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Submit a ProposalDiatom Photosynthesis
 | From Primary Production to High-Value Molecules Edited by Johannes W. Goessling, João Serôdio and Johann Lavaud Series: Diatoms: Biology and Applications Copyright: 2024 | Status: Published ISBN: 9781119842088 | Hardcover | 648 pages Price: $275 USD  |
One Line Description
This comprehensive guide is designed for researchers, professionals, and students looking to deepen their knowledge of diatoms, including detailed information on diatom photosynthesis regulation at the molecular scale, as well as their significant ecological roles, all aimed at promoting sustainable advancements and the safeguarding of aquatic ecosystems.
Audience
This book caters to academic professionals, students, and researchers in the fields of marine biology, ecology, microbiology, and biochemistry. It offers insights and benefits into diatom photosynthesis, diatom physiology, biodiversity, ecosystem health, and sustainable technological advancements.
This book caters to academic professionals, students, and researchers in the fields of marine biology, ecology, microbiology, and biochemistry. It offers insights and benefits into diatom photosynthesis, diatom physiology, biodiversity, ecosystem health, and sustainable technological advancements.
Description
Diatoms exert an immense influence on the ecosystem of Earth due to their remarkable abundance and species diversity. Thriving in diverse habitats spanning the oceans, intertidal benthic zones, saline and freshwater environments, and even terrestrial niches like moist soil, forests, and caves, they play an integral role. Diatoms alone account for around 20% of the oxygen generated by photosynthesis, comparable to the combined productivity of tropical rainforests worldwide, while their primary production can reach 40–45% in marine ecosystems. Nevertheless, in contrast to the extensive research on macroscopic photosynthetic organisms, investigations in this domain remain comparatively limited, despite the role of diatoms in global biogeochemical processes.
This book presents an exhaustive review of the subject matter, encompassing a wide spectrum of topics ranging from the intricate molecular mechanisms of diatom photosynthesis and light absorption to the dominant role of diatoms as primary producers within ecological frameworks. Beyond this, the book delves into the practical implications stemming from diatoms and their photosynthetic productivity. A strong emphasis is placed on the importance of fundamental research in deepening our understanding of the natural world around us.
Diatoms Photosynthesis provides readers with a
•comprehensive guide to understanding the fundamentals of diatom photosynthesis and their ecological significance in aquatic ecosystems;
•a guide to the potential of diatom-derived products for sustainable technologies;
•a roadmap from diatom photosynthesis to implications in applied sciences;
•a bridge to span the gap between fundamental research on diatoms and their practical applications.
Back to Top
Diatoms exert an immense influence on the ecosystem of Earth due to their remarkable abundance and species diversity. Thriving in diverse habitats spanning the oceans, intertidal benthic zones, saline and freshwater environments, and even terrestrial niches like moist soil, forests, and caves, they play an integral role. Diatoms alone account for around 20% of the oxygen generated by photosynthesis, comparable to the combined productivity of tropical rainforests worldwide, while their primary production can reach 40–45% in marine ecosystems. Nevertheless, in contrast to the extensive research on macroscopic photosynthetic organisms, investigations in this domain remain comparatively limited, despite the role of diatoms in global biogeochemical processes.
This book presents an exhaustive review of the subject matter, encompassing a wide spectrum of topics ranging from the intricate molecular mechanisms of diatom photosynthesis and light absorption to the dominant role of diatoms as primary producers within ecological frameworks. Beyond this, the book delves into the practical implications stemming from diatoms and their photosynthetic productivity. A strong emphasis is placed on the importance of fundamental research in deepening our understanding of the natural world around us.
Diatoms Photosynthesis provides readers with a
•comprehensive guide to understanding the fundamentals of diatom photosynthesis and their ecological significance in aquatic ecosystems;
•a guide to the potential of diatom-derived products for sustainable technologies;
•a roadmap from diatom photosynthesis to implications in applied sciences;
•a bridge to span the gap between fundamental research on diatoms and their practical applications.
Back to Top
Author / Editor Details
Johannes Wilhelm Goessling, PhD, is a researcher in the Department of Biology, Laboratory for Innovation and Sustainability of Marine Biological Resources, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Portugal. He received his PhD in marine biology from the University of Copenhagen, with a foundational background in biology, specifically focusing on plant physiology and plant ecophysiology. His research is centered on diatom frustules, investigating their interactions with light, giving rise to photonic properties. His research is regularly published in the top journals in the field.
Johannes Wilhelm Goessling, PhD, is a researcher in the Department of Biology, Laboratory for Innovation and Sustainability of Marine Biological Resources, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Portugal. He received his PhD in marine biology from the University of Copenhagen, with a foundational background in biology, specifically focusing on plant physiology and plant ecophysiology. His research is centered on diatom frustules, investigating their interactions with light, giving rise to photonic properties. His research is regularly published in the top journals in the field.
João Serôdio, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Biology at the University of Aveiro in Lisbon, Portugal. He received his PhD in biology from the University of Lisbon in 1999. His research focuses on the photobiology and ecophysiology of marine primary producers with a special emphasis on diatoms. He has authored more than 120 articles in international journals and has authored 7 peer-reviewed book chapters.
Johann Lavaud, PhD, is a scientist in the Laboratory for Environmental Marine Sciences at the European Institute for Marine Studies, University of Western Brittany, France. He completed his PhD on the photosynthesis of diatoms in 2002 at the ENS-University of Paris VI. His research focuses on the diversity and productivity of how diatoms are impacted by the environment. His research has been published in more than 80 articles in peer-reviewed international journals.
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Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
Part 1: Evolution and Genetics
1. Comparing Diatom Photosynthesis with the Green Lineage: Electron Transport,
Carbon Fixation and Metabolism
Dany Croteau, Erik Jensen, Christian Wilhelm and Benjamin Bailleul
Abbreviations
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Conservation and Diversity within Oxygenic Photosynthesis
1.3 Consequences of the Secondary Endosymbiosis and Thylakoid Ultrastructure
1.4 Different Modes of Photosynthetic Electron Flows
1.4.1 Cyclic Electron Flow Around PSI
1.4.2 Water-to-Water Cycles
1.4.3 Other AEFs
1.5 Regulation of CO2 Concentration, CO2 Fixation and Carbon Metabolism
1.5.1 Carbon Fixation, Rubisco and Calvin-Benson-Bassham Cycle
1.5.2 Carbon Concentration Mechanisms and Pyrenoid
1.5.3 Other Metabolic Pathways in the Plastid
1.6 General Response of Photosynthesis to Environmental Stresses
1.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
2. Genetic Regulation of Diatom Photosynthesis: Understanding and Exploiting
Genetic Diversity
Charlotte Volpe, Marianne Nymark and Tore Brembu
Abbreviations
2.1 Regulation of Photosynthesis
2.2 Diatom Genomes
2.3 Photosynthetic Components in Diatom Genomes
2.4 Responses to Changes in Light Intensity
2.5 Circadian Rhythmicity
2.6 Responses to Changes in Light Quality
2.7 Retrograde Signaling
2.8 Gene Editing for Functional Characterization and Commercial Applications
2.9 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
3. Evolution of Plastids and Mitochondria in Diatoms
Ansgar Gruber and Miroslav Oborník
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Origin and Evolution of Diatom Plastids
3.2.1 Plastid Endosymbioses
3.2.2 Origin of Plastids in Diatoms
3.2.3 Origin of Mitochondria in Diatoms
3.3 Derived States of Diatom Plastids
3.3.1 Diatoms as Endosymbionts in Dinoflagellates
3.3.2 Reductive Plastid Evolution
3.4 Consequences of Complex Plastid Acquisition
3.4.1 Protein Transport to Plastids and Mitochondria in Diatoms
3.4.2 Mosaic Organellar Proteomes of Diatoms
3.4.3 Novel Intracellular Distributions of Metabolic Pathways in Diatoms
3.5 Conclusions and Outlook
Acknowledgments
References
4. Structure and Dynamics of the Diatom Chloroplast
Monika Bojko, Stanisław Listwan, Reimund Goss and Dariusz Latowski
Abbreviation
4.1 Evolution and Structure of Diatom Chloroplasts
4.2 Architecture of the Diatom Thylakoid Membrane
4.2.1 Role of Lipids in the Architecture of Diatom Thylakoids
4.2.2 Role of Photosynthetic Proteins in Shaping the Membrane Structure of Diatoms
4.2.2.1 Fucoxanthin Chlorophyll Proteins – Structure and Composition
4.2.2.2 PSI and PSII Structures
4.2.3 Domain Model of the Diatom Thylakoid Membrane
4.3 Molecular Dynamics and Structure of the Diatom Thylakoid Membrane Under Different Light Conditions
4.4 Molecular Dynamics and Structure of the Diatom Thylakoid Membrane Under Different Thermal Conditions
4.5 Conclusion
References
Part 2: Interaction with Light
5. Pigments in Diatoms: Light Absorption and Beyond
Paulina Kuczyńska, Małgorzata Jemioła-Rzemińska and Kazimierz Strzałka
5.1 Environmental Factors Affect Pigments in Diatoms
5.2 Diatoms are Well Adapted to Changing Light Conditions
5.3 Photosynthetic Pigments in Diatoms are Chlorophylls and Carotenoids
5.4 The Main Pigment in Diatoms – Chlorophyll a Plays a Central Role in Photochemical Energy Conversion
5.5 Chlorophyll c Participates in Photosynthesis as an Accessory Pigment
5.6 Fucoxanthin-Binding Proteins in Diatoms Play a Special Role
5.7 Regulation of Protochlorophyllide Oxidoreductases was Examined in Diatoms but Further Steps of Chlorophyll c Biosynthesis Remain Unclear
5.8 Fucoxanthin is the Main Light-Harvesting Carotenoid in Diatom
5.9 High Bioavailability and Bioactivity of Fucoxanthin Makes It a Desirable
Compound Obtained by Extraction
5.10 Beneficial Effects of Fucoxanthin are Versatile
5.11 Diadinoxanthin and Diatoxanthin are Involved in Cyclic Changes, Ensuring Photoprotection
5.12 Diatoms Also Possess the Violaxanthin Cycle, but It is not the First Line of Defense Against Excessive Light Energy
5.13 Mechanisms of NPQ in Diatoms are Complex and Differ Depending on Species
5.14 Many Carotenogenic Enzymes and Genes in Diatoms Have not yet Been Revealed
5.15 Analysis and Production of Diatom Pigments are Challenging Tasks with
Promising Prospects
5.16 Conclusions
References
6. Function, Structure and Organization of Light-Harvesting Proteins in Diatoms
Charlotte Volpe and Claudia Büchel
Abbreviations
6.1 Introduction
6.2 The FCP Proteins
6.3 Structure, Pigmentation and Energy Transfer
6.4 Macroorganization of FCP-PSI/II Supercomplexes
6.5 Role of the Chloroplast Signal Recognition Particle Pathway (CpSRP)
6.6 Balancing Light Absorption and Photoprotection
6.6.1 Non-Photochemical Quenching (NPQ)
6.6.2 Flexibility in Photoprotective Response: Possible Consequence of Light Niche Occupancy
6.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
7. Sensing Light Underwater: An Update on Photoreceptors in Diatoms
Manuel Serif and Per Winge
Abbreviations
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Rhodopsins
7.3 Phytochromes
7.4 Cryptochrome/Photolyase Family
7.5 Aureochromes
7.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
8. Non-Invasive Biophysical Techniques to Monitor the Structural Plasticity of the Photosynthetic Machinery of Live Diatom Cells
Milán Szabó, Gergely Nagy and Győző Garab
Abbreviations
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy
8.2.1 Intrinsic CD
8.2.2 Excitonic CD
8.2.3 Psi-Type CD
8.2.4 Reorganizations of the Pigment System as Reflected by ΔCD
8.3 Small-Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS)
8.4 Electrochromic Shift Absorbance Transients
8.5 Conclusions and Outlook
Acknowledgments
References
9. Hypotheses on Frustule Functionalities: From Single Species Analysis to
Systematic Approaches
Johannes W. Goessling, Matt P. Ashworth, Marianne Ellegaard, João Serôdio and Martin Lopez Garcia
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Frustule Fundamentals: Chemistry, Formation, Reproduction
9.2.1 Chemical Composition
9.2.2 Biosilicification and Frustule Formation
9.2.3 Life Cycle and Aging
9.3 Examples of Unique Frustule Systems
9.3.1 Raphe Systems and Locomotion
9.3.2 Other Frustule Structural Features Linked to Secretion
9.4 Physicochemical Properties
9.4.1 Desiccation in Early Diatoms
9.4.2 Nutrient Diffusion and CO2 Uptake
9.5 Physical Properties
9.5.1 A Protective Armor
9.5.2 Pore Filtering of Harmful Agents
9.5.3 Ballast and Sinking
9.6 Frustule as an Optical System
9.6.1 Refractive Index of the Frustule
9.6.2 UV Shielding and Wavelength Conversion
9.6.3 Optical Properties of Valves
9.6.3.1 Lensing and Diffraction Based on Valve Asymmetry
9.6.3.2 Waveguiding, Evanescent Field Coupling, and Chloroplast Movement
9.6.4 Photonic Crystal Properties in Girdle Bands
9.6.5 Taxonomic and Ultrastructural Caveats
9.7 Conclusions and Outlook
Acknowledgments
References
Part 3: Primary Production and Ecology
10. Extracellular Polymeric Substance Production by Benthic Pennate Diatoms
Graham J. C. Underwood
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Types of EPS Produced by Benthic Diatoms
10.2.1 Solubility and Molecular Size Characterization of Different EPS
10.2.2 Chemical Composition and Structures of EPS
10.3 Functions of EPS in Benthic Diatoms in Relation to Chemical Composition
10.4 Metabolic Pathways of EPS Production and Regulation in Diatoms
10.5 Interactions Between Diatoms, EPS and Bacteria
10.6 Future Directions
Acknowledgments
References
11. Diatom Primary Production in Headwater Streams: A Limited but Essential Process
Joey Allen, Michael Danger, Carlos Eduardo Wetzel, Vincent Felten and Martin Laviale
11.1 Ecological Relevance of Headwater Stream Ecosystems
11.2 Diatom Primary Production is Highly Constrained in Headwater Streams
11.2.1 Role of Abiotic Conditions
11.2.2 Effects of Allochthonous Organic Matter Input and Its Decomposers on Diatoms
11.3 Diatoms as High-Quality Resources for Other Organisms
11.3.1 Diatoms Play an Important Role for Microbial Decomposers
11.3.2 Role of Diatoms for Higher Trophic Levels
11.4 Anthropogenic Impacts on Diatom Contributions to Headwater Stream Functioning
11.5 Headwater Diatom Community Functioning is Supported by Unique Biodiversity
11.6 Conclusion and Perspectives
Acknowledgment
References
12. Present and Future Perspectives for Bioassessment of Running Water Using Diatoms
Salomé FP Almeida and Maria J. Feio
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Potential of Diatoms as Indicators in Running Water Quality Assessment
12.3 Water Quality Assessment Methods
12.3.1 Standardizing Diatom Metrics for Consistent and Unified Application in the Bioassessment of Running Waters
12.3.2 Predictive Models
12.3.3 Morphology-Based Methods
12.4 Molecular-Based Methods
12.4.1 Environmental DNA (eDNA) and Metabarcoding
12.4.2 Metabarcoding Workflow and Main Biases
12.5 Transitioning from Morphology-Based to eDNA-Based Biomonitoring: Available Options
12.5.1 Taxonomy Assignment Methods
12.5.2 Taxonomy-Free Approaches
12.5.3 Enhancing Bioassessment through the Integration of Molecular Data
12.6 Conclusions
References
13. Photosynthetic and Growth Responses of Planktonic Diatoms to Ocean Global Changes
Peng Jin, John Beardall and Kunshan Gao
13.1 Introduction
13.2 The Effects of Elevated CO2 and Ocean Acidification
13.3 The Effects of Ocean Warming
13.4 The Effects of UVR
13.5 Combined Effects of Ocean Acidification and Warming
13.6 Combined Effects of Ocean Acidification and UVR
13.7 Combined Effects of Ocean Acidification and Deoxygenation
13.8 Ocean Acidification Effects Under Multiple Drivers
13.9 Ecological Implications
13.10 Conclusions and Recommendations
Acknowledgments
References
Part 4: Cultivation and Application
14. Culturing Diatoms
Daniel Vaulot, Gust Bilcke, Peter Chaerle, Angela Falciatore, Priscillia Gourvil, Michael W. Lomas, Ian Probert and Wim Vyverman
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Current Diversity of Diatoms in Culture
14.3 Isolation of Diatom Cultures
14.3.1 Sampling
14.3.2 Isolation Strategies
14.3.3 Culture Media for Isolation
14.3.4 Characterization of Isolates
14.3.5 Information Management
14.4 Culture of Diatoms
14.5 Life Cycles
14.6 Cryopreservation
14.7 Diatom Strains Amenable to Genetic Engineering
14.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Supplementary Material
15. Diatom Biofilm: Ecology and Cultivation from Laboratory to Industrial Level
Mary Dianne Grace Arnaldo, Aurélie Mossion, Thierry Beignon, Hugo Vuillemin, Freddy Guihéneuf, Gaëtane Wielgosz-Collin and Vona Méléder
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Natural Biofilms
15.2.1 Ecosystem Functions
15.2.2 Structure and Formation
15.3 Artificial Algal Biofilm Systems
15.3.1 Bioassay Devices
15.3.2 Mass Production Devices
15.4 Conclusion and Perspective
Acknowledgments
References
16. Opportunities and Challenges of Diatom Cell Factory for Human Health
Clementina Sansone, Angelo Del Mondo, Luigi Pistelli, Arianna Smerilli, Maria Saggiomo and Christophe Brunet
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Carotenoids
16.2.1 Content and Modulation
16.2.2 Bioactivity
16.2.2.1 Fucoxanthin
16.2.2.2 Xanthophyll Cycle Pigments
16.3 Vitamins
16.3.1 Content and Modulation
16.3.1.1 Fat-Soluble Vitamins
16.3.1.2 Water-Soluble Vitamins
16.3.2 Bioactivity
16.4 Polyphenols
16.4.1 Content and Modulation
16.4.2 Bioactivity
16.5 Phytosterols
16.5.1 Content and Modulation
16.5.2 Bioactivity
16.6 Polysaccharides
16.6.1 Content and Modulation
16.6.1.1 Storage Polysaccharides
16.6.1.2 Cell Wall Polysaccharides and Chitinous Spines
16.6.1.3 Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS)
16.6.2 Bioactivity
16.7 Polar Diatoms: New Model for Biotechnology?
16.8 Filling the Gap between Diatoms Biological Traits and Biotechnological Use
16.9 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
17. Diatom-Based Bioproducts and the Potential of Frustules in Drug Delivery
Pankaj Kumar Singh, Abhishek Saxena and Archana Tiwari
17.1 Introduction
17.2 High-Value Products Derived from Diatoms
17.2.1 Utilization of Diatom Pigments
17.2.2 Fatty Acids from Diatoms
17.2.3 Extraction of Biofuels
17.3 Diatom as Drug Delivery Carriers
17.3.1 Frustule Purification for Bio-Application
17.3.2 Surface Modification of Frustules
17.3.3 Frustules as Drug Delivery System
17.3.4 Diatom-Based Nano-Hybrids as Drug Delivery System
17.4 Therapeutic Applications of Diatoms
17.4.1 Cancer Treatment
17.4.2 Chemotherapeutics
17.4.3 Colorectal Cancer Targeted Delivery
17.4.4 Bioactive Compounds from Diatoms
17.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Part 5: Diatoms as Representative Organisms for the Protection of Marine Genetic Resources
18. A Journey to Mars with Diatoms on Board
Louisa Reissig, Mohamed Ghobara, Christian Maibohm and Johannes W. Goessling
18.1 Introduction
18.2 The Living Diatom
18.2.1 Diatom Cultivation in the BLSS
18.2.2 Oxygen Production
18.2.3 Diversity, Availability, Reproduction
18.3 The Diatom Frustule: A Sustainable Source of Porous Silica
18.3.1 Promising Bulk Material as an In Situ Resource in Space
18.3.2 Utilization in Nanotechnologies
18.3.2.1 Toolkits for Microfluidic Systems and ‘Lab-on-a-Chip’ Technologies
18.3.2.2 Chemical Sensing Platforms
18.3.2.3 Catalytic Platforms
18.3.2.4 Optical Micro-Components for Optoelectronic Devices
18.3.2.5 Frustules as Modifiable Microelements
18.4 The Evolving Diatom
18.4.1 Risks of Diatom Transportation to Space
18.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
19. Legal Regime of Marine Genetic Resources in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction
Gemma Andreone, Valentina Rossi and Giovanni Ardito
Abbreviations
19.1 Introduction
19.2 The Current Legal Framework
19.3 The Notion of Marine Genetic Resources
19.4 Bioprospecting and Marine Scientific Research: Access to and Collection of Marine Genetic Resources
19.5 Spatial Scope (High Seas-Area) and Legal Status of MGRs in ABNJ (Common Heritage of Mankind vs Freedom of the Seas)
19.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Subject Index
Taxonomic Index
Back to Top
Preface
Acknowledgements
Part 1: Evolution and Genetics
1. Comparing Diatom Photosynthesis with the Green Lineage: Electron Transport,
Carbon Fixation and Metabolism
Dany Croteau, Erik Jensen, Christian Wilhelm and Benjamin Bailleul
Abbreviations
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Conservation and Diversity within Oxygenic Photosynthesis
1.3 Consequences of the Secondary Endosymbiosis and Thylakoid Ultrastructure
1.4 Different Modes of Photosynthetic Electron Flows
1.4.1 Cyclic Electron Flow Around PSI
1.4.2 Water-to-Water Cycles
1.4.3 Other AEFs
1.5 Regulation of CO2 Concentration, CO2 Fixation and Carbon Metabolism
1.5.1 Carbon Fixation, Rubisco and Calvin-Benson-Bassham Cycle
1.5.2 Carbon Concentration Mechanisms and Pyrenoid
1.5.3 Other Metabolic Pathways in the Plastid
1.6 General Response of Photosynthesis to Environmental Stresses
1.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
2. Genetic Regulation of Diatom Photosynthesis: Understanding and Exploiting
Genetic Diversity
Charlotte Volpe, Marianne Nymark and Tore Brembu
Abbreviations
2.1 Regulation of Photosynthesis
2.2 Diatom Genomes
2.3 Photosynthetic Components in Diatom Genomes
2.4 Responses to Changes in Light Intensity
2.5 Circadian Rhythmicity
2.6 Responses to Changes in Light Quality
2.7 Retrograde Signaling
2.8 Gene Editing for Functional Characterization and Commercial Applications
2.9 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
3. Evolution of Plastids and Mitochondria in Diatoms
Ansgar Gruber and Miroslav Oborník
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Origin and Evolution of Diatom Plastids
3.2.1 Plastid Endosymbioses
3.2.2 Origin of Plastids in Diatoms
3.2.3 Origin of Mitochondria in Diatoms
3.3 Derived States of Diatom Plastids
3.3.1 Diatoms as Endosymbionts in Dinoflagellates
3.3.2 Reductive Plastid Evolution
3.4 Consequences of Complex Plastid Acquisition
3.4.1 Protein Transport to Plastids and Mitochondria in Diatoms
3.4.2 Mosaic Organellar Proteomes of Diatoms
3.4.3 Novel Intracellular Distributions of Metabolic Pathways in Diatoms
3.5 Conclusions and Outlook
Acknowledgments
References
4. Structure and Dynamics of the Diatom Chloroplast
Monika Bojko, Stanisław Listwan, Reimund Goss and Dariusz Latowski
Abbreviation
4.1 Evolution and Structure of Diatom Chloroplasts
4.2 Architecture of the Diatom Thylakoid Membrane
4.2.1 Role of Lipids in the Architecture of Diatom Thylakoids
4.2.2 Role of Photosynthetic Proteins in Shaping the Membrane Structure of Diatoms
4.2.2.1 Fucoxanthin Chlorophyll Proteins – Structure and Composition
4.2.2.2 PSI and PSII Structures
4.2.3 Domain Model of the Diatom Thylakoid Membrane
4.3 Molecular Dynamics and Structure of the Diatom Thylakoid Membrane Under Different Light Conditions
4.4 Molecular Dynamics and Structure of the Diatom Thylakoid Membrane Under Different Thermal Conditions
4.5 Conclusion
References
Part 2: Interaction with Light
5. Pigments in Diatoms: Light Absorption and Beyond
Paulina Kuczyńska, Małgorzata Jemioła-Rzemińska and Kazimierz Strzałka
5.1 Environmental Factors Affect Pigments in Diatoms
5.2 Diatoms are Well Adapted to Changing Light Conditions
5.3 Photosynthetic Pigments in Diatoms are Chlorophylls and Carotenoids
5.4 The Main Pigment in Diatoms – Chlorophyll a Plays a Central Role in Photochemical Energy Conversion
5.5 Chlorophyll c Participates in Photosynthesis as an Accessory Pigment
5.6 Fucoxanthin-Binding Proteins in Diatoms Play a Special Role
5.7 Regulation of Protochlorophyllide Oxidoreductases was Examined in Diatoms but Further Steps of Chlorophyll c Biosynthesis Remain Unclear
5.8 Fucoxanthin is the Main Light-Harvesting Carotenoid in Diatom
5.9 High Bioavailability and Bioactivity of Fucoxanthin Makes It a Desirable
Compound Obtained by Extraction
5.10 Beneficial Effects of Fucoxanthin are Versatile
5.11 Diadinoxanthin and Diatoxanthin are Involved in Cyclic Changes, Ensuring Photoprotection
5.12 Diatoms Also Possess the Violaxanthin Cycle, but It is not the First Line of Defense Against Excessive Light Energy
5.13 Mechanisms of NPQ in Diatoms are Complex and Differ Depending on Species
5.14 Many Carotenogenic Enzymes and Genes in Diatoms Have not yet Been Revealed
5.15 Analysis and Production of Diatom Pigments are Challenging Tasks with
Promising Prospects
5.16 Conclusions
References
6. Function, Structure and Organization of Light-Harvesting Proteins in Diatoms
Charlotte Volpe and Claudia Büchel
Abbreviations
6.1 Introduction
6.2 The FCP Proteins
6.3 Structure, Pigmentation and Energy Transfer
6.4 Macroorganization of FCP-PSI/II Supercomplexes
6.5 Role of the Chloroplast Signal Recognition Particle Pathway (CpSRP)
6.6 Balancing Light Absorption and Photoprotection
6.6.1 Non-Photochemical Quenching (NPQ)
6.6.2 Flexibility in Photoprotective Response: Possible Consequence of Light Niche Occupancy
6.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
7. Sensing Light Underwater: An Update on Photoreceptors in Diatoms
Manuel Serif and Per Winge
Abbreviations
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Rhodopsins
7.3 Phytochromes
7.4 Cryptochrome/Photolyase Family
7.5 Aureochromes
7.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
8. Non-Invasive Biophysical Techniques to Monitor the Structural Plasticity of the Photosynthetic Machinery of Live Diatom Cells
Milán Szabó, Gergely Nagy and Győző Garab
Abbreviations
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy
8.2.1 Intrinsic CD
8.2.2 Excitonic CD
8.2.3 Psi-Type CD
8.2.4 Reorganizations of the Pigment System as Reflected by ΔCD
8.3 Small-Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS)
8.4 Electrochromic Shift Absorbance Transients
8.5 Conclusions and Outlook
Acknowledgments
References
9. Hypotheses on Frustule Functionalities: From Single Species Analysis to
Systematic Approaches
Johannes W. Goessling, Matt P. Ashworth, Marianne Ellegaard, João Serôdio and Martin Lopez Garcia
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Frustule Fundamentals: Chemistry, Formation, Reproduction
9.2.1 Chemical Composition
9.2.2 Biosilicification and Frustule Formation
9.2.3 Life Cycle and Aging
9.3 Examples of Unique Frustule Systems
9.3.1 Raphe Systems and Locomotion
9.3.2 Other Frustule Structural Features Linked to Secretion
9.4 Physicochemical Properties
9.4.1 Desiccation in Early Diatoms
9.4.2 Nutrient Diffusion and CO2 Uptake
9.5 Physical Properties
9.5.1 A Protective Armor
9.5.2 Pore Filtering of Harmful Agents
9.5.3 Ballast and Sinking
9.6 Frustule as an Optical System
9.6.1 Refractive Index of the Frustule
9.6.2 UV Shielding and Wavelength Conversion
9.6.3 Optical Properties of Valves
9.6.3.1 Lensing and Diffraction Based on Valve Asymmetry
9.6.3.2 Waveguiding, Evanescent Field Coupling, and Chloroplast Movement
9.6.4 Photonic Crystal Properties in Girdle Bands
9.6.5 Taxonomic and Ultrastructural Caveats
9.7 Conclusions and Outlook
Acknowledgments
References
Part 3: Primary Production and Ecology
10. Extracellular Polymeric Substance Production by Benthic Pennate Diatoms
Graham J. C. Underwood
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Types of EPS Produced by Benthic Diatoms
10.2.1 Solubility and Molecular Size Characterization of Different EPS
10.2.2 Chemical Composition and Structures of EPS
10.3 Functions of EPS in Benthic Diatoms in Relation to Chemical Composition
10.4 Metabolic Pathways of EPS Production and Regulation in Diatoms
10.5 Interactions Between Diatoms, EPS and Bacteria
10.6 Future Directions
Acknowledgments
References
11. Diatom Primary Production in Headwater Streams: A Limited but Essential Process
Joey Allen, Michael Danger, Carlos Eduardo Wetzel, Vincent Felten and Martin Laviale
11.1 Ecological Relevance of Headwater Stream Ecosystems
11.2 Diatom Primary Production is Highly Constrained in Headwater Streams
11.2.1 Role of Abiotic Conditions
11.2.2 Effects of Allochthonous Organic Matter Input and Its Decomposers on Diatoms
11.3 Diatoms as High-Quality Resources for Other Organisms
11.3.1 Diatoms Play an Important Role for Microbial Decomposers
11.3.2 Role of Diatoms for Higher Trophic Levels
11.4 Anthropogenic Impacts on Diatom Contributions to Headwater Stream Functioning
11.5 Headwater Diatom Community Functioning is Supported by Unique Biodiversity
11.6 Conclusion and Perspectives
Acknowledgment
References
12. Present and Future Perspectives for Bioassessment of Running Water Using Diatoms
Salomé FP Almeida and Maria J. Feio
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Potential of Diatoms as Indicators in Running Water Quality Assessment
12.3 Water Quality Assessment Methods
12.3.1 Standardizing Diatom Metrics for Consistent and Unified Application in the Bioassessment of Running Waters
12.3.2 Predictive Models
12.3.3 Morphology-Based Methods
12.4 Molecular-Based Methods
12.4.1 Environmental DNA (eDNA) and Metabarcoding
12.4.2 Metabarcoding Workflow and Main Biases
12.5 Transitioning from Morphology-Based to eDNA-Based Biomonitoring: Available Options
12.5.1 Taxonomy Assignment Methods
12.5.2 Taxonomy-Free Approaches
12.5.3 Enhancing Bioassessment through the Integration of Molecular Data
12.6 Conclusions
References
13. Photosynthetic and Growth Responses of Planktonic Diatoms to Ocean Global Changes
Peng Jin, John Beardall and Kunshan Gao
13.1 Introduction
13.2 The Effects of Elevated CO2 and Ocean Acidification
13.3 The Effects of Ocean Warming
13.4 The Effects of UVR
13.5 Combined Effects of Ocean Acidification and Warming
13.6 Combined Effects of Ocean Acidification and UVR
13.7 Combined Effects of Ocean Acidification and Deoxygenation
13.8 Ocean Acidification Effects Under Multiple Drivers
13.9 Ecological Implications
13.10 Conclusions and Recommendations
Acknowledgments
References
Part 4: Cultivation and Application
14. Culturing Diatoms
Daniel Vaulot, Gust Bilcke, Peter Chaerle, Angela Falciatore, Priscillia Gourvil, Michael W. Lomas, Ian Probert and Wim Vyverman
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Current Diversity of Diatoms in Culture
14.3 Isolation of Diatom Cultures
14.3.1 Sampling
14.3.2 Isolation Strategies
14.3.3 Culture Media for Isolation
14.3.4 Characterization of Isolates
14.3.5 Information Management
14.4 Culture of Diatoms
14.5 Life Cycles
14.6 Cryopreservation
14.7 Diatom Strains Amenable to Genetic Engineering
14.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Supplementary Material
15. Diatom Biofilm: Ecology and Cultivation from Laboratory to Industrial Level
Mary Dianne Grace Arnaldo, Aurélie Mossion, Thierry Beignon, Hugo Vuillemin, Freddy Guihéneuf, Gaëtane Wielgosz-Collin and Vona Méléder
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Natural Biofilms
15.2.1 Ecosystem Functions
15.2.2 Structure and Formation
15.3 Artificial Algal Biofilm Systems
15.3.1 Bioassay Devices
15.3.2 Mass Production Devices
15.4 Conclusion and Perspective
Acknowledgments
References
16. Opportunities and Challenges of Diatom Cell Factory for Human Health
Clementina Sansone, Angelo Del Mondo, Luigi Pistelli, Arianna Smerilli, Maria Saggiomo and Christophe Brunet
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Carotenoids
16.2.1 Content and Modulation
16.2.2 Bioactivity
16.2.2.1 Fucoxanthin
16.2.2.2 Xanthophyll Cycle Pigments
16.3 Vitamins
16.3.1 Content and Modulation
16.3.1.1 Fat-Soluble Vitamins
16.3.1.2 Water-Soluble Vitamins
16.3.2 Bioactivity
16.4 Polyphenols
16.4.1 Content and Modulation
16.4.2 Bioactivity
16.5 Phytosterols
16.5.1 Content and Modulation
16.5.2 Bioactivity
16.6 Polysaccharides
16.6.1 Content and Modulation
16.6.1.1 Storage Polysaccharides
16.6.1.2 Cell Wall Polysaccharides and Chitinous Spines
16.6.1.3 Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS)
16.6.2 Bioactivity
16.7 Polar Diatoms: New Model for Biotechnology?
16.8 Filling the Gap between Diatoms Biological Traits and Biotechnological Use
16.9 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
17. Diatom-Based Bioproducts and the Potential of Frustules in Drug Delivery
Pankaj Kumar Singh, Abhishek Saxena and Archana Tiwari
17.1 Introduction
17.2 High-Value Products Derived from Diatoms
17.2.1 Utilization of Diatom Pigments
17.2.2 Fatty Acids from Diatoms
17.2.3 Extraction of Biofuels
17.3 Diatom as Drug Delivery Carriers
17.3.1 Frustule Purification for Bio-Application
17.3.2 Surface Modification of Frustules
17.3.3 Frustules as Drug Delivery System
17.3.4 Diatom-Based Nano-Hybrids as Drug Delivery System
17.4 Therapeutic Applications of Diatoms
17.4.1 Cancer Treatment
17.4.2 Chemotherapeutics
17.4.3 Colorectal Cancer Targeted Delivery
17.4.4 Bioactive Compounds from Diatoms
17.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Part 5: Diatoms as Representative Organisms for the Protection of Marine Genetic Resources
18. A Journey to Mars with Diatoms on Board
Louisa Reissig, Mohamed Ghobara, Christian Maibohm and Johannes W. Goessling
18.1 Introduction
18.2 The Living Diatom
18.2.1 Diatom Cultivation in the BLSS
18.2.2 Oxygen Production
18.2.3 Diversity, Availability, Reproduction
18.3 The Diatom Frustule: A Sustainable Source of Porous Silica
18.3.1 Promising Bulk Material as an In Situ Resource in Space
18.3.2 Utilization in Nanotechnologies
18.3.2.1 Toolkits for Microfluidic Systems and ‘Lab-on-a-Chip’ Technologies
18.3.2.2 Chemical Sensing Platforms
18.3.2.3 Catalytic Platforms
18.3.2.4 Optical Micro-Components for Optoelectronic Devices
18.3.2.5 Frustules as Modifiable Microelements
18.4 The Evolving Diatom
18.4.1 Risks of Diatom Transportation to Space
18.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
19. Legal Regime of Marine Genetic Resources in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction
Gemma Andreone, Valentina Rossi and Giovanni Ardito
Abbreviations
19.1 Introduction
19.2 The Current Legal Framework
19.3 The Notion of Marine Genetic Resources
19.4 Bioprospecting and Marine Scientific Research: Access to and Collection of Marine Genetic Resources
19.5 Spatial Scope (High Seas-Area) and Legal Status of MGRs in ABNJ (Common Heritage of Mankind vs Freedom of the Seas)
19.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Subject Index
Taxonomic Index
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