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Self-Powered Cyber Physical Systems

Edited by Rathishchandra R. Gatti, Chandra Singh, Rajeev Agrawal, and Felcy Jyothi Serrao
Copyright: 2024   |   Status: Published
ISBN: 9781119841883  |  Hardcover  |  
406 pages
Price: $225 USD
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One Line Description
This cutting-edge new volume provides a comprehensive exploration of emerging technologies and trends in energy management, self-powered devices, and cyber-physical systems, offering valuable insights into the future of autonomous systems and addressing the urgent need for energy-efficient solutions in a world that is increasingly data-driven and sensor-rich.

Audience
Engineers, designers, researchers, and undergraduate, postgraduate and research students and faculty working in the areas of cyber physical systems, energy management, autonomous systems, sensor networks, robots, and data centers

Description
This book is an attempt to aim at a very futuristic vision of achieving self-powered cyber-physical systems by applying a multitude of current technologies such as ULP electronics, thin film electronics, ULP transducers, autonomous wireless sensor networks using energy harvesters at the component level and energy efficient clean energy for powering data centers and machines at the system level. This is the need of the hour for cyber-physical systems since data requires energy when it is stored, transmitted, or converted to other forms. Cyber-physical systems will become energy hungry since the industry trend is towards ubiquitous computing with massive deployment of sensors and actuators. This is evident in using blockchain technologies such as Bitcoin or running epochs for artificial intelligence (AI) applications. Hence, there is a need for research to understand energy patterns and distribution in cyber-physical systems and adopt new technologies to transcend to self-powered cyber-physical systems. This book explores the recent trends in energy management, self-powered devices, and methods in the cyber-physical world.

Written and edited by a team of experts in the field, this book tackles a multitude of subjects related to cyber physical systems (CPSs), including self-powered sensory transducers, ambient energy harvesting for wireless sensor networks, actuator methods and non-contact sensing equipment for soft robots, alternative optimization strategies for DGDCs to improve task distribution and provider profits, wireless power transfer methods, machine learning algorithms for CPS and IoT applications, integration of renewables, electric vehicles (EVs), smart grids, RES micro-grid and EV systems for effective load matching, self-powered car cyber-physical systems, anonymous routing and intrusion detection systems for VANET security, data-driven pavement distress prediction methods, the impact of autonomous vehicles on industries and the auto insurance market, Intelligent transportation systems and associated security concerns, digital twin prototypes and their automotive applications, farming robotics for CPS farming, self-powered CPS in smart cities, self-powered CPS in healthcare and biomedical devices, cyber-security considerations, societal impact and ethical concerns, and advances in human-machine interfaces and explore the integration of self-powered CPS in industrial automation. Whether for the veteran engineer or student, this volume is a must-have for any library.

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Author / Editor Details
Rathishchandra R Gatti, PhD, is a professor and head of the Department of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics and Automation at the Sahyadri College of Engineering and Management, Mangalore, India. He holds four patents, has published over 40 peer-reviewed publications and is the editor of seven books and one journal. He has over 20 years of R&D experience in mechanical engineering and mechatronics.

Chandra Singh, MTech, is an assistant professor in the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering at the Sahyadri College of Engineering and Management, Mangalore, India and is pursuing his PhD. He holds four patents, has written over 25 peer-reviewed publications and is the editor of 7 books.

Rajeev Agrawal, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, at the Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, India. He has more than 24 years of professional experience and serves on the editorial board of three international journals and has guest-edited over 10 journals and books. He has published over 100 research papers.

Felcy Jyothi Serrao, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Physics at Sahyadri College of Engineering and Management, India. She has 19 years of teaching experience and 12 years of research experience in the field of semiconducting metal oxide nanofilms. She has published more than 18 research articles in peer-reviewed journals and conferences.

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Table of Contents
Preface
1. Self-Powered Sensory Transducers: A Way Toward Green Internet of Things
Rajeev Ranjan
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Need of the Work
1.3 Energy Scavenging Schemes in WSAN
1.3.1 Photovoltaic or Solar Cell
1.3.2 Temperature Gradient
1.3.3 Pressure Variations
1.3.4 Plant Microbial Fuel
1.3.5 Wind/Liquid Flow
1.3.6 Vibrations
1.3.7 Friction
1.4 Self Powered Systems and Green IoT (G-IoT)
1.5 Application Area and Scope of Self-Powered System in G-IoT
1.5.1 Terrestrial Applications
1.5.1.1 Agriculture
1.5.1.2 Smart Home and Cities
1.5.1.3 Industry
1.5.1.4 Medicines
1.5.1.5 Environment Monitoring
1.5.1.6 Structural Monitoring
1.5.1.7 Indoor Applications
1.5.1.8 Arial Vehicles
1.5.1.9 Military Applications
1.5.1.10 Underwater Applications
1.5.1.11 Submarine and Event Localization
1.5.1.12 Water Contamination
1.5.1.13 Intelligent Water Distribution and Smart Meter
1.5.1.14 Underground Applications
1.5.1.15 Coal and Petroleum Mining Application
1.5.1.16 Underground Structural Monitoring
1.6 Challenges and Future Scope of the Self-Powered G-IoT
1.6.1 Challenges Pertain to Energy Efficient Design and Protocols
1.6.2 Size and Cost of the Harvester
1.6.3 Energy-Efficient Routing and Scheduling Protocols
1.6.4 Design of Application-Specific Passive Wake-Up Receivers
1.6.5 Redefined Protocol with Application-Specific Goals
1.6.6 Embedded Operating Systems
1.6.7 AI and Cloud-Assisted Lifetime Prediction Techniques
1.6.8 Design of Energy-Efficient/Harvested Service-Oriented Architecture
1.6.9 Smart Web Interfaces for Monitoring
1.6.10 Cross Layer Exploitations with Energy Harvesting
1.6.11 Security Aspects and Need of Standardization
1.6.12 Challenges Related to Energy Harvesting Techniques
1.6.13 Generic Energy Generator
1.6.14 Hybrid Energy Sources
1.6.15 Cooperation Among Different Energy Sources
1.6.16 Energy Storage
1.6.17 Intelligent Prediction Model for Amount of Harvested Energy
1.6.18 Focus on Energy Generator for Underwater and Underground Applications
1.7 Conclusion
References
2. Self-Powered Wireless Sensor Networks in Cyber Physical System
Srividya P.
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Wireless Sensor Networks in CPS
2.3 Architecture of WSNs with Energy Harvesting
2.4 Energy Harvesting for WSN
2.5 Energy Harvesting Due to Mechanical Vibrations
2.6 Piezoelectric Generators
2.7 Piezoelectric Materials
2.8 Types of Piezoelectric Structures
2.8.1 Nanogenerators
2.8.2 Piezoelectric Nanogenerators
2.8.3 Triboelectric Nanogenerators
2.8.4 Pyroelectric Nanogenerators
2.8.5 Thermoelectric Nanogenerator
2.9 Hybridized Nanogenerators for Energy Harvesting
2.10 Conclusion
References
3. The Emergence of Cyber-Physical System in the Context of Self-Powered Soft Robotics
Darwin S. and Fantin Iruduya Raj E.
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Actuators and Its Types
3.2.1 Nature of Actuation
3.2.1.1 Actuators Based on Thermal Materials
3.2.1.2 Actuators Based on Pressure
3.2.1.3 Actuators Based on Photo Responsivity
3.2.1.4 Actuators Based on Explosive Function
3.2.1.5 Electric Actuation Methods
3.3 Soft Actuator Electrodes
3.4 Sensors
3.5 Soft Robotic Structures and Control Methods
3.6 Soft Robot Applications
3.7 Future Scope
3.8 Conclusion
References
4. Dynamic Butterfly Optimization Algorithm-Based Task Scheduling for Minimizing Energy Consumptions in Distributed Green Data Centers
Sengathir Janakiraman and Deva Priya M.
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Related Work
4.2.1 Green Data Centers
4.2.2 Energy-Aware Task Scheduling
4.3 Improved Dynamic Butterfly Optimization Algorithm (IDBOA)-Based Task Scheduling (IDBOATS)
4.3.1 Problem Definition
4.3.2 Delay Constraint
4.3.3 Green Energy Model
4.3.4 Energy Consumption Model
4.3.5 Constraint-Imposed Optimization Problem
4.3.6 Primitives of Dynamic Butterfly Optimization Algorithm (DBOA)
4.3.7 Classical Butterfly Optimization Algorithm
4.3.8 Transformation of BOA into DBOA using Mutation-Based Local Searching Strategy (MLSS)
4.4 Results and Discussion
4.5 Conclusion
References
5. Wireless Power Transfer for IoT Applications—A Review
Sasikala G. and Rajeev Ranjan
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Sensors
5.3 Actuators
5.4 Energy Requirement in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)
5.5 Wireless Sensor Network and Green IoT (G-IoT)
5.6 Purpose of G-IoT
5.7 Motivation
5.8 Contribution
5.9 Need of the Work
5.10 Energy Transferring Schemes in WSAN
5.11 Electromagnetic Induction
5.11.1 Electrodynamic and Electrostatic
5.11.2 Electrostatic Field
5.11.3 Electrostatic Force
5.11.4 Electromagnetic
5.11.5 Electromagnetic Field
5.12 Inductive Coupling
5.13 Resonance Inductive Coupling
5.14 Wireless Power Transmission Using Microwaves
5.15 Electromagnetic Radiations
5.16 Conclusion
References
6. Adaptive Energy Intelligence Using AI/ML Techniques
Gowthamani R., Sasi Kala Rani K., Manikandan M. and Rohini M.
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Evolution of Cyber Physical System
6.3 Relationship With Internet of Things
6.4 Challenges in Design and Integration of Cyber Physical Systems
6.5 Future Challenges and Promises
6.6 Machine Learning Models
6.7 Estimation of Building Energy Consumption
6.8 Development of Artificial Intelligence
6.9 Usage of AI/ML in Adaptive Energy Management
6.10 Use of Hybrid/Ensemble Machine Learning Algorithm for Better Prediction
6.11 Conclusion
References
7. Renewable Energy Smart Grids for Electric Vehicles
Vishal H. Kanchan, Preethesh B., Hithesh Alen D’Costa, Sohan R. Alva and Rathishchandra R. Gatti
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Integration of Electric Vehicles (EVs) into the Power Grid
7.3 EV Charging and Electric Grid Interaction
7.4 EVs with V2G System Architecture
7.5 EVs and Smart Grid Infrastructure
7.6 Renewable Energy Sources Integration With EVs
7.6.1 PV Solar Energy With EVs
7.6.2 Wind Energy With EVs
7.7 Application in Transport Sector
7.8 Application in Micro-Grid
7.9 State-of-the-Art Review
7.10 Future Trends
References
8. Recent Advances in Integrating Renewable Energy Micro-Grid Systems With Electric Vehicles
Hithesh Alen D’Costa, Sohan R. Alva, Vishal H. Kanchan, Preethesh B. and Rathishchandra R. Gatti
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Electric Vehicles and Renewable Energy Sources: A General Overview
8.2.1 Electric Vehicles
8.2.2 Battery Electric Vehicles
8.2.3 Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicles
8.2.4 Battery Chargers for EVs
8.2.5 Renewable Energy Sources
8.2.5.1 Wind Energy
8.2.5.2 Solar Energy
8.3 Microgrid
8.3.1 Domestic Use
8.3.2 Industrial Use
8.3.3 Benefits of Microgrids
8.3.4 Locations of Microgrid
8.4 Interactions Between Cost-Conscious EVs and RESs
8.4.1 Operational Cost Reduction
8.4.2 Lowering the Electricity Generation Cost
8.4.3 Growth in Profit or Benefit
8.4.4 Reduction in Charging Cost for EVs Owners
8.4.5 Other Cost-Conscious Efforts
8.5 Interaction Between Efficiency-Conscious EVs and RESs
8.5.1 Microgrid Implementation
8.5.2 Increasing the Use of RESs
8.5.3 Other Works With a Focus on Efficiency
8.6 Open Problems
8.6.1 Grid Integration of RESs on a Large Scale
8.6.2 The Use of EV Batteries in Conjunction With RESs
8.6.3 V2G’s Ability to Allow the Interaction of RESs
8.7 Conclusion
References
9. Overview of Fast Charging Technologies of Electric Vehicles
Sohan R. Alva, Vishal H. Kanchan, Preethesh B., Hithesh Alen D’Costa and Rathishchandra Ramachandra Gatti
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Different Levels of Charging Electric Vehicles
9.2.1 Level I
9.2.2 Level II
9.2.3 Level III
9.2.4 DC vs AC
9.2.5 Fast Charging
9.3 State-of-the-Art Fast-Charging Implementation
9.4 DC Fast-Charging Structure
9.5 Fast Chargers
9.5.1 Fast Chargers Working
9.5.2 DC Plug Connectors
9.5.3 EV Fast-Charging Infrastructure
9.6 Today’s Situation and Future Needs
9.7 Fast-Charging Point Power Requirements
9.8 Recent Technologies in Fast Charging, Machine Learning, and Artificial Intelligence
9.8.1 Machine Learning
9.8.2 Artificial Intelligence
9.8.3 Energy Storage Materials
9.9 Effect of Fast Charging on EV Powertrain Systems
9.9.1 Battery Technology Gap and Lithium Plating
9.9.2 Thermal Management Systems
9.9.3 Battery Cycle Life
9.10 Grid Impacts Caused by EV Charging
9.10.1 Impact on Load Profile
9.10.2 Impact on Grid Components
9.10.3 Impact on Power Losses
9.10.4 Impact on Voltage Profile
9.10.5 Harmonic Impact
9.11 Fast-Charging Technologies on the Self-Powered Automotive Cyber-Physical Systems
9.12 Discussion
References
10. A Survey of VANET Routing Attacks and Defense Mechanisms in Intelligent Transportation System
Allam Balaram, P. Chandana, Shaik Abdul Nabi and M. SilpaRaj
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Attacks in VANET
10.2.1 Attack on V2V Communication
10.2.2 Various Attacks on Safety Applications
10.2.3 Attack on Infotainment Applications
10.3 Impacts of Attacks on VANET Routing
10.4 Nonintentional Misbehavior
10.5 Intentional Misbehavior
10.6 Defence Mechanism of Routing Attacks in VANET Routing
10.7 Intrusion Detection Techniques in VANETs
10.8 Anonymous Routing in VANETs
10.9 Challenges and Future Directions
10.10 Conclusion
References
11. ANN-Based Cracking Model for Flexible Pavement in the Urban Roads
Athiappan K., Kandasamy A., Karthik C. and Rajalakshmi M.
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Literature Review
11.3 Methodology
11.4 Structural Number
11.5 Modeling Methodology
11.6 Model Validation
11.7 Sensitivity Analysis
11.8 Conclusions
11.9 Limitations
11.10 Future Scope of Study
References
12. A Review of Autonomous Vehicles
Joyston J. D’Costa and Ajith B.S.
12.1 Introduction
12.2 History
12.3 Degrees in Automation
12.4 Benefits and Drawbacks
12.5 Working Principle of Autonomous Vehicles
12.6 Mechanics Involved
12.7 Conclusion
References
13. Meeting Privacy Concerns in Intelligent Transportation Systems
Sharon D. John
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Synopsis of ITS
13.3 Future Research Direction
13.4 Contributions to this Research
13.5 Conclusions
References
14. Feasibility Study of Digital Twin in Automotive Industry—Trends and Challenges
Preethesh B., Hithesh Alen D’Costa, Sohan R. Alva, Vishal H. Kanchan and Rathishchandra R. Gatti
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Industrial Evolution
14.2.1 Industry 1.0
14.2.2 Industry 2.0
14.2.3 Industry 3.0
14.2.4 Industry 4.0
14.3 Influence of IoT on Digital Twin
14.4 Digital Twin in CPS Applications
14.4.1 Health Care CPS
14.4.2 Manufacturing CPS
14.4.3 Retail CPS
14.4.4 Smart Cities and Infrastructure CPS
14.4.5 Intelligent Transportation CPS
14.5 Digital Twin Types
14.5.1 Product Digital Twin—Using Digital Twins to Create More Efficient New Product Designs
14.5.2 Production Digital Twins—Manufacturing and Production Planning Using Digital Twins
14.5.3 Performance Digital Twins—Operational Data are Captured, Analyzed, and Acted on Using Digital Twins
14.6 Levels of Digital Twin
14.6.1 Level 1: Descriptive Twin
14.6.2 Level 2: Informative Twin
14.6.3 Level 3: Predictive Twin
14.6.4 Level 4: Comprehensive Twin
14.6.5 Level 5: Autonomous Twin
14.7 Digital Thread
14.8 State-of-the-Art Digital Twin Deployment
14.9 Benefits of Digital Twin
14.10 Digital Twin Life Cycle
14.11 Digital Twin in Automotive Industry
14.12 Applications of Digital Twinning Technology in the Automotive Industry
14.12.1 Vehicle Development
14.12.2 Vehicle Manufacturing
14.12.3 Vehicle Sales
14.12.4 Vehicle Maintenance and Servicing
14.12.5 Product Life Cycle of the Automotive Sector
14.13 Role of Digital Twins in Addressing Current Automotive Challenges
14.13.1 Unifying Data
14.13.2 Easy Verification
14.13.3 Minimization of Failures
14.13.4 Predict Customer Demands
14.14 Challenges for Implementing Digital Twin in Automotive Industry
14.15 Bridging the Gap
References
15. State-of-the-Art and Future Applications of Farming Robotics
Badrinath A.R., Abhishek Kamath, Veerishetty Arun Kumar, Nishan Rai and Rathishchandra R. Gatti
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Components of Agricultural Robots
15.2.1 Control System
15.2.2 Sensor and Actuators
15.2.3 Power Supply
15.2.4 End-Effectors
15.2.5 Artificial Intelligence
15.2.6 Robotic Arm
15.2.7 Driving System
15.3 Types of Agricultural Robots
15.3.1 Weed Removing Robots
15.3.2 Pest and Infection-Spotting Robots
15.3.3 Seed Sowing Robots
15.3.4 Robots for Scouting Crops
15.3.5 Robots for Spraying Fertilizers and Pesticides
15.3.6 Robots for Harvesting
15.4 Implementation of Robotics in the Agricultural Process
15.4.1 Ploughing/Tilling
15.4.2 Sowing Seeds
15.4.3 Manures and Fertilizers
15.4.4 Weeding
15.4.5 Protection of Crops
15.4.6 Harvesting, Threshing, and Winnowing
15.5 Challenges
15.6 Conclusions
References
16. Review on Robot Operating System
G. Vijeth and Rathishchandra R. Gatti
16.1 Introduction
16.1.1 What is ROS?
16.1.2 Characteristics of ROS
16.2 Nomenclature
16.3 ROS Implementation
16.3.1 Smart SEAL: A Building Automation Framework for Smart Buildings Based on ROS
16.3.2 The Development of an Intelligent Drilling Robot System Based on ROS
16.3.3 AgROS: A ROS-Based Computing Tool for Agricultural Robotics
16.4 Conclusion
References
17. An Overview of Collaborative Robots and Their Applications
Rao S. Krishna and Lawrence J. Fernandes
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Art of Study
17.3 Implementation of Collaborative Robots
17.3.1 Collaborative Robot Revenue Split by Industries
17.3.2 Drawbacks of the Collaborative Robots
17.4 Conclusion
References
18. State-of-the-Art and Future Applications of Powered Exoskeleton
C.P. Dheeshith, K. Abhijith, A. Shahaas, Rithin B. Nambiar and Rathishchandra R. Gatti
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Powered Exoskeleton
18.3 State of the Art
18.4 Design Parameters to be Considered
18.5 Challenges to Tackle
18.6 Applications of Powered Exoskeleton
18.7 Conclusion
References
19. An Overview of Recent Trends in Consumer Robotics
Pramod Rao M., Shrihari P.C., Manoj, Shankar Gouda S. and Rathishchandra R. Gatti
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Entertainment Robot
19.2.1 Actroid
19.2.2 Driving Partner Robot
19.2.3 Manus
19.3 Educational Robot
19.3.1 Robokind
19.3.2 TERRI
19.4 Social Robot
19.4.1 BHR Series: BHR 3
19.4.2 Mertz
19.5 Toy Robot
19.5.1 AIBO
19.5.2 DragonFly
19.5.3 Robopet
19.6 Conclusion
References
20. Soft Robotics in Waste Management
S. Rithvik, Vijith Rai, Surya Dornal, Deepak J. and B.C. Pramod
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Soft Robotics Insights
20.2.1 Materials and Actuators
20.3 Soft Robots in Waste Management
20.3.1 Operation of Soft Robots in Recycling Separation
20.3.2 Recycling of Soft Robotics After Its Shelf Life
20.4 Are Soft Robots the First Step for a Sustainable Future?
20.5 Conclusions
References
21. State-of-the-Art Review of Robotics in Crop Agriculture
A. Shahaas, Rithin, B. Nambiar, C.P. Dheeshith, K. Abhijith and Rathishchandra R. Gatti
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Scope
21.3 Advantages
21.4 Disadvantages
21.5 Applications
21.5.1 Robot Drone Tractors
21.5.2 Flying Robots to Spread Fertilizer
21.5.3 Fruit Picking Robots
21.5.4 Robot Cattle Grazing and Automatic Milking
21.6 Automation in Agriculture
21.6.1 Forestry
21.6.2 Animal Husbandry
21.7 Precision Agriculture
21.8 Conclusion
References
Index

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