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Submit a ProposalMechanical Engineering in Biomedical Applications
 | Bio-3D Printing, Biofluid Mechanics, Implant Design, Biomaterials, Computational Biomechanics, Tissue Mechanics Edited by Jay Prakash Srivastava, Dražan Kozak, Vinayak Ranjan, Pankaj Kumar, Ranjan Kumar and Shubham Tayal Copyright: 2024 | Status: Published ISBN: 9781394174522 | Hardcover | 436 pages Price: $225 USD  |
One Line Description
The book explores the latest research and developments related to the interdisciplinary field of biomedical and mechanical engineering offering insights and perspectives on the research, key technologies, and mechanical engineering techniques used in biomedical applications.
Audience
The book provides practical insights and applications for mechanical engineers, biomedical engineers, medical professionals, and researchers working on the design and development of biomedical devices and implants.
The book provides practical insights and applications for mechanical engineers, biomedical engineers, medical professionals, and researchers working on the design and development of biomedical devices and implants.
Description
The book is divided into several sections that cover different aspects of mechanical engineering in biomedical research. The first section focuses on the role of additive manufacturing technologies, rehabilitation in healthcare applications, and artificial recreation of human organs. The section also covers the advances, risks, and challenges of bio 3D printing. The second section presents insight into biomaterials, including their properties, applications, and fabrication techniques. The section also covers the use of powder metallurgy methodology and techniques of biopolymer and bio-ceramic coatings on prosthetic implants. The third section covers biofluid mechanics, including the mechanics of fluid flow within our body, the mechanical aspects of human synovial fluids, and the design of medical devices for fluid flow applications. The section also covers the use of computational modeling to study the blockage of carotid arteries. The final section elaborates on soft robotic manipulation for use in medical sciences.
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The book is divided into several sections that cover different aspects of mechanical engineering in biomedical research. The first section focuses on the role of additive manufacturing technologies, rehabilitation in healthcare applications, and artificial recreation of human organs. The section also covers the advances, risks, and challenges of bio 3D printing. The second section presents insight into biomaterials, including their properties, applications, and fabrication techniques. The section also covers the use of powder metallurgy methodology and techniques of biopolymer and bio-ceramic coatings on prosthetic implants. The third section covers biofluid mechanics, including the mechanics of fluid flow within our body, the mechanical aspects of human synovial fluids, and the design of medical devices for fluid flow applications. The section also covers the use of computational modeling to study the blockage of carotid arteries. The final section elaborates on soft robotic manipulation for use in medical sciences.
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Author / Editor Details
Jay Prakash Srivastava, PhD is an assistant professor at GITAM University, Hyderabad, India. He received PhD in mechanical engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) Dhanbad, India.
Jay Prakash Srivastava, PhD is an assistant professor at GITAM University, Hyderabad, India. He received PhD in mechanical engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) Dhanbad, India.
Dražan Kozak, PhD is Professor of mechanical engineering and applied mechanics at the Mechanical Engineering Faculty, University of Slavonski Brod, Croatia.
Vinayak Ranjan, PhD has a PhD in mechanical engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi. Dr. Ranjan is currently a visiting professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Rowan University, New Jersey, USA.
Pankaj Kumar, PhD is the Director of the Center for Materials and Manufacturing Department of Mechanical Engineering, SR University, Warangal, India.
Ranjan Kumar, PhD is an assistant professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Swami Vivekananda University, Kolkata, India.
Contributors:
Shubham Tayal
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Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Part I: Additive Manufacturing
1. The Role of Additive Manufacturing Technologies for Rehabilitation in Healthcare and Medical Applications
Vidyapati Kumar, Ankita Mistri and Abhishek Mohata
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Classification of the Additive Manufacturing Process
1.2.1 Jetting-Based Bioprinting
1.2.2 Extrusion-Based Bioprinting
1.2.3 Laser-Assisted Bioprinting
1.2.4 Laser-Based Stereolithography
1.3 AM Materials for Medical Applications
1.4 Biomedical and Healthcare Applications of AM
1.5 Conclusion and Future Outlook
References
2. Artificial Recreation of Human Organs by Additive Manufacturing
Neetesh Soni and Paola Leo
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Role of Additive Manufacturing for Human Organs
2.3 Role of Artificial Recreation
2.3.1 Decellularized Organ Regeneration
2.3.2 3D Bioprinting of Organs and Cells
2.3.3 Self-Healing and Shape Memory for Artificial Organs
2.4 Role of Additive Manufacturing in Orthopedics
2.5 Types of Bioadditive Manufacturing
2.5.1 Classification of Organoids Using AM
2.6 Conclusion
References
3. Advances, Risks, and Challenges of 3D Bioprinting
Chinmaya Padhy, Manish Amin, Suhridh Sundaram and Priyanka Paul
3.1 Introduction
3.2 3D Bioprinting
3.2.1 Types of 3D Bioprinting
3.3 Biomaterials and Bioinks
3.4 Applications of 3D Bioprinting
3.5 A Case Study
3.6 Conclusions
References
4. Laser-Induced Forward Transfer for Biosensor Application
Ankit Das, Samarpan Deb Majumder, Drazan Kozak and Chien-Fang Ding
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Biosensor
4.2.1 History/Background
4.2.2 Types of Biosensors
4.2.2.1 Potentiometric Biosensors
4.2.2.2 Amperometric Biosensors
4.2.2.3 Impedimetric Biosensors
4.2.2.4 Conductometric Biosensors
4.2.3 Biosensor Manufacturing Processes
4.3 Laser-Induced Forward Transfer (LIFT)
4.3.1 History and Process Description
4.3.2 Process Parameters
4.3.2.1 Fluence of Lasers
4.3.2.2 Film–Acceptor Substrate Distance
4.3.2.3 Material Selection
4.3.2.4 Pulse Characteristics of Lasers
4.3.2.5 Laser Spot Size
4.4 Laser-Induced Forward Transfer for Biosensor Manufacturing
4.5 Outlook and Conclusion
References
Part II: Biomaterials
5. The Effect of the Nanostructured Surface Modification on the Morphology and Biocompatibility of Ultrafine-Grained Titanium Alloy for Medical Application
Dragana Mihajlović, Marko Rakin, Anton Hohenwarter, Djordje Veljović, Vesna Kojić and Veljko Djokić
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Titanium-Based Materials for Biomedical Application
5.1.2 Ultrafine-Grained Titanium-Based Materials Obtained by Severe Plastic Deformation (SPD)
5.1.3 Electrochemical Anodization of Titanium-Based Materials
5.2 Materials and Methods
5.2.1 High-Pressure Torsion Process
5.2.2 Electrochemical Anodization
5.2.3 Characterization of the Surface Topography by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
5.2.4 Biocompatibility Examination
5.3 Results and Discussion
5.3.1 The Microstructure of the Ultrafine-Grained Two-Phase Ti–13Nb–13Zr Alloy
5.3.2 Morphology of Nanostructured Surfaces of the Materials
5.3.3 Characterization of the Surface Topography
5.3.4 Biocompatibility Examination
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
6. Powder Metallurgy-Prepared Ti-Based Biomaterials with Enhanced Biocompatibility
Šugár, P., Antala, R., Šugárová, J. and Kováčik, J.
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Powder Metallurgy of Ti-Based Materials
6.2.1 Powder Metallurgy of Ti and Ti Alloys
6.2.2 Powder Metallurgy of Ti-Based Composites
6.2.2.1 Porosity of PM Ti-Based Materials
6.2.2.2 Effect of Reinforcing Particles on the
Biological Behavior of Ti-Based Composites
6.3 Laser Surface Treatment of Materials for Enhanced Human Cell Osteodifferentiation
6.3.1 Laser-Treated Surfaces of PM Ti-Based Materials
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
7. Total Hip Replacement Response to a Variation of the Radial Clearance Through In Silico Models
Alessandro Ruggiero and Alessandro Sicilia
7.1 Introduction
7.2 The Musculoskeletal Multibody Model
7.2.1 Kinematical Analysis
7.2.2 Dynamical Analysis
7.2.3 The Muscle Actuator
7.2.4 The Geodesic Muscle Wrapping
7.2.5 The Hill Muscle–Tendon Model
7.2.6 The Static Optimization
7.3 The Lubrication/Contact Model
7.3.1 The Hip Joint
7.3.2 The Reynolds Equation
7.3.3 Numerical Resolution
7.3.4 Coupling Models
7.4 Simulations
7.4.1 Gait Cycle Results
7.4.2 Tribological Results
7.4.3 Radial Clearance Sensitivity Analysis
7.5 Conclusions
References
8. Techniques of Biopolymer and Bioceramic Coatings on Prosthetic Implants
Sikta Panda, Chandan Kumar Biswas and Subhankar Paul
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Driving Factors for the Application of Coatings
8.2.1 Corrosion of Metal Implants and Its Categories
8.2.1.1 Uniform Attack
8.2.1.2 Fretting Corrosion
8.2.1.3 Galvanic Corrosion
8.2.1.4 Pitting Corrosion
8.2.1.5 Crevice Corrosion
8.2.1.6 Leaching
8.2.1.7 Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC)
8.2.2 Bioactivity of the Surface
8.2.2.1 Immune Rejection, Osteoinduction, Osteoconduction, and Osseointegration
8.2.2.2 Toxicity and Bacterial Biofilm Formation
8.3 The Development of Implant Coatings
8.3.1 Strategies for Coating the Implants
8.4 Conclusions
References
9. Mechanical Behavior of Bioglass Materials for Bone Implantation
Md Ershad and Ranjan Kumar
9.1 Introduction on Bio Materials
9.2 Aim and Objective of the Work
9.3 Role of REEs (CeO2, La2O3, and Sm2O3)
9.4 Uses of Rare Earth Elements
9.5 Biomaterials
9.6 Simulated Body Fluid
9.7 Bioactive Glasses
9.8 Bioactive Composites
9.9 Area of Biomaterials
References
10. Biomedical Applications of Composite Materials
Mulugundam Siva Surya, Atla Sridhar and Maddula Satya Prasad
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Different Types of Composites Used in Biomedical Applications
10.3 Application of Composites in Tissues
10.4 Application of Composites in Dentistry
10.5 Application of Composites in Total Joint Replacements
10.6 Application of Composites in Hip Joint Replacement
Conclusions
References
Part III: Biofluid Mechanics
11. Materials Advancement, Biomaterials, and Biosensors
Ashish Kumar Bhui, Priyanka Singh, Yunus Raza Baig, Sanvedna Shukla, Satish Sen, Amar Dey and Rajmani Patel
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Design of Biomaterials
11.3 Polymers
11.4 Metals as Biomaterials
11.5 Bioactive Material and Concept of Bioactivity
11.6 Biocompatibility of the Titanium Binder Element
11.7 Classification
11.8 Interaction Between Biomaterials and Biological Systems
11.9 Biomaterials: Protein Surface Interactions
11.10 Dental Material Cavity Fillers
11.11 Bridges, Crowns, and Dentures
11.12 Bone Fractures
11.13 Biosensors
11.14 Biosensor Classification
11.14.1 Resonant Biosensor
11.14.2 Optical Biosensors
11.14.3 Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Biosensor
11.14.4 Piezoelectric Biosensors
11.14.5 Thermal Biosensors
11.14.6 Electrochemical Biosensors
11.14.7 Bioluminescence Sensors
11.14.8 Nucleic Acid-Based Biosensors
11.14.9 Nanobiosensors
11.14.10 Microbial Biosensors
11.14.11 Bioreceptor-Based Category
11.14.12 Transducer-Based Category
11.15 Biosensors: Precursors of Contemporary Biomaterial Succession
11.15.1 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
11.15.2 Carbon Nanotubes
11.15.3 Electrochemical Biosensors Based on Carbon Nanotubes
11.15.4 Carbon Nanotube-Based Immunosensors
11.15.5 Optical Sensors Composed of Carbon Nanotubes
11.15.6 Graphene-Based Biosensors
11.15.7 Electrochemical Biosensors Based on Graphene
11.15.8 Graphene-Based Immunosensors
11.15.9 Graphene-Modulated Gene Biosensors
11.15.10 Conductive Polymers
11.15.11 Polypyrrole
11.15.12 Polythiophene
11.15.13 Polyaniline and Its Byproducts
11.15.14 Polyacetylene
References
12. Blockage Study in Carotid Arteries
Bushra Khatoon and M. Siraj Alam
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Numerical Model and Its Implementation
12.2.1 Geometry
12.2.2 Meshing and GIT
12.2.3 Governing Equations
12.2.4 Boundary Conditions
12.3 Results and Discussion
12.3.1 Effect of Blockage on Blood Flow Velocity
12.3.2 Effect of Blood Flow Velocities on Wall Stress
12.3.3 Effect of Stenosis on Dynamic Pressure Distribution
12.3.4 Effect of Stenosis on Viscosity and Mass Imbalance
12.4 Conclusion
References
13. Mechanical Properties of Human Synovial Fluid: An Approach for Osteoarthritis Treatment
Sunil More, K. L. Vasudev, N.N. Krishnadas and Ankit Kotia
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 Synovial Fluid
13.1.2 Structure and Composition of Synovial Fluid
13.2 Osteoarthritis and Its Treatments
13.3 Viscosupplements
13.3.1 Hylan G-F 20
13.3.2 Sodium Hyaluronate
13.3.3 Hyaluronan
13.4 Synovial Mimic Fluid/PVP
13.5 Conclusion
References
14. Artificial Human Heart Biofluid Simulation as a Boon to Humankind: A Review Study
Md Akhtar Khan
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Biofluid Simulation
14.3 Heart Valve Fluid Flow
14.4 Artificial Heart as a Boon to Humankind
14.5 Conclusion
References
Part IV: Robotics
15. Robotics in Medical Science
Sourav Karmakar, Akanksha Mishra, Anand Kumar Mishra and Jay Prakash Srivastava
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Minimally Invasive Surgery (MIS)
15.3 Human–Robot Interaction
15.4 Robotic Manipulation
15.5 The Role of Human–Computer Interaction (HCI)
15.6 Soft Robotics in Medicine
15.7 Haptics in Medicine
15.8 Automation and Control
15.9 Dental
15.10 CAD/CAM
15.11 Conclusion
References
16. A Research Perspective on Ankle–Foot Prosthetics Designs for Transtibial Amputees
Vidyapati Kumar, Pushpendra Gupta and Dilip Kumar Pratihar
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Biomechanics of Biological Ankle and Foot
16.3 Prosthetic Foot
16.3.1 Design of Passive Prosthetic Ankle–Foot
16.3.2 Design of Powered Ankle–Foot Prosthetics
16.3.3 Classification of the Ankle Prosthesis
16.4 Conclusion
References
Index
Back to Top
Preface
Acknowledgments
Part I: Additive Manufacturing
1. The Role of Additive Manufacturing Technologies for Rehabilitation in Healthcare and Medical Applications
Vidyapati Kumar, Ankita Mistri and Abhishek Mohata
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Classification of the Additive Manufacturing Process
1.2.1 Jetting-Based Bioprinting
1.2.2 Extrusion-Based Bioprinting
1.2.3 Laser-Assisted Bioprinting
1.2.4 Laser-Based Stereolithography
1.3 AM Materials for Medical Applications
1.4 Biomedical and Healthcare Applications of AM
1.5 Conclusion and Future Outlook
References
2. Artificial Recreation of Human Organs by Additive Manufacturing
Neetesh Soni and Paola Leo
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Role of Additive Manufacturing for Human Organs
2.3 Role of Artificial Recreation
2.3.1 Decellularized Organ Regeneration
2.3.2 3D Bioprinting of Organs and Cells
2.3.3 Self-Healing and Shape Memory for Artificial Organs
2.4 Role of Additive Manufacturing in Orthopedics
2.5 Types of Bioadditive Manufacturing
2.5.1 Classification of Organoids Using AM
2.6 Conclusion
References
3. Advances, Risks, and Challenges of 3D Bioprinting
Chinmaya Padhy, Manish Amin, Suhridh Sundaram and Priyanka Paul
3.1 Introduction
3.2 3D Bioprinting
3.2.1 Types of 3D Bioprinting
3.3 Biomaterials and Bioinks
3.4 Applications of 3D Bioprinting
3.5 A Case Study
3.6 Conclusions
References
4. Laser-Induced Forward Transfer for Biosensor Application
Ankit Das, Samarpan Deb Majumder, Drazan Kozak and Chien-Fang Ding
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Biosensor
4.2.1 History/Background
4.2.2 Types of Biosensors
4.2.2.1 Potentiometric Biosensors
4.2.2.2 Amperometric Biosensors
4.2.2.3 Impedimetric Biosensors
4.2.2.4 Conductometric Biosensors
4.2.3 Biosensor Manufacturing Processes
4.3 Laser-Induced Forward Transfer (LIFT)
4.3.1 History and Process Description
4.3.2 Process Parameters
4.3.2.1 Fluence of Lasers
4.3.2.2 Film–Acceptor Substrate Distance
4.3.2.3 Material Selection
4.3.2.4 Pulse Characteristics of Lasers
4.3.2.5 Laser Spot Size
4.4 Laser-Induced Forward Transfer for Biosensor Manufacturing
4.5 Outlook and Conclusion
References
Part II: Biomaterials
5. The Effect of the Nanostructured Surface Modification on the Morphology and Biocompatibility of Ultrafine-Grained Titanium Alloy for Medical Application
Dragana Mihajlović, Marko Rakin, Anton Hohenwarter, Djordje Veljović, Vesna Kojić and Veljko Djokić
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Titanium-Based Materials for Biomedical Application
5.1.2 Ultrafine-Grained Titanium-Based Materials Obtained by Severe Plastic Deformation (SPD)
5.1.3 Electrochemical Anodization of Titanium-Based Materials
5.2 Materials and Methods
5.2.1 High-Pressure Torsion Process
5.2.2 Electrochemical Anodization
5.2.3 Characterization of the Surface Topography by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
5.2.4 Biocompatibility Examination
5.3 Results and Discussion
5.3.1 The Microstructure of the Ultrafine-Grained Two-Phase Ti–13Nb–13Zr Alloy
5.3.2 Morphology of Nanostructured Surfaces of the Materials
5.3.3 Characterization of the Surface Topography
5.3.4 Biocompatibility Examination
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
6. Powder Metallurgy-Prepared Ti-Based Biomaterials with Enhanced Biocompatibility
Šugár, P., Antala, R., Šugárová, J. and Kováčik, J.
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Powder Metallurgy of Ti-Based Materials
6.2.1 Powder Metallurgy of Ti and Ti Alloys
6.2.2 Powder Metallurgy of Ti-Based Composites
6.2.2.1 Porosity of PM Ti-Based Materials
6.2.2.2 Effect of Reinforcing Particles on the
Biological Behavior of Ti-Based Composites
6.3 Laser Surface Treatment of Materials for Enhanced Human Cell Osteodifferentiation
6.3.1 Laser-Treated Surfaces of PM Ti-Based Materials
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
7. Total Hip Replacement Response to a Variation of the Radial Clearance Through In Silico Models
Alessandro Ruggiero and Alessandro Sicilia
7.1 Introduction
7.2 The Musculoskeletal Multibody Model
7.2.1 Kinematical Analysis
7.2.2 Dynamical Analysis
7.2.3 The Muscle Actuator
7.2.4 The Geodesic Muscle Wrapping
7.2.5 The Hill Muscle–Tendon Model
7.2.6 The Static Optimization
7.3 The Lubrication/Contact Model
7.3.1 The Hip Joint
7.3.2 The Reynolds Equation
7.3.3 Numerical Resolution
7.3.4 Coupling Models
7.4 Simulations
7.4.1 Gait Cycle Results
7.4.2 Tribological Results
7.4.3 Radial Clearance Sensitivity Analysis
7.5 Conclusions
References
8. Techniques of Biopolymer and Bioceramic Coatings on Prosthetic Implants
Sikta Panda, Chandan Kumar Biswas and Subhankar Paul
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Driving Factors for the Application of Coatings
8.2.1 Corrosion of Metal Implants and Its Categories
8.2.1.1 Uniform Attack
8.2.1.2 Fretting Corrosion
8.2.1.3 Galvanic Corrosion
8.2.1.4 Pitting Corrosion
8.2.1.5 Crevice Corrosion
8.2.1.6 Leaching
8.2.1.7 Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC)
8.2.2 Bioactivity of the Surface
8.2.2.1 Immune Rejection, Osteoinduction, Osteoconduction, and Osseointegration
8.2.2.2 Toxicity and Bacterial Biofilm Formation
8.3 The Development of Implant Coatings
8.3.1 Strategies for Coating the Implants
8.4 Conclusions
References
9. Mechanical Behavior of Bioglass Materials for Bone Implantation
Md Ershad and Ranjan Kumar
9.1 Introduction on Bio Materials
9.2 Aim and Objective of the Work
9.3 Role of REEs (CeO2, La2O3, and Sm2O3)
9.4 Uses of Rare Earth Elements
9.5 Biomaterials
9.6 Simulated Body Fluid
9.7 Bioactive Glasses
9.8 Bioactive Composites
9.9 Area of Biomaterials
References
10. Biomedical Applications of Composite Materials
Mulugundam Siva Surya, Atla Sridhar and Maddula Satya Prasad
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Different Types of Composites Used in Biomedical Applications
10.3 Application of Composites in Tissues
10.4 Application of Composites in Dentistry
10.5 Application of Composites in Total Joint Replacements
10.6 Application of Composites in Hip Joint Replacement
Conclusions
References
Part III: Biofluid Mechanics
11. Materials Advancement, Biomaterials, and Biosensors
Ashish Kumar Bhui, Priyanka Singh, Yunus Raza Baig, Sanvedna Shukla, Satish Sen, Amar Dey and Rajmani Patel
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Design of Biomaterials
11.3 Polymers
11.4 Metals as Biomaterials
11.5 Bioactive Material and Concept of Bioactivity
11.6 Biocompatibility of the Titanium Binder Element
11.7 Classification
11.8 Interaction Between Biomaterials and Biological Systems
11.9 Biomaterials: Protein Surface Interactions
11.10 Dental Material Cavity Fillers
11.11 Bridges, Crowns, and Dentures
11.12 Bone Fractures
11.13 Biosensors
11.14 Biosensor Classification
11.14.1 Resonant Biosensor
11.14.2 Optical Biosensors
11.14.3 Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Biosensor
11.14.4 Piezoelectric Biosensors
11.14.5 Thermal Biosensors
11.14.6 Electrochemical Biosensors
11.14.7 Bioluminescence Sensors
11.14.8 Nucleic Acid-Based Biosensors
11.14.9 Nanobiosensors
11.14.10 Microbial Biosensors
11.14.11 Bioreceptor-Based Category
11.14.12 Transducer-Based Category
11.15 Biosensors: Precursors of Contemporary Biomaterial Succession
11.15.1 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
11.15.2 Carbon Nanotubes
11.15.3 Electrochemical Biosensors Based on Carbon Nanotubes
11.15.4 Carbon Nanotube-Based Immunosensors
11.15.5 Optical Sensors Composed of Carbon Nanotubes
11.15.6 Graphene-Based Biosensors
11.15.7 Electrochemical Biosensors Based on Graphene
11.15.8 Graphene-Based Immunosensors
11.15.9 Graphene-Modulated Gene Biosensors
11.15.10 Conductive Polymers
11.15.11 Polypyrrole
11.15.12 Polythiophene
11.15.13 Polyaniline and Its Byproducts
11.15.14 Polyacetylene
References
12. Blockage Study in Carotid Arteries
Bushra Khatoon and M. Siraj Alam
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Numerical Model and Its Implementation
12.2.1 Geometry
12.2.2 Meshing and GIT
12.2.3 Governing Equations
12.2.4 Boundary Conditions
12.3 Results and Discussion
12.3.1 Effect of Blockage on Blood Flow Velocity
12.3.2 Effect of Blood Flow Velocities on Wall Stress
12.3.3 Effect of Stenosis on Dynamic Pressure Distribution
12.3.4 Effect of Stenosis on Viscosity and Mass Imbalance
12.4 Conclusion
References
13. Mechanical Properties of Human Synovial Fluid: An Approach for Osteoarthritis Treatment
Sunil More, K. L. Vasudev, N.N. Krishnadas and Ankit Kotia
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 Synovial Fluid
13.1.2 Structure and Composition of Synovial Fluid
13.2 Osteoarthritis and Its Treatments
13.3 Viscosupplements
13.3.1 Hylan G-F 20
13.3.2 Sodium Hyaluronate
13.3.3 Hyaluronan
13.4 Synovial Mimic Fluid/PVP
13.5 Conclusion
References
14. Artificial Human Heart Biofluid Simulation as a Boon to Humankind: A Review Study
Md Akhtar Khan
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Biofluid Simulation
14.3 Heart Valve Fluid Flow
14.4 Artificial Heart as a Boon to Humankind
14.5 Conclusion
References
Part IV: Robotics
15. Robotics in Medical Science
Sourav Karmakar, Akanksha Mishra, Anand Kumar Mishra and Jay Prakash Srivastava
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Minimally Invasive Surgery (MIS)
15.3 Human–Robot Interaction
15.4 Robotic Manipulation
15.5 The Role of Human–Computer Interaction (HCI)
15.6 Soft Robotics in Medicine
15.7 Haptics in Medicine
15.8 Automation and Control
15.9 Dental
15.10 CAD/CAM
15.11 Conclusion
References
16. A Research Perspective on Ankle–Foot Prosthetics Designs for Transtibial Amputees
Vidyapati Kumar, Pushpendra Gupta and Dilip Kumar Pratihar
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Biomechanics of Biological Ankle and Foot
16.3 Prosthetic Foot
16.3.1 Design of Passive Prosthetic Ankle–Foot
16.3.2 Design of Powered Ankle–Foot Prosthetics
16.3.3 Classification of the Ankle Prosthesis
16.4 Conclusion
References
Index
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