, Flexibility, Reliability, and Performance Aspects
7.6.1 Experimental Procedure for Preparation of Thick Films by Screen Printing Process
7.6.2 Quality of Printing
7.6.3 The Following Factors Contribute to Incomplete Filling
7.7 Procedures for Firing
7.7.1 Thick Film Technology has Four Distinct Advantages
7.8 Deposition of Thin Film Layers via Solution-Based Process
7.8.1 Approaches for Coating
7.8.2 Casting
7.8.3 Spin Coating
7.8.4 Blade Coating
Conclusion
References
8. Response of Metal Oxide Thin Films Under Laser Irradiation
Rayees Ahmad Zargar
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Interaction of Laser with Material
8.3 Radiation Causes Modification
8.4 Application Laser Irradiated Films
8.5 Wavelength Range of Radiation
8.6 Laser Irradiation Mechanism
8.7 Experimental Procedure
8.7.1 Thin Film Technologies
8.7.2 What is Thick Film, Its Technology with Advantages
8.7.3 Experimental Detail of Screen Printing and Preparation of Zn0.80Cd0.20O Paste for Coated Film
8.7.4 Variation of Optical Properties
8.7.5 Electrical Conduction Mechanism
8.7.6 Conclusion and Prospects
References
Part III: Photovoltaic and Storage Devices
9. Basic Physics and Design of Photovoltaic Devices
Rayees Ahmad Zargar, Muzaffar Iqbal Khan, Yasar Arfat, Vipin Kumar and Joginder Singh
9.1 Introduction: Solar Cell
9.2 Semiconductor Physics
9.3 Carrier Concentrations in Equilibrium
9.4 p-n Junction Formation
9.5 Process of Carrier Production and Recombination
9.6 Equations for Poisson’s and Continuity Equation
9.7 Photovoltaic (Solar Power) Systems
9.8 Types of Photovoltaic Installations and Technology
9.9 Electrical Characteristics Parameters
9.9.1 Open-Circuit Voltage
9.9.2 Density of Short-Circuit Current (Jsc)
9.9.3 Fill Factor Percentage (FF%)
9.9.4 Power Conversion Efficiency (ɳ)
9.9.5 Dark Current
9.9.6 Standard Test Conditions
9.10 Basic p-n Junction Diode Parameters
9.11 Conclusion
References
10. Measurement and Characterization of Photovoltaic Devices
Saleem Khan, Vaishali Misra, Ayesha Bhandri and Suresh Kumar
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Electrical and Optical Measurements
10.3 Current–Voltage (I-V) Characterization
10.4 Quantum Efficiency
10.5 Hall Effect Measurements
10.6 Photoluminescence Spectroscopy and Imaging
10.7 Electroluminescence Spectroscopy and Imaging
10.8 Light Beam Induced Current Technique (LBIC)
10.9 Electron Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS)
10.10 Characterization by Ellipsometry Spectroscopy
10.11 Conclusion
References
11. Theoretical and Experimental Results of Nanomaterial Thin Films for Solar Cell Applications
Muzaffar Iqbal Khan, Rayees Ahmad Zargar, Showkat Ahmad Dar and Trilok Chandra Upadhyay
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Literature Survey
11.2.1 Zinc Oxide (ZnO)
11.2.2 Tin Oxide (SnO2)
11.2.3 Cadmium Oxide (CdO)
11.2.4 Nickel Oxide (NiO)
11.2.5 Magnesium Oxide (MgO)
11.2.6 Aluminium Oxide (Al2O3)
11.2.7 Cobalt Oxide (CoO)
11.2.8 Tungsten Oxide (WO3)
11.3 Theoretical and Experimental Results
11.3.1 Theoretical Model
11.3.2 Sellmeier Model
11.3.3 Optical Properties Derive from the Above Equations
11.4 Experimental Results of Optical Properties
11.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgement
References
12. Metal Oxide-Based Light-Emitting Diodes
Shabir Ahmad Bhat, Sneha Wankar, Jyoti Rawat and Rayees Ahmad Zargar
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Structure of LEDs
12.3 Working Principle of LEDs
12.4 Selection of Material for Construction of LEDs
12.5 Basic Terminology Involved in Fabrication of LEDs
12.5.1 Color Rendering Index (CRI)
12.5.2 CIE Color Coordinates
12.5.3 Forster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET)
12.6 LEDs Based on ZnO (Zinc Oxide)
12.7 Transition Metal Oxide-Based LEDs
12.7.1 Electronic Structure of TMO Films
12.8 Lanthanide-Based OLEDs
12.9 Conclusion
References
13. Metal Oxide Nanocomposite Thin Films: Optical and Electrical Characterization
Santosh Chackrabarti, Rayees Ahmad Zargar, Tuiba Mearaj and Aurangzeb Khurram Hafiz
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 Classification of the Nanocomposites
13.2 Nanocomposite Thin Films (NCTFs)
13.3 Materials Used for Preparation of NCTFs
13.3.1 Gold
13.3.2 Platinum
13.3.3 Silver
13.3.4 Palladium
13.3.5 Boron
13.3.6 Nickel
13.3.7 Titanium
13.3.8 ZnO
13.3.9 Iron Oxide
13.3.10 Silicon (Si)
13.3.11 Cobalt
13.3.12 Molybdenum
13.3.13 SnO2 (Tin Oxide)
13.3.14 CuO
13.3.15 Tungsten
13.3.16 CdS
13.3.17 Graphene Oxide
13.3.18 Carbon Nanotubes
13.4 Methods of Preparation of NCTFs
13.4.1 Cold Spray Approach
13.4.2 Sol–Gel Approach
13.4.3 Dip Coating
13.4.4 Spray Coating and Spin Coating
13.4.5 Electroless Deposition
13.4.6 In Situ Polymerization Approach
13.4.7 Chemical Vapor Deposition Approach
13.4.8 Physical Vapor Deposition Approach
13.4.9 Thermal Spray Approach
13.4.10 Solution Dispersion
13.5 Applications
13.5.1 Gas Sensors
13.5.2 Batteries
13.5.3 Solar Cells
13.5.4 Antennas
13.5.5 Optoelectronics
13.6 Examples
13.6.1 Graphene-Based Metal Oxide Nanocomposites
13.6.2 Carbon-Based Metal Oxide Nanocomposites
13.6.3 Silicon-Based Metal Oxide Nanocomposites
13.7 Laser Irradiation Sources
13.7.1 Some of the Factors Affecting Laser–Material Interactions
13.7.1.1 Laser Wavelength
13.7.1.2 Laser Intensity
13.7.1.3 Laser Interaction Time
13.7.1.4 Surface Roughness of the Material
13.8 Functional Characterization Techniques
13.8.1 Electrical Characterization
13.8.2 Optical Characterization
13.9 Conclusion
References
14. Manganese Dioxide as a Supercapacitor Material
Mudasir Hussain Rather, Feroz A. Mir, Peerzada Ajaz Ahmad, Rayaz Ahmad and Kaneez Zainab
14.1 Introduction
14.1.1 Classifications of Supercapacitors
14.1.2 Electrochemical Double Layer Capacitor
14.1.3 Pseudocapacitors
14.1.4 Hybrid Capacitors
14.2 Supercapacitor Components
14.2.1 Electrode
14.2.2 Electrolytes
14.2.3 Separators
14.2.4 Current Collector
14.3 Methods for MnO2 Nanoparticles
14.3.1 Hydrothermal Route
14.3.2 Sol-Gel Technique
14.4 Doped-MnO2 Materials
14.4.1 Titanium-Doped with MnO2
14.4.2 Vanadium-Doped with MnO2
14.4.3 Tin-Doped with α-MnO2
14.4.4 Al, Cu, Mg-Doped with MnO2
14.4.5 Co- and Ni-Doped with MnO2
14.4.6 Ag-Doped with MnO2
14.4.7 Bismuth-Doping with Additives
14.5 MnO2 with Polymer Composites
14.5.1 Polypyrrole-Coated with MnO2
14.5.2 Polyaniline-MnO2
14.5.3 Polybithiophene-Coated MnO2
14.6 Nanocomposites
14.6.1 Graphene-MnO2-Polyaniline
14.6.2 MnO2-Carbon Nanocomposite
14.7 Conclusion
References
Index
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Preface
Part I: Nanotechnology
1. Synthesis and Characterization of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles/Nanocrystalline Thin Films for Photovoltaic Application
Santosh Singh Golia, Chandni Puri, Rayees Ahmad Zargar and Manju Arora
1.1 Present Status of Power Generation Capacity and Target in India
1.2 Importance of Solar Energy
1.3 Evolution in Photovoltaic Cells and their Generations
1.3.1 First Generation Photovoltaic Cell
1.3.2 Second-Generation Photovoltaic Cell
1.3.3 Third Generation Photovoltaic Cell
1.3.4 Fourth Generation Photovoltaic Cell
1.4 Role of Nanostructured Metal Oxides in Production, Conversion, and Storage
in Harvesting Renewable Energy
1.5 Synthesis of Nanostructured Metal Oxides for Photovoltaic Cell Application
1.5.1 Chemical Vapor Deposition Method
1.5.2 Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition Method
1.5.3 Plasma-Enhanced CVD (PECVD) Method
1.5.4 Spray Pyrolysis Method
1.5.5 Atomic Layer Deposition or Atomic Layer Epitaxy Method
1.5.6 Chemical Co-Precipitation Method
1.5.7 Sol-Gel Method
1.5.8 Solvothermal/Hydrothermal Method
1.5.9 Microemulsions Method
1.5.10 Microwave-Assisted Method
1.5.11 Ultrasonic/Sonochemical Method
1.5.12 Green Chemistry Method
1.5.13 Spin Coating Method
1.5.14 Dip Coating Method
1.5.15 Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) Methods
1.5.16 Pulsed Laser Deposition Method
1.5.17 Sputtering Method
1.5.17.1 Radio Frequency (RF) Sputtering Method
1.5.17.2 DC Sputtering Method
1.5.18 Chemical Bath Deposition Method
1.5.19 Electron Beam Evaporation
1.5.20 Thermal Evaporation Technique
1.5.21 Electrodeposition Method
1.5.22 Anodic Oxidation Method
1.5.23 Screen Printing Method
1.6 Characterization of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles/Thin Films
1.7 Conclusion and Future Aspects
References
2. Experimental Realization of Zinc Oxide: A Comparison Between Nano and Micro-Film
Rayees Ahmad Zargar, Shabir Ahmad Bhat, Muzaffar Iqbal Khan, Majid Ul Islam, Imran Ahmed and Mohd Shkir
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Approaches to Nanotechnology
2.3 Wide Band Semiconductors
2.4 Zinc Oxide (ZnO)
2.4.1 Crystal Structure of ZnO
2.5 Properties of Zinc Oxide
2.5.1 Mechanical Properties
2.5.2 Electronic Properties
2.5.3 Luminescence Characteristics
2.5.4 Optical Band Gap
2.6 Thin Film Deposition Techniques
2.6.1 Thin and Thick Film
2.6.2 Solution-Cum Syringe Spray Method
2.7 Procedure of Experimental Work
2.8 Calculation of Thickness of Thin ZnO Films
2.9 Structural Analysis
2.9.1 XRD (X-Ray Diffraction)
2.9.2 SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope)
2.10 Optical Characterization
2.10.1 UV Spectroscopy
2.10.2 Photoluminescence (PL) Spectroscopy
2.11 Electrical Characterization
2.11.1 Resistivity by Two-Probe Method
2.12 Applications of Zinc Oxide
2.13 Conclusions and Future Work
References
3. Luminescent Nanocrystalline Metal Oxides: Synthesis, Applications, and Future Challenges
Chandni Puri, Balwinder Kaur, Santosh Singh Golia, Rayees Ahmad Zargar and Manju Arora
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Different Types of Luminescence
3.2.1 Photoluminescence
3.2.2 Thermoluminescence
3.2.3 Chemiluminescence
3.2.4 Sonoluminescence
3.2.5 Bioluminescence
3.2.6 Triboluminescence
3.2.7 Cathodoluminescence
3.2.8 Electroluminescence
3.2.9 Radioluminescence
3.3 Luminescence Mechanism in Nanomaterials
3.4 Luminescent Nanomaterials Characteristic Properties
3.5 Synthesis and Shape Control Methods for Luminescent Metal Oxide Nanomaterials
3.5.1 Chemical Vapor Synthesis Method
3.5.2 Thermal Decomposition Method
3.5.3 Pulsed Electron Beam Evaporation Method
3.5.4 Microwave-Assisted Combustion Method
3.5.5 Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Method
3.5.6 Sol-Gel Method
3.5.7 Chemical Co-Precipitation Method
3.5.8 Sonochemical Method
3.5.9 Continuous Flow Method
3.5.10 Aerosol Pyrolysis Method
3.5.11 Polyol-Mediated Methods
3.5.12 Two-Phase Method
3.5.13 Microemulsion Method
3.5.14 Green Synthesis Method
3.6 Characterization of Nanocrystalline Luminescent Metal Oxides
3.7 Applications of Nanocrystalline Luminescent Metal Oxides
3.8 Conclusion and Future Aspects of Nanocrystalline Luminescent Metal Oxides
References
4. Status, Challenges and Bright Future of Nanocomposite Metal Oxide for Optoelectronic Device Applications
Ajay Singh, Sunil Sambyal, Vishal Singh, Balwinder Kaur and Archana Sharma
Abbreviations
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Synthesis of Nanocomposite Metal Oxide by Physical and Chemical Routes
4.2.1 Synthesis of Metal Oxides Nanoparticles by Chemical Technique
4.2.2 Synthesis of Metal Oxides Nanoparticles by Physical Technique
4.2.3 Synthesis of Metal Oxides by Mechanical Technique
4.3 Characterization Techniques Used for Metal Oxide Optoelectronics
4.3.1 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)
4.3.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
4.3.3 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
4.3.4 Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS)
4.3.5 Fourier-Transform Infra-Red (FTIR)
4.3.6 Raman Spectroscopy
4.3.7 Luminescence Technique
4.4 Optoelectronic Devices Based on MOs Nanocomposites
4.4.1 Light-Emitting Device
4.4.2 Photodetector
4.4.3 Solar Cell
4.4.4 Charge-Transporting Layers Using Metal Oxide NPs
4.4.5 MO NPs as a Medium for Light Conversion
4.4.6 Transparent Conducting Oxides (TCO)
4.5 Advantages of Pure/Doped Metal Oxides Used in Optoelectronic Device Fabrication
4.6 Parameters Required for Optoelectronic Devices Applications
4.7 Conclusion and Future Perspective of Metal Oxides-Based Optoelectronic Devices
Acknowledgement
References
Part II: Thin Film Technology
5. Semiconductor Metal Oxide Thin Films: An Overview
Krishna Kumari Swain, Pravat Manjari Mishra and Bijay Kumar Behera
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 An Introduction to Semiconducting Metal Oxide
5.1.2 Properties of Semiconducting Metal Oxide
5.1.3 Semiconducting Metal Oxide Thin Films
5.1.4 Thin Films Deposition Method
5.1.4.1 Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) Method
5.1.4.2 Evaporation Methodology
5.1.4.3 Thermal Evaporation
5.1.4.4 Molecular Beam Epitaxy
5.1.4.5 Electron Beam Evaporation
5.1.4.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of PVD Method
5.1.4.7 Sputtering Technique
5.1.4.8 Advantages and Disadvantages of Sputtering Technique
5.1.4.9 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
5.1.4.10 Photo-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (PHCVD)
5.1.4.11 Laser-Induced Chemical Vapor Deposition (LICVD)
5.1.4.12 Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition (APCVD)
5.1.4.13 Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (PECVD)
5.1.4.14 Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD)
5.1.4.15 Electrolytic Anodization
5.1.4.16 Electroplating
5.1.4.17 Chemical Reduction Plating
5.1.4.18 Electroless Plating
5.1.4.19 Electrophoretic Deposition
5.1.4.20 Immersion Plating
5.1.4.21 Advantages and Disadvantages of CVD Process
5.1.4.22 Sol-Gel Method
5.1.5 Application of Semiconducting Metal Oxide Thin Films
5.1.5.1 Photovoltaic Cells
5.1.5.2 Thin-Film Transistors
5.1.5.3 Computer Hardware
5.1.5.4 LED and Optical Displays
5.1.6 Limitations of Semiconductor Thin Films
5.2 Conclusion and Outlook
Acknowledgement
References
6. Thin Film Fabrication Techniques
Lankipalli Krishna Sai, Krishna Kumari Swain and Sunil Kumar Pradhan
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Thin Film – Types and Their Application
6.3 Classification of Thin-Film Fabrication Techniques
6.4 Methodology
6.4.1 Thermal Evaporation
6.4.2 Molecular Beam Epitaxy
6.4.3 Electron Beam Evaporation
6.4.4 Sputtering Technique
6.4.5 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
6.4.6 Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD)
6.4.7 Liquid Phase Chemical Formation Technique
6.4.8 Electrolytic Anodization
6.4.9 Electroplating
6.5 Advantages of CVD Process
6.6 Comparison Between PVD and CVD
6.7 Conclusion
References
7. Printable Photovoltaic Solar Cells
Tuiba Mearaj, Faisal Bashir, Rayees Ahmad Zargar, Santosh Chacrabarti and Aurangzeb Khurrem Hafiz
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Working Principle of Printable Solar Cells
7.3 Wide Band Gap Semiconductors
7.3.1 Cadmium Telluride Solar Cells (CIGS)
7.3.2 Perovskite Solar Cells
7.3.3 Solar Cells Based on Additive Free Materials
7.3.4 Charge-Carrier Selective Layers That Can Be Printed
7.4 Metal Oxide-Based Printable Solar Cell
7.5 What is Thick Film, Its Technology with Advantages
7.5.1 Thick Film Materials Substrates
7.5.2 Thick Film Inks
7.6 To Select Suitable Technology for Film Deposition by Considering the Economy, Flexibility, Reliability, and Performance Aspects
7.6.1 Experimental Procedure for Preparation of Thick Films by Screen Printing Process
7.6.2 Quality of Printing
7.6.3 The Following Factors Contribute to Incomplete Filling
7.7 Procedures for Firing
7.7.1 Thick Film Technology has Four Distinct Advantages
7.8 Deposition of Thin Film Layers via Solution-Based Process
7.8.1 Approaches for Coating
7.8.2 Casting
7.8.3 Spin Coating
7.8.4 Blade Coating
Conclusion
References
8. Response of Metal Oxide Thin Films Under Laser Irradiation
Rayees Ahmad Zargar
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Interaction of Laser with Material
8.3 Radiation Causes Modification
8.4 Application Laser Irradiated Films
8.5 Wavelength Range of Radiation
8.6 Laser Irradiation Mechanism
8.7 Experimental Procedure
8.7.1 Thin Film Technologies
8.7.2 What is Thick Film, Its Technology with Advantages
8.7.3 Experimental Detail of Screen Printing and Preparation of Zn0.80Cd0.20O Paste for Coated Film
8.7.4 Variation of Optical Properties
8.7.5 Electrical Conduction Mechanism
8.7.6 Conclusion and Prospects
References
Part III: Photovoltaic and Storage Devices
9. Basic Physics and Design of Photovoltaic Devices
Rayees Ahmad Zargar, Muzaffar Iqbal Khan, Yasar Arfat, Vipin Kumar and Joginder Singh
9.1 Introduction: Solar Cell
9.2 Semiconductor Physics
9.3 Carrier Concentrations in Equilibrium
9.4 p-n Junction Formation
9.5 Process of Carrier Production and Recombination
9.6 Equations for Poisson’s and Continuity Equation
9.7 Photovoltaic (Solar Power) Systems
9.8 Types of Photovoltaic Installations and Technology
9.9 Electrical Characteristics Parameters
9.9.1 Open-Circuit Voltage
9.9.2 Density of Short-Circuit Current (Jsc)
9.9.3 Fill Factor Percentage (FF%)
9.9.4 Power Conversion Efficiency (ɳ)
9.9.5 Dark Current
9.9.6 Standard Test Conditions
9.10 Basic p-n Junction Diode Parameters
9.11 Conclusion
References
10. Measurement and Characterization of Photovoltaic Devices
Saleem Khan, Vaishali Misra, Ayesha Bhandri and Suresh Kumar
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Electrical and Optical Measurements
10.3 Current–Voltage (I-V) Characterization
10.4 Quantum Efficiency
10.5 Hall Effect Measurements
10.6 Photoluminescence Spectroscopy and Imaging
10.7 Electroluminescence Spectroscopy and Imaging
10.8 Light Beam Induced Current Technique (LBIC)
10.9 Electron Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS)
10.10 Characterization by Ellipsometry Spectroscopy
10.11 Conclusion
References
11. Theoretical and Experimental Results of Nanomaterial Thin Films for Solar Cell Applications
Muzaffar Iqbal Khan, Rayees Ahmad Zargar, Showkat Ahmad Dar and Trilok Chandra Upadhyay
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Literature Survey
11.2.1 Zinc Oxide (ZnO)
11.2.2 Tin Oxide (SnO2)
11.2.3 Cadmium Oxide (CdO)
11.2.4 Nickel Oxide (NiO)
11.2.5 Magnesium Oxide (MgO)
11.2.6 Aluminium Oxide (Al2O3)
11.2.7 Cobalt Oxide (CoO)
11.2.8 Tungsten Oxide (WO3)
11.3 Theoretical and Experimental Results
11.3.1 Theoretical Model
11.3.2 Sellmeier Model
11.3.3 Optical Properties Derive from the Above Equations
11.4 Experimental Results of Optical Properties
11.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgement
References
12. Metal Oxide-Based Light-Emitting Diodes
Shabir Ahmad Bhat, Sneha Wankar, Jyoti Rawat and Rayees Ahmad Zargar
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Structure of LEDs
12.3 Working Principle of LEDs
12.4 Selection of Material for Construction of LEDs
12.5 Basic Terminology Involved in Fabrication of LEDs
12.5.1 Color Rendering Index (CRI)
12.5.2 CIE Color Coordinates
12.5.3 Forster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET)
12.6 LEDs Based on ZnO (Zinc Oxide)
12.7 Transition Metal Oxide-Based LEDs
12.7.1 Electronic Structure of TMO Films
12.8 Lanthanide-Based OLEDs
12.9 Conclusion
References
13. Metal Oxide Nanocomposite Thin Films: Optical and Electrical Characterization
Santosh Chackrabarti, Rayees Ahmad Zargar, Tuiba Mearaj and Aurangzeb Khurram Hafiz
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 Classification of the Nanocomposites
13.2 Nanocomposite Thin Films (NCTFs)
13.3 Materials Used for Preparation of NCTFs
13.3.1 Gold
13.3.2 Platinum
13.3.3 Silver
13.3.4 Palladium
13.3.5 Boron
13.3.6 Nickel
13.3.7 Titanium
13.3.8 ZnO
13.3.9 Iron Oxide
13.3.10 Silicon (Si)
13.3.11 Cobalt
13.3.12 Molybdenum
13.3.13 SnO2 (Tin Oxide)
13.3.14 CuO
13.3.15 Tungsten
13.3.16 CdS
13.3.17 Graphene Oxide
13.3.18 Carbon Nanotubes
13.4 Methods of Preparation of NCTFs
13.4.1 Cold Spray Approach
13.4.2 Sol–Gel Approach
13.4.3 Dip Coating
13.4.4 Spray Coating and Spin Coating
13.4.5 Electroless Deposition
13.4.6 In Situ Polymerization Approach
13.4.7 Chemical Vapor Deposition Approach
13.4.8 Physical Vapor Deposition Approach
13.4.9 Thermal Spray Approach
13.4.10 Solution Dispersion
13.5 Applications
13.5.1 Gas Sensors
13.5.2 Batteries
13.5.3 Solar Cells
13.5.4 Antennas
13.5.5 Optoelectronics
13.6 Examples
13.6.1 Graphene-Based Metal Oxide Nanocomposites
13.6.2 Carbon-Based Metal Oxide Nanocomposites
13.6.3 Silicon-Based Metal Oxide Nanocomposites
13.7 Laser Irradiation Sources
13.7.1 Some of the Factors Affecting Laser–Material Interactions
13.7.1.1 Laser Wavelength
13.7.1.2 Laser Intensity
13.7.1.3 Laser Interaction Time
13.7.1.4 Surface Roughness of the Material
13.8 Functional Characterization Techniques
13.8.1 Electrical Characterization
13.8.2 Optical Characterization
13.9 Conclusion
References
14. Manganese Dioxide as a Supercapacitor Material
Mudasir Hussain Rather, Feroz A. Mir, Peerzada Ajaz Ahmad, Rayaz Ahmad and Kaneez Zainab
14.1 Introduction
14.1.1 Classifications of Supercapacitors
14.1.2 Electrochemical Double Layer Capacitor
14.1.3 Pseudocapacitors
14.1.4 Hybrid Capacitors
14.2 Supercapacitor Components
14.2.1 Electrode
14.2.2 Electrolytes
14.2.3 Separators
14.2.4 Current Collector
14.3 Methods for MnO2 Nanoparticles
14.3.1 Hydrothermal Route
14.3.2 Sol-Gel Technique
14.4 Doped-MnO2 Materials
14.4.1 Titanium-Doped with MnO2
14.4.2 Vanadium-Doped with MnO2
14.4.3 Tin-Doped with α-MnO2
14.4.4 Al, Cu, Mg-Doped with MnO2
14.4.5 Co- and Ni-Doped with MnO2
14.4.6 Ag-Doped with MnO2
14.4.7 Bismuth-Doping with Additives
14.5 MnO2 with Polymer Composites
14.5.1 Polypyrrole-Coated with MnO2
14.5.2 Polyaniline-MnO2
14.5.3 Polybithiophene-Coated MnO2
14.6 Nanocomposites
14.6.1 Graphene-MnO2-Polyaniline
14.6.2 MnO2-Carbon Nanocomposite
14.7 Conclusion
References
Index
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