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Submit a ProposalElectrocatalytic Materials for Renewable Energy
 | Edited by Sudheesh K. Shukla, Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain, Santanu Patra and Meenakshi Choudhary
Copyright: 2024 | Status: Published ISBN: 9781119901051 | Hardcover | 416 pages Price: $225 USD  |
One Line Description
The book provides a comprehensive overview of various electrocatalytic
materials and their applications in renewable energy therebypromoting a sustainable and clean energy future for all.
Audience
This book is intended for researchers and professionals in the fields of materials science, chemistry, physics, and engineering who are interested in the development and utilization of electrocatalytic materials for renewable energy.
This book is intended for researchers and professionals in the fields of materials science, chemistry, physics, and engineering who are interested in the development and utilization of electrocatalytic materials for renewable energy.
Description
As an important branch of catalysts, electrocatalytic materials exhibit important catalytic reactions that can convert and store energy through reactions involving electron transfer. However, the study of electrocatalytic materials presents a huge challenge due to the highly complicated reaction network, the variety of reaction selectivity, and the puzzling reaction mechanisms. Tremendous research efforts have been made toward the fabrication of efficient electrocatalytic materials that can be used in the energy sectors.
The book covers a wide range of topics, including the synthesis, characterization, and performance evaluation of electrocatalytic materials for different renewable energy applications. Furthermore, the book discusses the challenges and opportunities associated with the development and utilization of electrocatalytic materials for renewable energy. The future utility of different electrocatalytic materials is also well-defined in the context of the renewable energy approach.
The contributors to this book are leading experts in the field of electrocatalytic materials for renewable energy, including scientists and engineers from academia, industry, and national laboratories. Their collective expertise and knowledge provide valuable insights into the latest advances in electrocatalysis for renewable energy applications.
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As an important branch of catalysts, electrocatalytic materials exhibit important catalytic reactions that can convert and store energy through reactions involving electron transfer. However, the study of electrocatalytic materials presents a huge challenge due to the highly complicated reaction network, the variety of reaction selectivity, and the puzzling reaction mechanisms. Tremendous research efforts have been made toward the fabrication of efficient electrocatalytic materials that can be used in the energy sectors.
The book covers a wide range of topics, including the synthesis, characterization, and performance evaluation of electrocatalytic materials for different renewable energy applications. Furthermore, the book discusses the challenges and opportunities associated with the development and utilization of electrocatalytic materials for renewable energy. The future utility of different electrocatalytic materials is also well-defined in the context of the renewable energy approach.
The contributors to this book are leading experts in the field of electrocatalytic materials for renewable energy, including scientists and engineers from academia, industry, and national laboratories. Their collective expertise and knowledge provide valuable insights into the latest advances in electrocatalysis for renewable energy applications.
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Author / Editor Details
Sudheesh Shukla, PhD, is an assistant professor at the School of Chemical Engineering and Physical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab, India, and adjunct faculty at the Department of Chemical Sciences at the University of Johannesburg in South Africa. His current research focuses on stimuli-encoded polymeric and two-dimensional-based nanobioreactors for novel sensor fabrication and actuation technologies. He is an associate editor of the International Journal of Advanced Engineering & Global Technology.
Sudheesh Shukla, PhD, is an assistant professor at the School of Chemical Engineering and Physical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab, India, and adjunct faculty at the Department of Chemical Sciences at the University of Johannesburg in South Africa. His current research focuses on stimuli-encoded polymeric and two-dimensional-based nanobioreactors for novel sensor fabrication and actuation technologies. He is an associate editor of the International Journal of Advanced Engineering & Global Technology.
Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain, PhD, is an adjunct professor and director of labs in the Department of Chemistry & Environmental Sciences at the New Jersey Institute of Technology in Newark, New Jersey. His research focuses on the application of nanotechnology & advanced technologies and materials, analytical chemistry, environmental management, and various industries. He has written numerous papers in peer-reviewed journals and editor of scientific monographs and handbooks.
Santanu Patra, PhD, is located in the Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark. He received his doctorate in chemistry from the Indian Institute of Technology, Dhanbad. His research focuses on novel lab-on-a-chip sensing technology along with fabrications of separation devices by integrating functional materials with micro and nanosystems.
Meenakshi Choudhary, PhD, is an assistant professor at the School of Chemical Engineering and Physical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab, India. Her main research focuses on improving electrical interfacing between biological systems and electronics. She has more than 30 publications in international peer-reviewed journals.
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Table of Contents
Preface
1. An Introduction to the Exploration of the Electronic Structure Properties of Biologically Active Natural Compounds Using Quantum Chemical Methods
Ashok Kumar Mishra, Satya Prakash Tewari and Aniket Kumar
1.1 Natural Compounds: Past, Present, and Future
1.2 Theoretical Framework for Quantum Chemical Calculations
1.2.1 Ab-Initio Methods
1.2.1.1 Hartree–Fock (HF) Theory
1.2.1.2 Moller–Plesset (MP) Perturbation Theory
1.2.1.3 Configuration Interaction (CI) Method
1.2.1.4 Coupled Cluster Method (CCM)
1.2.2 Semiempirical Methods
1.2.3 Molecular Mechanics
1.2.4 Molecular Dynamics
1.2.5 Density Functional Theory (DFT)
1.3 Theoretical Framework for Biological Activity
1.3.1 Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationship (QSAR)
1.3.2 Quantitative Structure–Property Relationship (QSPR)
1.3.3 Molecular Docking
1.4 Future Scope
References
2. Facile Synthesis of Hybrid Fe3O4/ZnO Nanosphere Composites and Their Potential Applications in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
Y. Prapawasit, P. Hemnil, V. Karthikeyan, T. Wongwuttanasatian, Müslüm Arici and V. Seithtanabutara
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Materials and Methods
2.2.1 Materials
2.2.2 Photocatalyst Synthesis Methods
2.2.3 Prepared Sample Characterization
2.3 Results and Discussion
2.3.1 XRD Pattern
2.3.2 Dispersion of the Particle
2.3.3 FTIR Analysis
2.3.4 TGA and DTG
2.3.5 BET Analysis
2.3.6 UV–Vis Spectra
2.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
3. Study and Analysis of Hybrid Nanofluid-Based Heat Pipes for Renewable Energy Applications
Ramkumar Venkatasamy, Joshuva Arockia Dhanraj, Nadanakumar Vinayagam, Chatchai Sirisamphanwong, Karthikeyan Velmurugan, Rattaporn Ngoenmeesri and Chattariya Sirisamphanwong
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Materials and Methods
3.2.1 Heat Pipe
3.2.2 Container
3.2.3 Nanofluids
3.2.4 Deep Convolutional Neural Network
3.3 Methodology and Experimental Analysis
3.3.1 DCNN Model of a Heat Pipe with Hybrid Nanofluid
3.4 Results and Discussion
3.5 Conclusion
References
4. Nanosilver-Based Electrocatalytic Materials
Ahmed Mourtada Elseman and Sabah M. Abdelbasir
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Synthesis Methodologies of Silver-Based Nanomaterials
4.2.1 Physical Techniques
4.2.2 Chemical Techniques
4.2.2.1 Chemical Reduction Technique
4.2.2.2 Sonochemical Synthesis
4.2.2.3 Microwave-Aided Synthesis
4.3 Electrocatalysis
4.3.1 CO2 Reduction Reaction
4.3.2 Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER)
4.3.3 Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER)
4.3.4 Nitrogen Reduction Reaction (NRR)
4.4 Conclusions
References
5. Noble Metal-Based Nanocatalysts Dispersed on Functionalized and Alternative Supports for Low-Temperature Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers
F.J. Rodríguez-Varela, I.L. Alonso-Lemus, J.C. Martínez-Loyola, A. Torres-Núñez, R. Chávez-Alcázar, P.C. Meléndez-González and M.E. Sánchez-Castro
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Electrochemical Reactions in Low-Temperature Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers
5.3 Covalently Functionalized Supports for Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers
5.4 Alternative Carbon Supports for Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers
5.5 Comparison of the Performance of Nanocatalysts for Fuel Cell and Electrolyzer Reactions
Outlook and Future Scope
References
6. Metal Oxide-Based Electrocatalytic Materials for Hydrogen Evolution and Hydrogen Oxidation Reaction
Amit Mall, Akshaya K. Palai, Pratap Chandra Padhi, Sudheesh K. Shukla, Rashmiprava Sahoo, Trupti R. Das, Santanu Patra and Deepak Kumar
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Electrochemical Method
6.2.1 Linear Sweep Voltammetry for Catalysis
6.3 Electrocatalysis
6.3.1 Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER)
6.3.2 Hydrogen Oxidation Reaction (HOR)
6.4 Metal Oxide-Based Catalyst
6.4.1 Nickel Oxide
6.4.2 Iron Oxide-Based Catalyst
6.4.3 Iridium Oxide-Based Catalyst
6.4.4 Copper Oxide-Based Catalyst
Conclusion and Future Scope
References
7. Metal–Organic Framework-Based Electrocatalytic Materials
Athira Krishnan, Rijith S., Sumi V. S. and Bhagya T. C.
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Mechanism of Conduction in MOFs
7.2.1 Mechanism of Electron Transport in MOFs
7.2.1.1 “Through-Space”
7.2.1.2 “Through-Bond”
7.2.1.3 “Through-Guest”
7.2.2 Mechanism of Ionic Conductivity in MOFs
7.3 Types of Conductive MOFs
7.4 Conductive MOFs in Various Electrocatalytic Applications
7.4.1 Some Concerns Related to the Electrocatalytic Applications of Conductive MOFs
7.4.2 HER
7.4.3 OER
7.4.4 ORR
7.4.5 CO2RR
7.5 Challenges and Forthcoming Outlook
7.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
8. Carbonaceous Materials for Supercapattery
J.R. Low, H.N. Lim, I. Ibrahim, C. Y. Foo and Z. Zainal
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Mechanism and the Fundamental of Supercapattery
8.3 Utilization of Carbonaceous Materials in Supercapattery Application
8.3.1 Activated Carbon (AC)
8.3.2 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
8.3.3 Graphene
8.3.4 Metal–Organic Framework (MOF)-Derived Carbon
8.4 Conclusion and Outlook
Acknowledgments
References
9. Graphene-Based Electrocatalytic Materials Toward Electrochemical Water Splitting
Prasanta Pattanayak, Paulomi Singh, Nitin Kumar Bansal, Snehangshu Mishra and Trilok Singh
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Electrochemical Water Splitting: Principles and Mechanism
9.2.1 Overview of Electrochemical Water Splitting
9.2.2 Mechanism of Electrochemical Water Splitting
9.2.2.1 Reaction Mechanism of Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER)
9.2.2.2 Reaction Mechanism of Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER)
9.2.2.3 Parameters of Electrochemical Water Splitting
9.3 Synthesis Methods of Graphene
9.3.1 Mechanical Exfoliation
9.3.2 Arc Discharge
9.3.3 Oxidative Exfoliation Reduction
9.3.4 Liquid-Phase Exfoliation (LPE)
9.3.5 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
9.4 Graphene as Electrocatalysts for Water Splitting
9.4.1 Heteroatom-Doped Graphene-Based Electrocatalyst
9.4.2 Non-Precious Transition Metal Graphene Catalysts
9.4.3 Functionalized Graphene as Electrocatalysts
9.4.4 Other Carbon Materials/Graphene Hybrids as Electrocatalysts
9.5 Graphene in Combination with Other Nanostructures
9.5.1 Graphene–Bimetal
9.5.2 Graphene–Metal–Organic Frameworks
9.5.3 Graphene–Spinel
9.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
10. Graphene Electrocatalysts: New Insights Into the Current State of Water Splitting
R. Rajalakshmi, A. Rebekah and N. Ponpandian
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Overview of Electrochemical Water Splitting
10.2.1 Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER)
10.2.2 Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER)
10.3 Electrocatalyst Selection Criteria for Electrochemical Water Splitting
10.4 Significance of Graphene as an Electrocatalyst
10.4.1 Graphene: Synthesis and Its Derivatives
10.5 Graphene-Based HER Electrocatalyst
10.6 Graphene-Based OER Electrocatalyst
10.7 Graphene-Based Electrocatalyst for Overall Water Splitting
10.8 Graphene in Combination with Other Nanostructures for Overall Water Splitting
10.9 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
11. Environmental Electrocatalysis for Air Pollution Applications
Anupama M. Pillai and Tanvir Arfin
11.1 General Introduction
11.2 Introduction of Air Pollution
11.3 Global Scenario of Air Pollution
11.4 Halogenated Organic Compounds (HOPs)
11.4.1 Electrooxidative Dehalogenation (EOD)
11.4.1.1 PbO2-Based Catalysts
11.4.1.2 SnO2-Based Catalysts
11.4.1.3 Other Metal Oxide-Based Catalysts
11.4.2 Electrooxidative Dehalogenation Mechanisms
11.5 Perfluorohexane Sulfonate (PFHxS)
11.6 Methoxychlor (MXC)
11.7 Dioxin and Furan
11.8 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
11.9 Future Research Direction
11.10 Conclusions and Prospects
Acknowledgments
References
12. Extraction and Purification of Cellulase Enzyme for Bioethanol Production and Its Usefulness as a Sustainable Biofuel
Ayush Madan, Rakhi Dhiman, Rishabh Garg, Narotam Sharma and Syed Mohsin Waheed
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Ethanol as Fuel
12.3 Materials and Methods
12.3.1 Biological Materials
12.3.2 Sample Procurement
12.3.3 Media Preparation
12.3.4 Glycerol Mounted Staining of Fungi
12.3.5 Lactophenol Cotton Blue Mounted Staining
12.3.6 Screening of the Aspergillus niger for Cellulase Enzyme Production
12.3.7 Modified Czapek Agar Medium (pH 6.4–7.0)
12.3.8 Sawdust (Solid) Fermentation
12.3.9 Czapek (Surface) Fermentation
12.3.10 Extraction of Cellulase
12.3.11 Cellulase Activity Measurement
12.4 Results
12.4.1 Propagation of Fungal Culture
12.4.2 Regrowth of the Fungal Strain
12.4.3 Colony Morphology
12.4.4 Glycerol Mounted Staining
12.4.5 Lactophenol Cotton Blue Mounted Strain
12.4.6 Screening of the Procured Fungal Cellulase Enzyme Production
12.4.7 Sawdust (Solid) Fermentation
12.4.8 Czapek (Surface) Fermentation
12.4.9 Extraction and Isolation of the Enzyme
12.4.10 Enzyme Activity Assay
12.5 Discussion
12.6 Conclusion and Future Scope
References
13. A Sustainable Catalytic Approach for Wastewater Bodies: An Innovation and Technological Point of View
Anupama Rajput, Sudheesh K. Shukla, Ravi Kumar, Gaurav Jha, Vikas Kalia and Bindu Mangla
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 Organisms Involved in Bioremediation
13.1.2 Bacteria Species Involved in Bioremediation
13.1.3 Bioremediation Using Fungal Communities
13.2 Microbial Processes
13.2.1 Biological Factors
13.3 Factors Affecting the Rates of Bioremediation
13.3.1 The Process of Utilization of the Primary Substrate
13.3.2 The Act of Co-Metabolism: Utilization of the Secondary Substrate
13.3.3 Detoxification
13.4 Bioremediation Treatment Processes
13.4.1 Ex Situ (Composting)
13.4.2 In Situ (Biostimulation)
13.5 Bioremediation
13.5.1 Advantages and Disadvantages
13.6 Conclusion
References
14. Electrocatalytic Materials for Renewable Energy: Perspectives and Initiatives
Trupti R. Das, Rashmiprava Sahoo, Meenakshi Choudhary, Santanu Patra and Sudheesh K. Shukla
14.1 What is the Importance of Renewable Energy in the Current Context?
14.2 Renewable Energy Perspective: Connecting Net‑Zero and Climate Neutrality Agendas
14.3 Efforts of the United Nations to Promote Renewable Energy
14.4 Goals for Promoting Renewable Energy in the Sustainable Development Agenda
14.5 European Green Deal for the Promotion of Renewable Energy
14.6 Initiatives from Different Nations to Support Renewable Energy
14.7 Electrocatalytic Materials: Properties and Classification Toward Renewable Energy
14.8 Electrocatalytic Materials: Various Applications in Renewable Energy
14.9 Electrocatalytic Materials: Importance in Climate Neutral Renewable Energy
14.10 Conclusion
References
Index
Back to Top
Preface
1. An Introduction to the Exploration of the Electronic Structure Properties of Biologically Active Natural Compounds Using Quantum Chemical Methods
Ashok Kumar Mishra, Satya Prakash Tewari and Aniket Kumar
1.1 Natural Compounds: Past, Present, and Future
1.2 Theoretical Framework for Quantum Chemical Calculations
1.2.1 Ab-Initio Methods
1.2.1.1 Hartree–Fock (HF) Theory
1.2.1.2 Moller–Plesset (MP) Perturbation Theory
1.2.1.3 Configuration Interaction (CI) Method
1.2.1.4 Coupled Cluster Method (CCM)
1.2.2 Semiempirical Methods
1.2.3 Molecular Mechanics
1.2.4 Molecular Dynamics
1.2.5 Density Functional Theory (DFT)
1.3 Theoretical Framework for Biological Activity
1.3.1 Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationship (QSAR)
1.3.2 Quantitative Structure–Property Relationship (QSPR)
1.3.3 Molecular Docking
1.4 Future Scope
References
2. Facile Synthesis of Hybrid Fe3O4/ZnO Nanosphere Composites and Their Potential Applications in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
Y. Prapawasit, P. Hemnil, V. Karthikeyan, T. Wongwuttanasatian, Müslüm Arici and V. Seithtanabutara
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Materials and Methods
2.2.1 Materials
2.2.2 Photocatalyst Synthesis Methods
2.2.3 Prepared Sample Characterization
2.3 Results and Discussion
2.3.1 XRD Pattern
2.3.2 Dispersion of the Particle
2.3.3 FTIR Analysis
2.3.4 TGA and DTG
2.3.5 BET Analysis
2.3.6 UV–Vis Spectra
2.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
3. Study and Analysis of Hybrid Nanofluid-Based Heat Pipes for Renewable Energy Applications
Ramkumar Venkatasamy, Joshuva Arockia Dhanraj, Nadanakumar Vinayagam, Chatchai Sirisamphanwong, Karthikeyan Velmurugan, Rattaporn Ngoenmeesri and Chattariya Sirisamphanwong
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Materials and Methods
3.2.1 Heat Pipe
3.2.2 Container
3.2.3 Nanofluids
3.2.4 Deep Convolutional Neural Network
3.3 Methodology and Experimental Analysis
3.3.1 DCNN Model of a Heat Pipe with Hybrid Nanofluid
3.4 Results and Discussion
3.5 Conclusion
References
4. Nanosilver-Based Electrocatalytic Materials
Ahmed Mourtada Elseman and Sabah M. Abdelbasir
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Synthesis Methodologies of Silver-Based Nanomaterials
4.2.1 Physical Techniques
4.2.2 Chemical Techniques
4.2.2.1 Chemical Reduction Technique
4.2.2.2 Sonochemical Synthesis
4.2.2.3 Microwave-Aided Synthesis
4.3 Electrocatalysis
4.3.1 CO2 Reduction Reaction
4.3.2 Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER)
4.3.3 Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER)
4.3.4 Nitrogen Reduction Reaction (NRR)
4.4 Conclusions
References
5. Noble Metal-Based Nanocatalysts Dispersed on Functionalized and Alternative Supports for Low-Temperature Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers
F.J. Rodríguez-Varela, I.L. Alonso-Lemus, J.C. Martínez-Loyola, A. Torres-Núñez, R. Chávez-Alcázar, P.C. Meléndez-González and M.E. Sánchez-Castro
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Electrochemical Reactions in Low-Temperature Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers
5.3 Covalently Functionalized Supports for Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers
5.4 Alternative Carbon Supports for Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers
5.5 Comparison of the Performance of Nanocatalysts for Fuel Cell and Electrolyzer Reactions
Outlook and Future Scope
References
6. Metal Oxide-Based Electrocatalytic Materials for Hydrogen Evolution and Hydrogen Oxidation Reaction
Amit Mall, Akshaya K. Palai, Pratap Chandra Padhi, Sudheesh K. Shukla, Rashmiprava Sahoo, Trupti R. Das, Santanu Patra and Deepak Kumar
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Electrochemical Method
6.2.1 Linear Sweep Voltammetry for Catalysis
6.3 Electrocatalysis
6.3.1 Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER)
6.3.2 Hydrogen Oxidation Reaction (HOR)
6.4 Metal Oxide-Based Catalyst
6.4.1 Nickel Oxide
6.4.2 Iron Oxide-Based Catalyst
6.4.3 Iridium Oxide-Based Catalyst
6.4.4 Copper Oxide-Based Catalyst
Conclusion and Future Scope
References
7. Metal–Organic Framework-Based Electrocatalytic Materials
Athira Krishnan, Rijith S., Sumi V. S. and Bhagya T. C.
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Mechanism of Conduction in MOFs
7.2.1 Mechanism of Electron Transport in MOFs
7.2.1.1 “Through-Space”
7.2.1.2 “Through-Bond”
7.2.1.3 “Through-Guest”
7.2.2 Mechanism of Ionic Conductivity in MOFs
7.3 Types of Conductive MOFs
7.4 Conductive MOFs in Various Electrocatalytic Applications
7.4.1 Some Concerns Related to the Electrocatalytic Applications of Conductive MOFs
7.4.2 HER
7.4.3 OER
7.4.4 ORR
7.4.5 CO2RR
7.5 Challenges and Forthcoming Outlook
7.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
8. Carbonaceous Materials for Supercapattery
J.R. Low, H.N. Lim, I. Ibrahim, C. Y. Foo and Z. Zainal
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Mechanism and the Fundamental of Supercapattery
8.3 Utilization of Carbonaceous Materials in Supercapattery Application
8.3.1 Activated Carbon (AC)
8.3.2 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
8.3.3 Graphene
8.3.4 Metal–Organic Framework (MOF)-Derived Carbon
8.4 Conclusion and Outlook
Acknowledgments
References
9. Graphene-Based Electrocatalytic Materials Toward Electrochemical Water Splitting
Prasanta Pattanayak, Paulomi Singh, Nitin Kumar Bansal, Snehangshu Mishra and Trilok Singh
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Electrochemical Water Splitting: Principles and Mechanism
9.2.1 Overview of Electrochemical Water Splitting
9.2.2 Mechanism of Electrochemical Water Splitting
9.2.2.1 Reaction Mechanism of Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER)
9.2.2.2 Reaction Mechanism of Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER)
9.2.2.3 Parameters of Electrochemical Water Splitting
9.3 Synthesis Methods of Graphene
9.3.1 Mechanical Exfoliation
9.3.2 Arc Discharge
9.3.3 Oxidative Exfoliation Reduction
9.3.4 Liquid-Phase Exfoliation (LPE)
9.3.5 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
9.4 Graphene as Electrocatalysts for Water Splitting
9.4.1 Heteroatom-Doped Graphene-Based Electrocatalyst
9.4.2 Non-Precious Transition Metal Graphene Catalysts
9.4.3 Functionalized Graphene as Electrocatalysts
9.4.4 Other Carbon Materials/Graphene Hybrids as Electrocatalysts
9.5 Graphene in Combination with Other Nanostructures
9.5.1 Graphene–Bimetal
9.5.2 Graphene–Metal–Organic Frameworks
9.5.3 Graphene–Spinel
9.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
10. Graphene Electrocatalysts: New Insights Into the Current State of Water Splitting
R. Rajalakshmi, A. Rebekah and N. Ponpandian
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Overview of Electrochemical Water Splitting
10.2.1 Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER)
10.2.2 Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER)
10.3 Electrocatalyst Selection Criteria for Electrochemical Water Splitting
10.4 Significance of Graphene as an Electrocatalyst
10.4.1 Graphene: Synthesis and Its Derivatives
10.5 Graphene-Based HER Electrocatalyst
10.6 Graphene-Based OER Electrocatalyst
10.7 Graphene-Based Electrocatalyst for Overall Water Splitting
10.8 Graphene in Combination with Other Nanostructures for Overall Water Splitting
10.9 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
11. Environmental Electrocatalysis for Air Pollution Applications
Anupama M. Pillai and Tanvir Arfin
11.1 General Introduction
11.2 Introduction of Air Pollution
11.3 Global Scenario of Air Pollution
11.4 Halogenated Organic Compounds (HOPs)
11.4.1 Electrooxidative Dehalogenation (EOD)
11.4.1.1 PbO2-Based Catalysts
11.4.1.2 SnO2-Based Catalysts
11.4.1.3 Other Metal Oxide-Based Catalysts
11.4.2 Electrooxidative Dehalogenation Mechanisms
11.5 Perfluorohexane Sulfonate (PFHxS)
11.6 Methoxychlor (MXC)
11.7 Dioxin and Furan
11.8 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
11.9 Future Research Direction
11.10 Conclusions and Prospects
Acknowledgments
References
12. Extraction and Purification of Cellulase Enzyme for Bioethanol Production and Its Usefulness as a Sustainable Biofuel
Ayush Madan, Rakhi Dhiman, Rishabh Garg, Narotam Sharma and Syed Mohsin Waheed
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Ethanol as Fuel
12.3 Materials and Methods
12.3.1 Biological Materials
12.3.2 Sample Procurement
12.3.3 Media Preparation
12.3.4 Glycerol Mounted Staining of Fungi
12.3.5 Lactophenol Cotton Blue Mounted Staining
12.3.6 Screening of the Aspergillus niger for Cellulase Enzyme Production
12.3.7 Modified Czapek Agar Medium (pH 6.4–7.0)
12.3.8 Sawdust (Solid) Fermentation
12.3.9 Czapek (Surface) Fermentation
12.3.10 Extraction of Cellulase
12.3.11 Cellulase Activity Measurement
12.4 Results
12.4.1 Propagation of Fungal Culture
12.4.2 Regrowth of the Fungal Strain
12.4.3 Colony Morphology
12.4.4 Glycerol Mounted Staining
12.4.5 Lactophenol Cotton Blue Mounted Strain
12.4.6 Screening of the Procured Fungal Cellulase Enzyme Production
12.4.7 Sawdust (Solid) Fermentation
12.4.8 Czapek (Surface) Fermentation
12.4.9 Extraction and Isolation of the Enzyme
12.4.10 Enzyme Activity Assay
12.5 Discussion
12.6 Conclusion and Future Scope
References
13. A Sustainable Catalytic Approach for Wastewater Bodies: An Innovation and Technological Point of View
Anupama Rajput, Sudheesh K. Shukla, Ravi Kumar, Gaurav Jha, Vikas Kalia and Bindu Mangla
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 Organisms Involved in Bioremediation
13.1.2 Bacteria Species Involved in Bioremediation
13.1.3 Bioremediation Using Fungal Communities
13.2 Microbial Processes
13.2.1 Biological Factors
13.3 Factors Affecting the Rates of Bioremediation
13.3.1 The Process of Utilization of the Primary Substrate
13.3.2 The Act of Co-Metabolism: Utilization of the Secondary Substrate
13.3.3 Detoxification
13.4 Bioremediation Treatment Processes
13.4.1 Ex Situ (Composting)
13.4.2 In Situ (Biostimulation)
13.5 Bioremediation
13.5.1 Advantages and Disadvantages
13.6 Conclusion
References
14. Electrocatalytic Materials for Renewable Energy: Perspectives and Initiatives
Trupti R. Das, Rashmiprava Sahoo, Meenakshi Choudhary, Santanu Patra and Sudheesh K. Shukla
14.1 What is the Importance of Renewable Energy in the Current Context?
14.2 Renewable Energy Perspective: Connecting Net‑Zero and Climate Neutrality Agendas
14.3 Efforts of the United Nations to Promote Renewable Energy
14.4 Goals for Promoting Renewable Energy in the Sustainable Development Agenda
14.5 European Green Deal for the Promotion of Renewable Energy
14.6 Initiatives from Different Nations to Support Renewable Energy
14.7 Electrocatalytic Materials: Properties and Classification Toward Renewable Energy
14.8 Electrocatalytic Materials: Various Applications in Renewable Energy
14.9 Electrocatalytic Materials: Importance in Climate Neutral Renewable Energy
14.10 Conclusion
References
Index
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