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Submit a ProposalElectroceramics for High Performance Supercapacitors
 | Edited by Inamuddin, Tariq Altalhi and Sayed Mohammed Adnan
Copyright: 2023 | Status: Published ISBN: 9781394166251 | Hardcover | 335 pages Price: $195 USD  |
One Line Description
The book describes the state-of-the-art analyses of high-density supercapacitors.
Audience
The book is designed for engineers, industrialists, physicists, scientists, and researchers who work on the applications of high-density supercapacitors.
The book is designed for engineers, industrialists, physicists, scientists, and researchers who work on the applications of high-density supercapacitors.
Description
In the near future, high-energy density materials will be required to accommodate the increased demand for gadgets, hybrid cars, and massive electrical energy storage systems. Fuel cells, supercapacitors, and batteries have the highest energy densities, but traditional capacitors have gained attention for intermittent energy harvesting owing to their high energy transfer rate and quick charging/discharging capability. The large amount of electric breakdown strength and modest remnant polarization are keys to the high energy density in dielectric capacitors. Above 100°C or 212°F, polymer dielectric capacitors become unstable and begin to suffer a dielectric breakdown. Hence, dielectric ceramics are the sole viable option for high-temperature applications.
This book provides a basic understanding of dielectric-based energy harvesting. After a detailed analysis of the state-of-the-art, it proceeds to explain the specific strategies to enhance energy storage features, including managing the local structure and phases assembly, raising the dielectric width, and enhancing microstructure and electrical uniformity. Also discussed is the need for novel materials with applications in high-density supercapacitors.
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In the near future, high-energy density materials will be required to accommodate the increased demand for gadgets, hybrid cars, and massive electrical energy storage systems. Fuel cells, supercapacitors, and batteries have the highest energy densities, but traditional capacitors have gained attention for intermittent energy harvesting owing to their high energy transfer rate and quick charging/discharging capability. The large amount of electric breakdown strength and modest remnant polarization are keys to the high energy density in dielectric capacitors. Above 100°C or 212°F, polymer dielectric capacitors become unstable and begin to suffer a dielectric breakdown. Hence, dielectric ceramics are the sole viable option for high-temperature applications.
This book provides a basic understanding of dielectric-based energy harvesting. After a detailed analysis of the state-of-the-art, it proceeds to explain the specific strategies to enhance energy storage features, including managing the local structure and phases assembly, raising the dielectric width, and enhancing microstructure and electrical uniformity. Also discussed is the need for novel materials with applications in high-density supercapacitors.
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Author / Editor Details
Inamuddin, PhD, is an assistant professor at the Department of Applied Chemistry, Zakir Husain College of Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He has extensive research experience in multidisciplinary fields of analytical chemistry, materials chemistry, electrochemistry, renewable energy, and environmental science. He has worked on different research projects funded by various government agencies and universities and is the recipient of awards, including the Department of Science and Technology, India, Fast-Track Young Scientist Award and Young Researcher of the Year Award 2020 from Aligarh Muslim University. He has published about 210 research articles in various international scientific journals, 18 book chapters, and 170 edited books with multiple well-known publishers. His current research interests include ion exchange materials, a sensor for heavy metal ions, biofuel cells, supercapacitors, and bending actuators.
Inamuddin, PhD, is an assistant professor at the Department of Applied Chemistry, Zakir Husain College of Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He has extensive research experience in multidisciplinary fields of analytical chemistry, materials chemistry, electrochemistry, renewable energy, and environmental science. He has worked on different research projects funded by various government agencies and universities and is the recipient of awards, including the Department of Science and Technology, India, Fast-Track Young Scientist Award and Young Researcher of the Year Award 2020 from Aligarh Muslim University. He has published about 210 research articles in various international scientific journals, 18 book chapters, and 170 edited books with multiple well-known publishers. His current research interests include ion exchange materials, a sensor for heavy metal ions, biofuel cells, supercapacitors, and bending actuators.
Tariq Altalhi, PhD, is Head of the Department of Chemistry and Vice Dean of Science College at Taif University, Saudi Arabia. He received his PhD from the University of Adelaide, Australia in 2014. His research interests include developing advanced chemistry-based solutions for solid and liquid municipal waste management; converting plastic bags to carbon nanotubes and fly ash to efficient adsorbent material. He also researches natural extracts and their application in the generation of value-added products such as nanomaterials.
Sayed Mohammed Adnan, PhD, works in the Department of Chemical Engineering, Zakir Husain College of Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, India. He is currently developing prototype devices and coin cells for electric vehicles (EVs) and portable devices in collaboration with industries for advanced chemical cells.
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Table of Contents
Preface
1. Lead-Free Energy Storage Ceramics
Sahidul Islam, Arindam Das and Ujjwal Mandal
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Dielectric Capacitor and Energy Storage
1.3 Energy Storage of Dielectric Ceramics Free of Lead
1.4 Conclusion and Outlooks
Acknowledgments
References
2. Lead-Based Ceramics for High-Performance Supercapacitors
Muneer Hussain, Muhammad Tahir Khan, Ata-ur-Rehman and Syed Mustansar Abbas
2.1 Introduction
2.2 General Idea of Ceramics for Supercapacitors
2.2.1 Metallic Oxide Ceramics for Supercapacitors
2.2.2 Binary Metal Oxides
2.2.2.1 Ceramics of Spinal Oxide Material
2.2.2.2 Barium Titanate Ceramics
2.2.3 Multimetal Oxidized Ceramics
2.2.4 Metal Hydroxide-Type Ceramics
2.3 Principle Involved in Electroceramics
2.3.1 Electrostatic Capacitor
2.4 Lead-Based Ceramics
2.4.1 Lead-Based Ferroelectrics
2.4.2 Lead-Based Relaxor Ferroelectrics
2.4.3 Lead-Based Anti-Ferroelectrics
2.5 Characteristics of Lead-Based Ceramics
2.5.1 Characteristics of Lead Zirconate Titanate
2.5.2 Characteristics of Lead Magnesium Niobate
2.5.3 Characteristics of Lead Zinc Niobate
2.6 Conclusion and Perspectives
2.6.1 Up-to-Date Sintering and Molding Process
2.6.2 Microscopical and Flexible Ceramics Electrode Materials
2.6.3 Improvement of Efficiency of the Ceramic Electrode Materials
References
3. Ceramic Films for High-Performance Supercapacitors
Santhosh G. and Nayaka G. P.
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Energy Storage Principles
3.3 Factors Optimizing Energy Density
3.3.1 The Intrinsic Band Gap (Eg)
3.3.2 Electrical Microstructure
3.3.3 Density and Grain Size
3.4 Ceramics for Supercapacitors
3.4.1 Metal Oxide Ceramics
3.4.2 Multielemental Oxides
3.5 Conclusions and Outlook
References
4. Ceramic Multilayers and Films for High-Performance Supercapacitors
Dulal Chandra Patra, Nitumoni Deka and Pinku Chandra Nath
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Fundamentals of Energy Storage in Electroceramics
4.2.1 Electrostatic Capacitors
4.2.2 Important Factors Designed for Assessing Energy Storage Characteristics
4.3 Important Factors for Maximizing Energy Density
4.3.1 Intrinsic Band Gap
4.3.2 Electrical Microstructure
4.4 Different Types of Electroceramics Capacitors for Energy Storage
4.4.1 Pb-Doped Ceramics
4.4.1.1 Pb-Doped RFEs
4.4.1.2 Lead-Doped Antiferroelectrics
4.4.2 Pb-Free Ceramics
4.4.2.1 BaTiO3-Based Ceramics
4.4.2.2 K0.5Na0.5NbO3-Doped Ceramics
4.4.2.3 Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3–Doped Ceramics
4.4.2.4 AgNbO3-Based Ceramics
4.5 Application of Electroceramics Supercapacitor
4.6 Conclusion
References
5. Superconductors for Energy Storage
Navneet Kaur, Mona, Ranjeet Kaur, Jaiveer Singh and Shweta Rana
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Background
5.1.2 Superconducting Properties
5.1.3 Synthetic Methodology
5.2 Low-Temperature Superconductors
5.2.1 Nb-Ti-Based LTS
5.2.2 Nb3Sn-Based LTS
5.3 High-Temperature Superconductors
5.3.1 Cuprate-Based HTS
5.3.2 Iron-Based Pnictides (Pn) and Chalcogenides (Ch) as HTS
5.3.3 MgB2-Based HTS
5.3.4 Hydrides-Based HTS
5.4 Superconductors in Energy Applications
5.4.1 Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage
5.4.1.1 Use of SMES in the Power Grid: Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS)
5.4.1.2 Use of SMES as Fault Current Limiters
5.4.2 Use of Superconductors in Accelerator System
5.4.3 Use of Superconductors in Fusion Technologies
5.4.4 Challenges Faced During Superconducting Energy Storage
5.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
6. Key Factors for Optimizing Energy Density in High-Performance Supercapacitors
M. Rizwan, Ambreen, A. Ayub and F. Aleena
6.1 Supercapacitor
6.2 Electric Double-Layer Capacitor
6.3 Pseudo-Capacitor
6.4 Hybrid Supercapacitor
6.4.1 Electrochemical Performance
6.4.2 Capacitance
6.4.3 Specific Capacitance
6.4.4 Energy Density
6.4.5 Power Density
6.4.6 Cyclic Stability
6.5 The Energy Density of Supercapacitor
6.5.1 Optimization of High Energy Density
6.5.1.1 Pore Size
6.5.1.2 Surface Area
6.5.1.3 Grain Size
6.5.1.4 Functional Groups
6.5.1.5 Band Gap
6.5.2 Effect of Voltage
6.5.3 Asymmetric Supercapacitors
6.5.4 Negative Electrode Materials
6.5.5 Positive Electrode Materials
6.5.6 Battery-Supercapacitor Hybrid (Bsh) Device
6.5.6.1 Lithium-Ion BSH
6.5.6.2 Na-Ion BSH
6.5.6.3 Acidic BSH
6.5.6.4 Alkaline BSH
6.6 Future Outlook
6.7 Conclusion
References
7. Optimization of Anti-Ferroelectrics
M. Rizwan, M.A. Salam, K. Aslam and A. Ayub
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Energy Storage Properties
7.3 Antiferroelectric for Energy Storage
7.3.1 Lead-Based Antiferroelectric
7.3.2 Lead-Free Antiferroelectric
7.3.3 Challenges
7.4 Explosive Energy Conversion
7.5 Energy Storage and High-Power Capacitors
7.6 Thermal-Electric Energy Interconversion
7.7 Optimization
7.7.1 Phase Structure Engineering
7.7.1.1 Planning Phase in a Structural Engineering Project
7.7.1.2 Design Phase
7.7.1.3 Construction Phase
7.7.2 Grain Size Engineering
7.7.3 Domain Engineering
7.7.3.1 Phase
7.7.3.2 Domain Analysis
7.7.3.3 Domain Design
7.7.4 Doping
7.8 Conclusion
References
8. Super Capacitive Performance Assessment of Mixed Ferromagnetic Iron and Cobalt Oxides and Their Polymer Composites
Mohammad Faraz Ahmer, Qasim Ullah and Mohammad Kashif Uddin
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Electrolyte
8.1.2 Separator
8.1.3 Current Collector
8.1.4 Supercapacitor Electrode Materials
8.2 Ferromagnetic Electrode Materials
8.3 Mixed Ferromagnetic Iron and Cobalt Oxides
8.4 Conclusion
References
9. Transition Metal Oxides with Broaden Potential Window for High-Performance Supercapacitors
Nawishta Jabeen, Ahmad Hussain and Jazib Ali
9.1 Introduction of Transition Metal Oxides (TMOs)
9.2 Redox-Based Materials
9.3 Conducting Polymers
9.4 Electroactive Metal Oxides or Transition Metal Oxides (TMOs) as Electrodes for SCs
9.4.1 MnO2 as Electrode Material for SCs
9.4.2 Pseudo-Capacitive Behavior of α-MnO2 by Cation Insertion
9.4.3 Na0.5MnO2 Nanosheet Assembled Nanowall Arrays for ASCs
9.4.4 FeOx/FeOOH Material as Negative Electrode
9.4.5 Carbon-Stabilized Fe3O4@C Nanorod Arrays as an Efficient Anode for SCs
9.4.6 Electrochemical Performance of Fe3O4 and Fe3O4@C NRAs as Anode
9.4.7 Construction of Na0.5MnO2//Fe3O4@C ASC and Electrochemical Performance
9.4.8 Highly Efficient NiCo2S4@Fe2O3//MnO2 ASC
9.4.9 Bi2O3 as Negative Electrode with Broaden Potential Window
9.5 Conclusion
References
10. Aqueous Redox-Active Electrolytes
Ranganatha S.
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Electrolyte Requirements for High-Performance Supercapacitors
10.2.1 Conductivity
10.2.2 Salt Effect
10.2.3 Solvent Effect
10.2.4 Electrochemical Stability
10.2.5 Thermal Stability
10.3 Effect of the Electrolyte on Supercapacitor Performance
10.3.1 Aqueous Electrolytes
10.3.2 Acidic Electrolytes
10.3.2.1 Sulfuric Acid Electrolyte-Based EDLC and Pseudocapacitors
10.3.2.2 H2SO4 Electrolyte-Based Hybrid Supercapacitors
10.3.3 Alkaline Electrolytes
10.3.3.1 Alkaline Electrolyte-Based EDLC and Pseudocapacitors
10.3.3.2 Alkaline Electrolyte-Based Hybrid Supercapacitors
10.3.4 Neutral Electrolyte
10.3.4.1 Neutral Electrolyte-Based EDLC and Pseudocapacitors
10.3.4.2 Neutral Electrolyte-Based Hybrid Supercapacitors
10.4 Conclusion and Future Research Directions
References
11 Strategies for Improving Energy Storage Properties
A. Geetha Bhavani and Tanveer Ahmad Wani
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Result and Discussion
11.2.1 Solid-State Batteries
11.2.2 Ultracapacitor
11.2.3 Flywheels
11.2.4 Pumped Hydroelectric Storage Dams
11.2.5 Rail Energy Storage
11.2.6 Compressed Storage of Air
11.2.7 Liquid Air Energy Storage
11.2.8 Pumped Heat Electrical Storage
11.2.9 Redox Flow Batteries
11.2.10 Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage
11.2.11 Methane
11.3 Energy Storage Systems Applications
11.3.1 Mills
11.3.2 Homes
11.3.3 Power Stations and Grid Electricity
11.3.4 Air Conditioning
11.3.5 Transportation
11.3.6 Electronics
11.4 Energy Storage Systems Economics
11.5 Impacts on Environment by Electricity Storage
11.6 Future Prospective
11.7 Conclusion
References
12. State-of-the-Art in Electroceramics for Energy Storage
M. Rizwan, F. Seerat, A. Ayub and I. Ilyas
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Electroceramics for Energy-Storing Devices
12.2.1 Bulk-Based Ceramics
12.2.2 Lead-Free Ceramics
12.3 Ceramic Multilayers and Films
12.4 Ceramic Films for Energy Storage in Capacitors
12.5 Conclusion
References
13. Lead-Free Ceramics for High Performance Supercapacitors
Asma Farrukh, Sara Yaseen, Abdul Ghafar Wattoo,
Adnan Khalil, Muhammad Sohaib Ali, Kamran Ikram and Muhammad Bilal Tahir
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Ceramics
13.2.1 General Classification of Ceramics
13.2.1.1 Ceramic-Based Capacitors
13.3 Types of Ceramic Capacitors
13.4 Overview of Ceramics for Supercapacitors
13.4.1 Metal Oxide Ceramics for Supercapacitors
13.4.2 Multi-Elemental Oxide Ceramics for Supercapacitors
13.4.2.1 Spinel Oxide Ceramics
13.5 Lead-Based Ceramics
13.6 Lead-Free Ceramics
13.6.1 Analysis of Pb-Free Hybrid Materials for Energy Conversion
13.7 Comparison of Pb-Based Ceramics and Pb-Free Ceramics
13.8 Conclusion
References
Index
Back to Top
Preface
1. Lead-Free Energy Storage Ceramics
Sahidul Islam, Arindam Das and Ujjwal Mandal
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Dielectric Capacitor and Energy Storage
1.3 Energy Storage of Dielectric Ceramics Free of Lead
1.4 Conclusion and Outlooks
Acknowledgments
References
2. Lead-Based Ceramics for High-Performance Supercapacitors
Muneer Hussain, Muhammad Tahir Khan, Ata-ur-Rehman and Syed Mustansar Abbas
2.1 Introduction
2.2 General Idea of Ceramics for Supercapacitors
2.2.1 Metallic Oxide Ceramics for Supercapacitors
2.2.2 Binary Metal Oxides
2.2.2.1 Ceramics of Spinal Oxide Material
2.2.2.2 Barium Titanate Ceramics
2.2.3 Multimetal Oxidized Ceramics
2.2.4 Metal Hydroxide-Type Ceramics
2.3 Principle Involved in Electroceramics
2.3.1 Electrostatic Capacitor
2.4 Lead-Based Ceramics
2.4.1 Lead-Based Ferroelectrics
2.4.2 Lead-Based Relaxor Ferroelectrics
2.4.3 Lead-Based Anti-Ferroelectrics
2.5 Characteristics of Lead-Based Ceramics
2.5.1 Characteristics of Lead Zirconate Titanate
2.5.2 Characteristics of Lead Magnesium Niobate
2.5.3 Characteristics of Lead Zinc Niobate
2.6 Conclusion and Perspectives
2.6.1 Up-to-Date Sintering and Molding Process
2.6.2 Microscopical and Flexible Ceramics Electrode Materials
2.6.3 Improvement of Efficiency of the Ceramic Electrode Materials
References
3. Ceramic Films for High-Performance Supercapacitors
Santhosh G. and Nayaka G. P.
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Energy Storage Principles
3.3 Factors Optimizing Energy Density
3.3.1 The Intrinsic Band Gap (Eg)
3.3.2 Electrical Microstructure
3.3.3 Density and Grain Size
3.4 Ceramics for Supercapacitors
3.4.1 Metal Oxide Ceramics
3.4.2 Multielemental Oxides
3.5 Conclusions and Outlook
References
4. Ceramic Multilayers and Films for High-Performance Supercapacitors
Dulal Chandra Patra, Nitumoni Deka and Pinku Chandra Nath
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Fundamentals of Energy Storage in Electroceramics
4.2.1 Electrostatic Capacitors
4.2.2 Important Factors Designed for Assessing Energy Storage Characteristics
4.3 Important Factors for Maximizing Energy Density
4.3.1 Intrinsic Band Gap
4.3.2 Electrical Microstructure
4.4 Different Types of Electroceramics Capacitors for Energy Storage
4.4.1 Pb-Doped Ceramics
4.4.1.1 Pb-Doped RFEs
4.4.1.2 Lead-Doped Antiferroelectrics
4.4.2 Pb-Free Ceramics
4.4.2.1 BaTiO3-Based Ceramics
4.4.2.2 K0.5Na0.5NbO3-Doped Ceramics
4.4.2.3 Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3–Doped Ceramics
4.4.2.4 AgNbO3-Based Ceramics
4.5 Application of Electroceramics Supercapacitor
4.6 Conclusion
References
5. Superconductors for Energy Storage
Navneet Kaur, Mona, Ranjeet Kaur, Jaiveer Singh and Shweta Rana
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Background
5.1.2 Superconducting Properties
5.1.3 Synthetic Methodology
5.2 Low-Temperature Superconductors
5.2.1 Nb-Ti-Based LTS
5.2.2 Nb3Sn-Based LTS
5.3 High-Temperature Superconductors
5.3.1 Cuprate-Based HTS
5.3.2 Iron-Based Pnictides (Pn) and Chalcogenides (Ch) as HTS
5.3.3 MgB2-Based HTS
5.3.4 Hydrides-Based HTS
5.4 Superconductors in Energy Applications
5.4.1 Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage
5.4.1.1 Use of SMES in the Power Grid: Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS)
5.4.1.2 Use of SMES as Fault Current Limiters
5.4.2 Use of Superconductors in Accelerator System
5.4.3 Use of Superconductors in Fusion Technologies
5.4.4 Challenges Faced During Superconducting Energy Storage
5.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
6. Key Factors for Optimizing Energy Density in High-Performance Supercapacitors
M. Rizwan, Ambreen, A. Ayub and F. Aleena
6.1 Supercapacitor
6.2 Electric Double-Layer Capacitor
6.3 Pseudo-Capacitor
6.4 Hybrid Supercapacitor
6.4.1 Electrochemical Performance
6.4.2 Capacitance
6.4.3 Specific Capacitance
6.4.4 Energy Density
6.4.5 Power Density
6.4.6 Cyclic Stability
6.5 The Energy Density of Supercapacitor
6.5.1 Optimization of High Energy Density
6.5.1.1 Pore Size
6.5.1.2 Surface Area
6.5.1.3 Grain Size
6.5.1.4 Functional Groups
6.5.1.5 Band Gap
6.5.2 Effect of Voltage
6.5.3 Asymmetric Supercapacitors
6.5.4 Negative Electrode Materials
6.5.5 Positive Electrode Materials
6.5.6 Battery-Supercapacitor Hybrid (Bsh) Device
6.5.6.1 Lithium-Ion BSH
6.5.6.2 Na-Ion BSH
6.5.6.3 Acidic BSH
6.5.6.4 Alkaline BSH
6.6 Future Outlook
6.7 Conclusion
References
7. Optimization of Anti-Ferroelectrics
M. Rizwan, M.A. Salam, K. Aslam and A. Ayub
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Energy Storage Properties
7.3 Antiferroelectric for Energy Storage
7.3.1 Lead-Based Antiferroelectric
7.3.2 Lead-Free Antiferroelectric
7.3.3 Challenges
7.4 Explosive Energy Conversion
7.5 Energy Storage and High-Power Capacitors
7.6 Thermal-Electric Energy Interconversion
7.7 Optimization
7.7.1 Phase Structure Engineering
7.7.1.1 Planning Phase in a Structural Engineering Project
7.7.1.2 Design Phase
7.7.1.3 Construction Phase
7.7.2 Grain Size Engineering
7.7.3 Domain Engineering
7.7.3.1 Phase
7.7.3.2 Domain Analysis
7.7.3.3 Domain Design
7.7.4 Doping
7.8 Conclusion
References
8. Super Capacitive Performance Assessment of Mixed Ferromagnetic Iron and Cobalt Oxides and Their Polymer Composites
Mohammad Faraz Ahmer, Qasim Ullah and Mohammad Kashif Uddin
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Electrolyte
8.1.2 Separator
8.1.3 Current Collector
8.1.4 Supercapacitor Electrode Materials
8.2 Ferromagnetic Electrode Materials
8.3 Mixed Ferromagnetic Iron and Cobalt Oxides
8.4 Conclusion
References
9. Transition Metal Oxides with Broaden Potential Window for High-Performance Supercapacitors
Nawishta Jabeen, Ahmad Hussain and Jazib Ali
9.1 Introduction of Transition Metal Oxides (TMOs)
9.2 Redox-Based Materials
9.3 Conducting Polymers
9.4 Electroactive Metal Oxides or Transition Metal Oxides (TMOs) as Electrodes for SCs
9.4.1 MnO2 as Electrode Material for SCs
9.4.2 Pseudo-Capacitive Behavior of α-MnO2 by Cation Insertion
9.4.3 Na0.5MnO2 Nanosheet Assembled Nanowall Arrays for ASCs
9.4.4 FeOx/FeOOH Material as Negative Electrode
9.4.5 Carbon-Stabilized Fe3O4@C Nanorod Arrays as an Efficient Anode for SCs
9.4.6 Electrochemical Performance of Fe3O4 and Fe3O4@C NRAs as Anode
9.4.7 Construction of Na0.5MnO2//Fe3O4@C ASC and Electrochemical Performance
9.4.8 Highly Efficient NiCo2S4@Fe2O3//MnO2 ASC
9.4.9 Bi2O3 as Negative Electrode with Broaden Potential Window
9.5 Conclusion
References
10. Aqueous Redox-Active Electrolytes
Ranganatha S.
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Electrolyte Requirements for High-Performance Supercapacitors
10.2.1 Conductivity
10.2.2 Salt Effect
10.2.3 Solvent Effect
10.2.4 Electrochemical Stability
10.2.5 Thermal Stability
10.3 Effect of the Electrolyte on Supercapacitor Performance
10.3.1 Aqueous Electrolytes
10.3.2 Acidic Electrolytes
10.3.2.1 Sulfuric Acid Electrolyte-Based EDLC and Pseudocapacitors
10.3.2.2 H2SO4 Electrolyte-Based Hybrid Supercapacitors
10.3.3 Alkaline Electrolytes
10.3.3.1 Alkaline Electrolyte-Based EDLC and Pseudocapacitors
10.3.3.2 Alkaline Electrolyte-Based Hybrid Supercapacitors
10.3.4 Neutral Electrolyte
10.3.4.1 Neutral Electrolyte-Based EDLC and Pseudocapacitors
10.3.4.2 Neutral Electrolyte-Based Hybrid Supercapacitors
10.4 Conclusion and Future Research Directions
References
11 Strategies for Improving Energy Storage Properties
A. Geetha Bhavani and Tanveer Ahmad Wani
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Result and Discussion
11.2.1 Solid-State Batteries
11.2.2 Ultracapacitor
11.2.3 Flywheels
11.2.4 Pumped Hydroelectric Storage Dams
11.2.5 Rail Energy Storage
11.2.6 Compressed Storage of Air
11.2.7 Liquid Air Energy Storage
11.2.8 Pumped Heat Electrical Storage
11.2.9 Redox Flow Batteries
11.2.10 Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage
11.2.11 Methane
11.3 Energy Storage Systems Applications
11.3.1 Mills
11.3.2 Homes
11.3.3 Power Stations and Grid Electricity
11.3.4 Air Conditioning
11.3.5 Transportation
11.3.6 Electronics
11.4 Energy Storage Systems Economics
11.5 Impacts on Environment by Electricity Storage
11.6 Future Prospective
11.7 Conclusion
References
12. State-of-the-Art in Electroceramics for Energy Storage
M. Rizwan, F. Seerat, A. Ayub and I. Ilyas
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Electroceramics for Energy-Storing Devices
12.2.1 Bulk-Based Ceramics
12.2.2 Lead-Free Ceramics
12.3 Ceramic Multilayers and Films
12.4 Ceramic Films for Energy Storage in Capacitors
12.5 Conclusion
References
13. Lead-Free Ceramics for High Performance Supercapacitors
Asma Farrukh, Sara Yaseen, Abdul Ghafar Wattoo,
Adnan Khalil, Muhammad Sohaib Ali, Kamran Ikram and Muhammad Bilal Tahir
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Ceramics
13.2.1 General Classification of Ceramics
13.2.1.1 Ceramic-Based Capacitors
13.3 Types of Ceramic Capacitors
13.4 Overview of Ceramics for Supercapacitors
13.4.1 Metal Oxide Ceramics for Supercapacitors
13.4.2 Multi-Elemental Oxide Ceramics for Supercapacitors
13.4.2.1 Spinel Oxide Ceramics
13.5 Lead-Based Ceramics
13.6 Lead-Free Ceramics
13.6.1 Analysis of Pb-Free Hybrid Materials for Energy Conversion
13.7 Comparison of Pb-Based Ceramics and Pb-Free Ceramics
13.8 Conclusion
References
Index
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