Table of ContentsForeword
Preface
1. Introduction to 3D Printing in Healthcare1.1 Introduction
1.2 The Revolutionary Rise of 3D Printing Technology
1.3 3D Printing Revolution Engineering
1.4 3D Printer Types for Additive Manufacturing
1.5 3D Printing in the Healthcare Industry
1.6 Early-Phase Drug Development
1.7 Customized Drugs
1.8 Advanced Pharmacological Treatments
1.9 Community Medicine
1.10 Clinical Pharmacy Practice
1.11 3D Printing Process and Product Variable Optimization
1.12 Recent Trends in 3D Printing Regulation
1.13 Conclusion
References
2. 3D Printing in Medical Science2.1 Introduction
2.2 Present Clinical Applications
2.3 3D-Printed Models in CHD
2.4 Cardiovascular Disease Models in 3D Printing
2.5 Tumor in 3D-Printed Models
2.6 3D-Printed Models in the Development of CT Scanning Procedures
2.7 Pharmaceutical 3D-Printing Technologies
2.8 Challenges Facing Printed Pharmaceuticals
2.8.1 A Developing Sector
2.9 Opportunities and Limitations of Using 3D Printing in Healthcare
2.10 Conclusion and Future Direction
References
3. 3D Printing in Fabrication of Dosage Form3.1 Introduction
3.2 History
3.3 Advantages
3.4 Limitations and Challenges
3.5 Personalized Dosage Form
3.6 Bio-Inks
3.7 Applications in Healthcare
3.8 3D Printing Techniques
3.8.1 Binder Deposition
3.8.2 Material Jetting
3.8.3 Extrusion
3.8.4 Powder Bed Fusion
3.8.5 Photopolymerization (Stereolithography)
3.8.6 Pen-Based 3D Printing
3.9 Comparison to the Conventional Manufacturing Technique
3.10 Comparisons between Various 3D Printing Techniques
3.10.1 Basic 3D Printing Procedure
3.10.1.1 Designing
3.10.1.2 Creating a Machine-Readable Format
3.10.1.3 Raw Material Processing
3.10.1.4 Actual Printing
3.10.2 Various Dosage Forms
3.10.3 Immediate-Release Tablet
3.11 Bilayer Tablets
3.11.1 Capsule
3.11.2 Polypill
3.11.3 SEDDS
3.11.4 Implants
3.12 Benefits of Various Disorders
3.12.1 Cancer
3.12.2 Diabetes
3.13 Cardiovascular Diseases
3.14 Neurodegenerative Diseases
3.15 Other Diseases
3.16 Regulatory Issues
3.17 Conclusions
References
4. The Potential of 3D-Printed Anatomical Model for Surgical Planning4.1 Introduction
4.2 3D-Printed Approaches: Anatomical Simulations
4.2.1 Orthopedic Tissue
4.2.2 Heart Valve
4.2.3 Neurosurgery
4.2.4 Malignant Tissues
4.3 Congenital Anomalies: Surgical Planning
4.4 Anatomical Training With 3D-Printed Models
4.5 Advantages, Challenges, and Ethical Concerns
4.6 Fundamentals of 3D Printing
4.7 Additive Manufacturing Techniques
4.8 Surgical Applications
4.8.1 Craniofacial and Nervous Systems
4.8.1.1 Head and Neck
4.8.1.2 Brain and Spinal Cord
4.9 Cardiovascular System
4.9.1 Cardiothoracic
4.9.2 Vascular
4.10 Clinical Applications in Preoperative Planning
4.11 Cardiovascular Surgery
4.12 Neurosurgery
4.13 Craniomaxillofacial Surgery
4.14 Orthopedic Surgery
4.15 Interventional Radiology
4.16 Other Interventions
4.17 Conclusion
References
5. Customized Implants and Prosthetics with 3D Printing5.1 Introduction
5.2 Image Acquisition and Prosthesis Design
5.3 Manufacturing the TAV Prosthesis
5.4 Patient Information
5.5 Commonly Used 3D Printing Technologies in the Medical Field
5.5.1 Fused Deposition Modeling or Free Form Fabrication
5.5.2 Extrusion-Based Bioprinting
5.6 Material Sintering
5.7 Process Chain for Customized Prosthetics and Implants
5.7.1 Product Requirements
5.7.2 Design Process
5.8 Applications
5.8.1 Endoprostheses
5.8.2 Patient-Specific Surgical Guides
5.8.3 Knee Implants
5.8.4 Spinal Implants
5.9 3D Printing Technology for a Customized Implant and Prosthesis Production
5.10 Benefits of 3D-Printing-Customized Implants and Prostheses
5.11 Limitations and Future Directions
5.12 Conclusion
References
6. Advanced Drug Delivery Systems with 3D Printing6.1 Introduction
6.2 Modern 3D-Printing Technologies
6.2.1 Vat Photopolymerization-Based 3D Printing
6.3 SLA-Printed Drug Delivery Devices
6.4 DLP-Printed Drug Delivery Devices
6.5 CLIP-Printed Drug Delivery Devices
6.6 TPP-Printed Drug Delivery Devices
6.7 FDM for Advanced Drug Delivery Applications
6.8 Local Drug Delivery Devices
6.8.1 Implanted Medical Medication Delivery Systems (Long-Term Organ and Drug-Eluting Devices)
6.9 Surgical Intervention and Postoperative Implants
6.10 Challenges and Future Perspectives
6.11 The Multi-Material Additive Manufacturing Technique
6.11.1 Microneedles
6.11.2 Soft Robots
6.11.3 Implants
6.12 Regulatory Issues of Drug Delivery Medical Device
6.13 Scalability and Cost Factors
6.14 Conclusion
References
7. Exploring the Fabrication of 3D-Printed Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering7.1 Introduction
7.2 Scaffold Architecture Design
7.2.1 Scaffold Library
7.2.2 Functionally Graded Scaffold
7.2.3 Design for Vascularization
7.3 Scaffold-Based Technique
7.3.1 Polymeric Scaffolds
7.3.2 Hydrogel System
7.3.3 Inorganic Scaffolds
7.4 Scaffold-Free Approach
7.5 Bioreactor
7.6 Design Considerations
7.6.1 Scaffold Materials
7.6.2 Bio-Ink
7.6.3 Bioprinters
7.7 Conclusion
References
8. Personalized Medicine with 3D Printing8.1 Introduction
8.2 History of 3D Printing
8.3 Technologies for 3D Printing in Pharmaceutical Research and Development
8.3.1 The Inkjet Printing Process
8.3.2 Continuous Inkjet Printer
8.3.3 Drop-on-Demand Inkjet Printer
8.3.4 Thermal Inkjet Printer
8.3.5 Piezoelectric Inkjet Printer
8.4 Medicinal Applications for Inkjet Printers
8.5 Binder Jet Printing
8.6 Medicinal Applications for Binder Jet Printing
8.7 Fused Deposition Modeling
8.8 Selective Laser Sintering
8.9 Pressure-Assisted Micro-Syringe
8.10 The Possibility of 3D Printing in Individualized Medicine
8.11 Dose Personalization
8.12 Modifying Release Profiles
8.13 Combination Tablets—Polypills
8.14 3D Printing for Everybody
8.14.1 Medical Pediatric Treatment
8.14.2 Tending to Geriatrics
8.15 3D Printing in a Clinical Setting
8.15.1 Challenges
8.15.2 Technology
8.15.3 Safety Aspects
8.15.4 Clinical Pharmacy Practice
8.16 Regulatory Aspects
8.17 Conclusion
References
9. 3D Printing Techniques in a Medical Setting9.1 Introduction
9.2 Medical 3D Printing on Four Different Levels
9.2.1 Organ Models for Preoperative Diagnosis and Treatment Evaluation
9.2.2 Permanent Non-Bioactive Implants
9.3 Fabricating Local Bioactive and Biodegradable Scaffolds
9.4 Characteristics of Scaffolds
9.4.1 Indirect Cell Assembly
9.4.2 Direct Cell Assembly
9.5 Enhancing the Mechanical Properties of Scaffolds
9.6 Directly Printing Tissue and Organs
9.7 Biomedical Material in 3D Printing
9.8 Medical Metal Materials
9.9 Medical Polymer Materials
9.10 Medical Ceramic Materials
9.11 Limitations
9.12 Conclusions and Future Directions
References
10. 3D Printing in Hospital Administration and Management10.1 Introduction
10.2 Role of 3D Printing in Medicine
10.3 What Can Go Wrong
10.4 Techniques for 3D Printing in Clinical Settings
10.5 Design Input and Output
10.6 Production Process and QA
10.7 Image Acquisition
10.8 Segmentation
10.9 Printing the Model
10.10 Validation and Verification of Processes
10.11 Collaboration Between Medical Professionals
10.12 Unique Obstacles and Regulatory Issues
10.13 Conclusion
References
11. Emerging Applications of 3D Printing in Plastic Surgery11.1 Introduction
11.2 3D Printing
11.3 3D Printing in Medicine
11.4 Preoperative Planning
11.5 Intraoperative Guidance
11.5.1 Education
11.5.2 Customized Prosthesis
11.5.3 Allied Health
11.6 Bioprinting for Plastic Surgery Applications
11.6.1 Skin Wounds
11.7 3D Printing in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
11.8 Preoperative Planning: Soft Tissue Mapping
11.9 Preoperative Planning: Vascular Mapping
11.10 Preoperative Planning: Bony Mapping
11.11 Intraoperative Guidance
11.12 Surgical Training
11.13 Patient Education
11.14 Patient-Specific Prosthesis
11.15 Conclusion
References
12. Safety, Efficacy, and Point-of-Care for 3D Printing in Healthcare12.1 Introduction
12.2 The Call for Standardization and Guidelines
12.3 Applications and Benefits of Medical 3D Printing
12.4 Deciding to Become a POC Manufacturer
12.5 Obtaining 3D-Printing Management Support
12.6 Setting Up a Platform to Assist POC 3D Printing
12.6.1 Training and Staff
12.6.2 Facility Requirements: Area, Building, and Power
12.6.3 Sterilization
12.6.4 Quality Management System
12.6.5 Regulatory Considerations
12.7 Powder-Based Binding Method
12.8 Conclusion
References
13. 3D Printing in Robotic Urosurgery13.1 Introduction
13.2 Potential Urological Applications
13.3 Patient-Specific 3D Models Help Experienced Surgeons Plan, Practice, and Guide Complicated Procedures
13.3.1 Pre-Operative Strategy
13.3.2 Surgical Training
13.4 Surgical Training Using 3D Generic Technique Models
13.5 Patient Education and Counseling
13.6 Conclusion
References
14. 3D Printing in Ophthalmology14.1 Introduction
14.2 External Eye Illness and Corneal Disease
14.3 Corneal Tissue Bioprinting
14.4 Drug Delivery
14.5 Glaucoma
14.6 Drug-Eluting Implants
14.7 Minimally Invasive Glaucoma Surgery Devices
14.7.1 Retina
14.7.2 Lids and Orbit
14.8 Regulatory Considerations
14.9 Expert Opinion and Future Directions
14.10 Conclusions
References
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