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Nanoscience and Nanotechnology for Smart Prevention, Diagnostics and Therapeutics

Fundamentals to Applications

Edited by Sathish-Kumar Kamaraj, Arun Thirumurugan, Muthuchamy Maruthupandy, Mercedes Guadalupe López Pérez and Shanmuga Sundar Dhanabalan
Copyright: 2024   |   Status: Published
ISBN: 9781394174577  |  Hardcover  |  
408 pages
Price: $225 USD
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One Line Description
The book presents the fundamentals of nanomaterials, discusses the direct applications of nanomaterials to the biomedical sector, and explores the potential therapeutic applications of nanotheranostics.

Audience
The book will be read by scientists, researchers, and post-graduate students in the biomedical-related engineering field, nanoscience and nanotechnology, materials science, and bionanotechnology.

Description
This book focuses on the fundamental features of various nanomaterials that are related to the development of biomedical technologies. These fundamental qualities are broken up into three parts: prevention, diagnostics, and therapeutics. When it comes to infectious diseases, prevention is of the utmost importance. Highly advanced nanomaterials including silver, titanium, graphene-based filters, and copper nanoparticles are used to fight infectious illnesses. Once the symptoms have been recognized in the patients, through the use of effective and straightforward nanodiagnostic techniques, the diseases can be accurately localized in either a qualitative or quantitative manner. Nanodiagnostics tools currently dominate the field of biomedical diagnostics because of their high degree of accuracy, low requirement for samples and reagents, user-friendliness, portability, and capacity to perform point-of-care (POC) applications. Nanomaterials are widely used in imaging due to many factors, including: their signal generation and amplification abilities; the ongoing development of reliant new imaging techniques, such as photoacoustic imaging and Raman imaging; their targeting potential, due to the possibility of functionalizing their surface with cancer-targeting moieties; their multimodality, since some nanomaterials can generate signals for more than one imaging technique; and their affordability.
Modern therapeutics explores the various nanotechnological advances to cure the site-specific cancer treatment most prominently. The book explores the fundamentals of nanomaterials and discloses their direct application to the biomedical field. Finally, the book discusses future therapeutic applications of nanotheranostics.

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Author / Editor Details
Sathish-Kumar Kamaraj, PhD, DSc, is a research professor at Bio-Nano Interface Technology for Sustainable Energy and an Environment research group leader at the Technological Institute of El llano Aguascalientes, National Technological Institute of Mexico. He obtained a Doctorate in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology in 2014. He has published more than 50 research articles in journals, several book chapters, and has been granted 3 patents.

Arun Thirumurugan, PhD, is an assistant professor at the University of ATACAMA, Chile working on the development of magnetic nanocomposites for energy storage and biological applications. He obtained his PhD in 2015 in physics. His research interests are synthesizing magnetic nanoparticles, and surface modification of nanomaterials. He has published more than 80 research articles in international journals, several book chapters and contributions to conference volumes.

Muthuchamy Maruthupandy, PhD, is a postdoctoral researcher in the Department of Health Sciences at Dong-A University in Busan, South Korea. He obtained his PhD in microbiology in 2016. His research interests include biopolymer-mediated nanomaterials, biosensors, nanomedicine, and bioelectronics. He has published more than 70 research articles in peer-reviewed international publications, as well as several book chapters and conference reports.

Mercedes Guadalupe López Pérez, PhD, is a principal investigator at the Department of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Cinvestav-Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico. She has published more than 120 research articles in international journals, multiple book chapters and has focused her research studies on metabolites of Mesoamerican plants with health potential. She has published more than 120 international peer-reviewed articles and has been granted three patents.

Shanmuga Sundar Dhanabalan, PhD, is a researcher in the School of Engineering at RMIT University in Melbourne, Australia. He completed a Doctorate in flexible electronics in 2017. He has published more than 50 research articles and book chapters. His research areas focus on materials, optics and photonics, flexible and stretchable electronics, and biosensors. He serves as a chairperson, keynote speaker, and technical member of various conferences across the world.

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Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
1. Bio–Nano Interface Technology for Biomedical Applications
Ana Luisa Gómez-Gómez, Deyanira del Rosario Moguel-Concha, José Eduardo Borges-Martínez, Alma Leticia Martínez-Ayala and Gloria Dávila-Ortiz
1.1 Physicochemical Properties of Nanoencapsulated Systems
1.2 Nanoencapsulation of Bioactive Compounds by Fluidized Bed Drying
1.2.1 Fluidized via Bed Drying
1.3 Protein and Peptide Nanoencapsulation in Biomedical Applications
References
2. Smart Nanomaterials for Antiseptic Application
Sribharani Sekar, Jayaraman Pitchaimani and A. Tamilselvi
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Metallic Nanoparticles
2.2.1 Gold Nanoparticles
2.2.2 Silver Nanoparticles
2.2.2.1 Various Silver-Based Nanomaterials for Antiseptic Application
2.2.3 Nonmetallic Nanomaterials as Antiseptic
2.2.4 Ionic Systems as Antiseptics
2.3 Mechanism of Antimicrobial Action
References
3. Surface Plasmon-Based Diagnostic Technology
Sopan Nangare, Mahendra Mahajan and Pravin Patil
3.1 Introduction to Surface Plasmon-Based Diagnostic Technology
3.1.1 Concept of Surface Plasmon
3.1.2 Types of SP-Based Diagnostic Technology
3.2 Nanomaterials for the Design of Surface Plasmon‑Based Biosensor
3.3 Biotransducers in Surface Plasmon-Based Biosensor
3.3.1 Immobilization Chemistry in SPR Biosensor
3.4 Applications of Surface Plasmon-Based Diagnostic Technology
3.5 Current Challenges and Prospects
3.6 Concluding Remarks
Conflict of Interest
Acknowledgments
References
4. Nanoprobes for Glutathione Investigation and Real-Time Quantitative Imaging
Janani Archana K. and Karthikeyan Balasubramanian
Abbreviations
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Glutathione—A Potent, Master Antioxidant
4.3 Biosensing of Glutathione Using a Variety of Nanomaterials
4.3.1 Nanomaterials: A Game Changer in the Past Decade
4.3.2 Fluorescence-Based Biosensors for Glutathione Sensing
4.3.2.1 Understanding Fluorescence
4.3.2.2 Fluorescence Sensing Strategy
4.3.2.3 Turn-Off and Turn-On Sensing
4.3.3 Fluorescence Imaging
4.3.4 Outlook of Different Nanoprobes for Glutathione Sensing and Imaging
4.3.4.1 Graphene and Carbon Quantum Dots-Based Materials as Donors
4.3.4.2 Metal-Oxide Material as Donors
4.3.4.3 Metal Nanoparticles as Donors
4.3.4.4 Metal-Organic Framework as Donors
4.3.4.5 Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Materials as Donors
4.3.4.6 Polymer Nanoparticles as Donors
4.3.4.7 Upconversion Nanoparticles as Donors
4.4 Conclusions
References
5. Diagnosis of Physical Stimuli Response Enhances the Anti-Quorum Sensing Agents in Controlling Bacterial Biofilm Formation
Govindan Ramachandran, Balamurugan Palanisamy, Gnansekaran Chackaravarthy, Chenthis Kanisha Chelliah, Govindan Rajivgandhi, Franck Quero and Manoharan Natesan
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Biofilm Formation and Quorum Sensing Mechanism
5.1.2 Stimuli–Response Systems
5.2 Types of Stimuli Response for Material Synthesis
5.2.1 Physical Stimuli–Response
5.2.1.1 Light Responsive Systems
5.2.1.2 Photodynamic Therapy
5.2.2 Chemodynamic Therapy
5.3 Thermal Responsive Systems
5.3.1 Photothermal Release
5.3.2 Magnetothermal Release
5.4 Ultrasound-Responsive Systems
5.5 Magnet Responsive Systems
5.6 Electrical Responsive Systems
5.7 Conclusion
References
6. Current Advances in the Use of Functionalized Nanoparticles for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Microbial Infections in Aquaculture
Kannan Rangesh, Muthusamy Anand, Subbiah Padmapriya and Muthuchamy Maruthupandy
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Utilization and Processing of Fisheries and Aquaculture Production
6.1.2 Aquaculture Biosecurity
6.2 Fishery Disease Outbreaks
6.2.1 Fish Vaccination
6.2.2 The Use of Antibiotics in Aquaculture
6.2.3 The Usage of Probiotics in Aquaculture for Disease Control
6.2.4 Administration Strategies of Probiotics
6.3 Nanotechnology in Aquaculture
6.3.1 Advantages of Nanotechnology in Aquaculture
6.3.2 Seafood Processing Using Nanotechnology
6.3.3 Cerium Oxide (CeO2) as Potential Nanoparticle for Fish Disease
6.3.4 Silver Nanoparticle for Fish Bacterial Disease
6.3.5 Use of Gold Nanoparticles as Efficient Diagnosis of Fish Disease
6.4 Immunomodulation and Immunostimulation
6.4.1 Chitosan Nanoparticles for Immunomodulation in Fish
6.4.2 Chitosan Nanoparticle as Dietary Supplementation
6.4.3 Selenium Nanoparticles for Immunomodulation in Fish
6.4.4 Nanoparticles for Infectious Fish Disease
6.4.5 Nanomaterials as Efficient Diagnosis of White Spot Disease
6.4.6 Vaccine Delivery for WSSV Control Using Nanoparticles
6.5 Nanoparticles for Bioencapsulation
6.5.1 Nanoencapsulation Improves Seafood Product
6.5.2 Alginate-Encapsulated Vaccine as Effective Oral Booster for Lactococcus Disease
6.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
7. Nanotechnological Strategy for the Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases: Recent Developments and Opportunities
Vennila Thirumalaiswamy, C.V. Vaishali, Sathyavathi Sundararaju, Chockalingam Muthiah Ramakritinan, Muneeswaran Thillaichidambaram and Franck Quero
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Optical Biosensors
7.3 Electrochemical Biosensors
7.4 Detection of Viral Diseases
7.4.1 Influenza Virus
7.4.2 Chikungunya and Zika
7.4.3 HIV/AIDS
7.4.4 Hepatitis
7.5 Detection of Bacterial Diseases
7.5.1 Mycobacterium tuberculosis
7.5.2 Salmonella Spp
7.5.3 Clostridium Spp
7.6 Vector-Borne Diseases
7.6.1 Malaria
7.6.2 Dengue
7.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
8. Metal Nanoparticle-Based Impedimetric Biosensors for Rapid Detection of Bacterial Pathogen in Aquaculture
Subbiah Padmapriya, Muthusamy Anand, Kannan Rangesh and Muthuchamy Maruthupandy
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Sources of Contaminants in Aquaculture and Its Impacts
8.1.2 The Most Prevalent Categories of Potential Pathogens
8.1.3 Conventional Bacterial Pathogen Detection Techniques and Their Limitations
8.1.4 Nanotechnology Influenced Impedance Biosensor for Detection of Aquatic Pathogens
8.2 Nanoparticles
8.2.1 Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
8.2.2 Influence of Nanomaterials on Biosensor Performance
8.3 Biosensor
8.3.1 Design and Principle
8.3.2 Attributes of Biosensors
8.3.3 Classification of Biosensors
8.3.4 Bioreceptors or Biosensing Elements
8.3.5 Bacteria Detection Using Molecular Recognition Elements
8.3.5.1 Enzyme Bioreceptor
8.3.5.2 Cells as Bioreceptor
8.3.5.3 Antibody Bioreceptor
8.3.5.4 Nucleic Acid Biosensor
8.3.5.5 Bacteriophage Bioreceptor
8.3.5.6 Nanobiosensors Based on MIPs
8.4 Transducer Component
8.4.1 Electrochemical Transducers
8.4.2 Optical Transducers
8.4.3 Mass-Based Transducers
8.4.4 Electrochemical Biosensor
8.5 Mechanisms for Impedance-Based Detection of Microorganisms
8.5.1 Detection Based on Bacterial Metabolism
8.5.2 Detection Reliant on the Insulating Attributes of the Cell Membrane
8.5.3 Ionic Cytoplasm Substance Release-Based Detection
8.6 Metal Nanoparticles Enabled Immunosensing to Identify Bacterial Pathogens
8.6.1 Escherichia coli
8.6.2 Vibrio cholera
8.6.3 Bacillus cereus
8.6.4 Staphylococcus aureus
8.6.5 Clostridium perfringens
8.6.6 Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria
8.6.7 The Concurrent Detection of Several Pathogens
8.6.7.1 Streptococcus pyogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa
8.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
9. Properties and Applications of Dendrimers: A New Class of Polymers
Chenthis Kanisha Chelliah, Manavalan Murugan, Vinod S. Undal, Manish R. Ahir, Chackaravarthy Gnanasekaran, Ramachandran Govindan, Rajivgandhi Govindan
and Franck Quero
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Archives of Dendrimers
9.3 Dendrimers as Drug Delivery Vehicles
9.4 Interactions Between Drug Molecules and Dendrimers
9.5 Properties of Dendrimers
9.6 Factors Affecting the Properties of Dendrimers
9.6.1 Consequence of pH
9.6.2 Effect of Solvent
9.6.3 Effect of Salt
9.6.4 Effect of Concentration
9.6.5 Temperature
9.7 Reasons Influencing Drug Solubilization and Release
9.8 Current Marketing Status of Dendrimers
9.9 Structure and Chemistry of Dendrimers
9.10 Dendrimers in Various Fields
9.10.1 Dendrimers in Biomedical Field
9.10.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agents of Dendrimers
9.11 Dendrimers in Antitumor Therapy
9.12 Dendrimers as Gene Transfer Reagents
9.13 Drug Delivery of Dendrimers
9.14 Targeted Drug Delivery of Dendrimers
9.15 Transdermal Drug Delivery of Dendrimers
9.16 Dendrimers in Vaccine Development
9.17 Application of Dendrimers
9.17.1 Molecular Probes of Dendrimers
9.17.2 X-Ray Contrast of Dendrimers
9.17.3 Dendrimers as MRI Contrast Agents
9.17.4 Dendrimers Used as a Boron Neutron Capture Therapy
9.17.5 Application of Dendrimers in Environment
9.18 Noxious Outline Concerning Dendrimers
9.19 Dendrimers and Transport System
9.20 Conclusion
References
10. Microneedle of Drug Delivery Systems
Fouad Damiri, Hitendra M. Patel, Sagar Salave, Bharathi K., Nagavendra Kommineni, B.H. Jaswanth Gowda, Karthika Paul, Sanju Bala Dhull and Mohammed Berrada
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Mechanism of Drug Delivery
10.3 Types and Fabrication of Microneedle
10.3.1 Pulling Pipettes
10.3.2 Droplet-Born Air Blowing Method
10.3.3 Solvent Casting/Micromolding Method
10.3.4 Atomized Spraying Method
10.3.5 Laser Cutting
10.3.6 Laser Ablation
10.4 In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Microneedles
10.5 Patents
10.6 Conclusion
References
11. Smart Nanocarriers in Drug Delivery Systems
Alfredo Amaury Bautista-Solano, Emilia Ramos-Zambrano, Nadia Romero-Martínez, Alma Chu-Martínez and Alma Leticia Martínez-Ayala
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Progress in Materials Chemistry and Drug Delivery in Smart Nanocarriers
11.2.1 Silica Nanoparticles
11.2.2 Chitosan
11.2.3 Metal-Based Nanoparticles
11.2.4 Quantum Dots
11.2.5 Liposomes
11.2.6 Micelles
11.2.7 Dendrimers
11.3 Physicochemical Properties of Smart Nanocarriers
11.3.1 Mechanical Properties
11.3.2 Thermal Properties
11.3.3 Magnetic Properties
11.3.4 Electronic and Optical Properties
11.4 Stimuli-Responsive Nanosystems in Smart Nanocarriers
11.4.1 Exogenous Stimuli-Responsive Drug Delivery
11.4.1.1 Heat-Sensitive Nanocarriers
11.4.1.2 Light-Sensitive Nanocarriers
11.4.1.3 Magnetism-Sensitive Nanocarriers
11.4.1.4 Ultrasound-Sensitive Nanocarriers
11.4.2 Endogenous Stimuli-Responsive Drug Delivery
11.4.2.1 pH-Sensitive Nanocarriers
11.4.2.2 Nanocarriers Sensitive to Redox Reactions
11.4.2.3 Enzyme-Sensitive Nanocarriers
11.4.3 Multiple Stimuli-Responsive Drug Delivery
11.5 Clinical Status of Stimuli-Responsive Nanocarriers
11.5.1 Nanocarriers in Clinical Cancer Care and Other Diseases
11.5.1.1 Nanocarriers in Cancer
11.5.1.2 Nanocarriers in HIV/AIDS
11.5.1.3 Nanocarriers in Tuberculosis
11.5.1.4 Nanomedicines in Other Diseases
11.6 The Role of Bioinformatics and In Silico Analysis in the Design of Smart Nanocarriers
11.7 Conclusions
References
12. Recent Era of Smart Nanocarrier–Based Drug Delivery System for Inhibition of Azole-Resistant Biofilm Forming Candida albicans
Rajivgandhi Govindan, Mohankumar Narayanan, Franck Quero, Ramachandran Govindan, Chackaravarthy Gnanasekaran, Balamurugan Palanisamy, Chenthis Kanisha Chelliah and Manoharan Natesan
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Role of Nanocarriers in Drug Delivery System
12.3 Role of Nanomaterial-Based Nanocarriers
12.4 Various Nanocarriers and Their Uses in Drug Delivery System
12.4.1 Liposomes
12.4.2 Dendrimers
12.4.3 Carbon Nanotubes
12.4.4 Polymeric Nanomicelles
12.4.5 Nanocapsules
12.4.6 Metallic Nanoparticles
12.5 Importance of Fungal Infections (C. albicans)
12.6 Biofilm-Forming C. albicans
12.7 Virulence Factors of C. albicans in Biofilm Formation
12.8 Eradication of C. albicans
12.9 Azole-Resistant C. albicans and Its Role in Biofilm Formation
12.10 Inhibition of Azole-Resistant Biofilm Forming C. albicans
12.11 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
13. Role of Polymer-Based Nanocarriers in Drug Delivery System
Mohankumar Narayanan, Chackaravarthy Gnanasekaran, Balamurugan P., Ramachandran Govindan, Chenthis Kanisha Chelliah, Rajivgandhi Govindan and Manoharan Natesan
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Polymeric Nanocarriers
13.3 Structures of Polymeric Nanocarriers
13.3.1 Polymeric Micelles
13.3.2 Nanocapsules
13.3.3 Polymersomes
13.3.4 Dendrimers
13.3.5 Polymeric Nanogels
13.3.6 Polymeric Nanosphere and Nanocomposite
13.4 Applications of Polymeric Nanoparticles in Cancer Drug Delivery
13.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
14. Current Trends in Dissolvable Microneedles: Transdermal Applications
Mohamed Sheik Tharik Abdul Azeeze, Sai Eswar Bondalakunta, Krati Shukla and Abhay Raizaday
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Types of MNs
14.3 Biodegradable MNs
14.4 Different Methods of Preparation for Dissolvable Microneedles
14.4.1 Fabrication of Dissolving Microneedles
14.5 Evaluation and Characterization of Dissolving Microneedles (DMNs)
14.5.1 Morphological Characteristics of Microneedles
14.5.2 Mechanical Characteristics of MNs
14.5.2.1 Axial Mechanical Strength Test
14.5.2.2 Transverse Mechanical Strength Test
14.5.3 Insertion Test
14.5.3.1 Staining of MNs
14.5.3.2 Histological Tissue Staining/Cryosectioning
14.5.3.3 Confocal Microscopy
14.5.4 In Situ Dissolution of DMNs
14.6 Applications of Dissolvable Microneedles
14.6.1 Cosmetic Industry
14.6.2 Skin Acne Infection
14.6.3 Cancer Applications
14.6.4 Pain Reliever
14.6.5 Diabetes Applications
14.6.6 Mucosa Therapy
14.7 Dissolvable MNs Undergoing Clinical Trials: Therapeutic Applications
14.8 Conclusion and Future Direction
Conflict of Interest
Funding
Acknowledgment
References
15. Advantages of Synthesized Nanocarriers from Saltmarsh Phytochemicals and Their Biological Applications
Balamurugan Palanisamy, Mohankumar Narayanan, Ramachandran Govindhan, Chackaravarthi Gnanasekaran, Rajivgandhi Govindhan and Manoharan Natesan
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Saltmarsh
15.3 Phytochemicals and Their Role
15.4 Nanocarriers
15.5 Synthesis of Nanocarriers
15.6 Types of Nanocarriers
15.6.1 Polymeric Nanocarriers
15.6.2 Liposomes
15.6.3 Micelles
15.6.4 Dendrimers
15.6.5 Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles
15.6.6 Carbon Nanotubes
15.6.7 Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs)
15.6.8 Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
15.6.9 Quantum Dots
15.7 Application of Phytochemical Nanocarriers
15.7.1 Antimicrobial Activity
15.7.2 Anticancer Activity
15.7.3 Photocatalytic Activity
15.7.4 Antioxidant
15.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
Index

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