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Submit a ProposalClean and Renewable Energy Production
 | Edited by Surajit Mondal, Adesh Kumar, Rupendra Kumar Pachauri, Amit Kumar Mondal, Vishal Kumar Singh, and Amit Kumar Sharma Copyright: 2024 | Status: Published ISBN: 9781394177723 | Hardcover | 548 pages Price: $225 USD  |
One Line Description
This exciting new volume explores the recent advances in renewable energy production, the policies surrounding renewable energy, and practical applications.
Audience
Engineers, scientists, students, and industry professionals working in energy
Engineers, scientists, students, and industry professionals working in energy
Description
According to the World Renewable Energy Council (WREC), by the year 2100, the world’s population will increase to 12 billion and the worldwide energy demand will increase steeply to about five times the present scenario. Researchers are striving to find alternative forms of energy, and this quest is strongly forced by the increasing worry over climate change and planetary heating. Among the diverse varieties of alternative energy sources, biomass has the singular advantage of being carbon neutral. The carbon that is discharged to the atmosphere during its exercise is read back during the utilization of biomass resources for energy output. Currently, biomass provides approximately 13% of the world’s primary energy supply and more than 75% of global renewable energy. Indeed, it is estimated that bioenergy could contribute 25–33% of the global energy supply by 2050. Continued adoption of biomass will require efficient conversion rates and avoidance of competition with food and fibers.
This book focuses on the recent practices in clean energy and renewable energy. The contributors highlight how newer technologies are reducing the dependency on non-renewable resources, benefiting the researchers who are working in the area of clean and renewable energy production. This new volume will also benefit mechanical engineers, electrical engineers, and bioengineers as they will be updated with the recent work progressing all over the globe. It will benefit the professionals working in the renewable energy sector such as solar, wind, hydrothermal, hydrogen, and bioenergy, including professors, research scholars, industry professionals, and students working in this field.
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According to the World Renewable Energy Council (WREC), by the year 2100, the world’s population will increase to 12 billion and the worldwide energy demand will increase steeply to about five times the present scenario. Researchers are striving to find alternative forms of energy, and this quest is strongly forced by the increasing worry over climate change and planetary heating. Among the diverse varieties of alternative energy sources, biomass has the singular advantage of being carbon neutral. The carbon that is discharged to the atmosphere during its exercise is read back during the utilization of biomass resources for energy output. Currently, biomass provides approximately 13% of the world’s primary energy supply and more than 75% of global renewable energy. Indeed, it is estimated that bioenergy could contribute 25–33% of the global energy supply by 2050. Continued adoption of biomass will require efficient conversion rates and avoidance of competition with food and fibers.
This book focuses on the recent practices in clean energy and renewable energy. The contributors highlight how newer technologies are reducing the dependency on non-renewable resources, benefiting the researchers who are working in the area of clean and renewable energy production. This new volume will also benefit mechanical engineers, electrical engineers, and bioengineers as they will be updated with the recent work progressing all over the globe. It will benefit the professionals working in the renewable energy sector such as solar, wind, hydrothermal, hydrogen, and bioenergy, including professors, research scholars, industry professionals, and students working in this field.
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Author / Editor Details
Surajit Mondal, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering at the University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, India. He has over seven years of experience in teaching and research, and he has published 29 articles in scientific journals.
Surajit Mondal, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering at the University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, India. He has over seven years of experience in teaching and research, and he has published 29 articles in scientific journals.
Adesh Kumar, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, India. He has published over 100 research papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences. He has been the guest editor for numerous scientific journals and is an editor of one book series.
Rupendra Kumar Pachauri, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department at the University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun, India. He has published more than 100 research papers in scientific journals and conferences. He also has several patents to his credit.
Amit Kumar Mondal, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Mechatronics Engineering and In-Charge Centre for Robotics and Artificial Intelligence at Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Dubai, UAE. He has published over 40 papers in scientific journals and conferences and has four patents.
Vishal Kumar Singh, PhD, is a research fellow in water, waste, and energy management from the University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, India. He has work experience of more than three years as an environment engineer and has published peer-reviewed review articles in scientific journals. He also has several patents to his credit.
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Table of Contents
Preface
1. Vegetable Seed Oils as Biofuel: Need, Motivation, and Research Identifications
Deepak Kumar, Vijay Kumar Chhibber, Ajay Singh and Adesh Kumar
1.1 Introduction to Vegetable Oils
1.2 Motivation
1.3 Need of Research
1.3.1 Biodiesel Considerations
1.3.2 Energy Balance and Security
1.3.3 Air Quality
1.3.4 Engine Function
1.3.5 Safety
1.4 Detailed Survey
1.5 Identification of the Research Gaps
1.5.1 Toxicity
1.5.2 Biodegradability
1.6 Conclusions
References
2. Methodology and Instrumentation for Biofuel with Study on Cashew Nut Shell Liquid
Deepak Kumar, Vijay Kumar Chhibber, Ajay Singh and Adesh Kumar
2.1 Methodology
2.2 Procedure
2.2.1 Common Points
2.3 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
2.4 Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry
2.5 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
2.6 CNSL Study
2.7 Conclusions
References
3. Emerging Technologies for Sustainable Energy Applications
Swagata Sarma, Gaurav Pandey, Uttamasha B. Borah, Nadezhda Molokitina, Geetanjali Chauhan and Monika Yadav
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Carbon Dioxide Sequestration
3.2.1 Biological Carbon Sequestration
3.2.2 Geological Carbon Sequestration
3.2.3 Technological Carbon Sequestration
3.2.4 Hydrate-Based CO2 Sequestration Technology
3.2.5 Carbon Sinks and Types
3.2.5.1 Estuarine Ecology as Sediment Carbon
3.2.5.2 Mangroves and Mudflat Soils as Carbon Sink
3.2.5.3 Tidal Marsh Soils as Carbon Sink
3.2.5.4 Soils of Coastal Agroecosystem as Carbon Sink
3.2.5.5 Sediments of Marine Coastal Ecologies as Carbon Sink
3.2.6 CO2 Sequestration Utilization in Enhanced Oil Recovery
3.3 Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage
3.3.1 Global CCUS Development
3.3.2 Risk Analysis of CCUS
3.4 Renewable Energy
3.4.1 Solar Energy
3.4.2 Hydro Energy
3.4.3 Geothermal Energy
3.4.4 Biomass Energy
3.4.5 Wind Energy
3.5 Conclusion
References
4. Affordable and Clean Energy: Natural Gas Hydrates and Hydrogen Storage
Uttamasha B. Borah, Gaurav Pandey, Swagata Sarma, Nadezhda Molokitina and Geetanjali Chauhan
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Gas Hydrates
4.2.1 Extraction Methodologies
4.2.1.1 Thermal Stimulation Method
4.2.1.2 Depressurization Method
4.2.1.3 Inhibitor Injection Method
4.2.1.4 Gas Exchange Method
4.2.2 Geological Hazards
4.2.2.1 Hydrate-Associated Risks for Oil and Gas Exploitation
4.2.3 Sustainable Applications
4.2.4 Solidified Natural Gas
4.2.5 Seawater Desalination
4.2.6 CO2 Sequestration and Methane Recovery
4.2.7 Gas Separation
4.3 Hydrogen Energy
4.3.1 Types of H2
4.3.2 Hydrogen Storage
4.3.2.1 Compressed Gas
4.3.2.2 Underground Hydrogen Storage
4.3.2.3 Liquid Hydrogen
4.3.2.4 Solid Storage
4.3.3 H2 as Fuel
4.3.4 Industrial Applications of H2
4.4 Recent Advancement Toward Clean Energy Applications
4.5 Conclusion
References
5. Wind and Solar PV System-Based Power Generation: Imperative Role of Hybrid Renewable Energy Technology
Madhura K. Pardhe, Rupendra Kumar Pachauri and Priyanka Sharma
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Renewable Energy for Sustainable Development
5.3 Global Energy Scenario
5.4 Solar Energy Potential
5.5 Wind Potential for Power Generation
5.6 Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems
5.7 Pros and Cons of the Hybrid Renewable Energy System
5.7.1 Pros of the Hybrid Renewable Energy System
5.7.2 Cons of the Hybrid Renewable Energy System
5.8 Conclusion
References
6. A Systematic Review of the Last Decade for Advances in Photosynthetic Microbial Fuel Cells with Bioelectricity Generation
Vijay Parthasarthy, Riya Bhattacharya, Roshan K. R., Shankar R., Siddhant Srivastava and Debajyoti Bose
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Background
6.3 Methodology
6.4 Study Selection Criteria
6.5 Configurations and Performance Evaluation of Photosynthetic Microbial Fuel Cells
6.5.1 Algal-Based p-MFC
6.5.2 Plant-Microbial Fuel Cells or P-MFCs
6.6 Outlook
Data Availability Statement
Funding
Conflict of Interest
References
7. Hydrothermal Liquefaction as a Sustainable Strategy for Integral Valorization of Agricultural Waste
Manisha Jagadale, Mahesh Jadhav, Nagesh Kumar T., Prateek Shrivastava and Niranjan Kumar
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Generation of Biofuels
7.3 Biomass Conversion Routes
7.4 HTL Reaction Mechanism
7.5 HTL Process Yield Calculations
7.6 HTL Advantage Over Pyrolysis
7.6.1 Energy Content from the Biomass
7.6.2 Bio-Oil and Bio-Coal Yields
7.6.3 Oxygen Content in Bio-Oil
7.6.4 Carbon Content Utilization
7.6.5 No Pretreatment and Drying
7.6.6 Energy Saving
7.7 Types of Reactors for the Hydrothermal Liquefaction Process
7.7.1 Batch Reactor
7.7.2 Continuous Reactor
7.7.2.1 Continuous Plug Flow Reactor
7.7.2.2 Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor
7.8 Influence of Operating Parameters
7.8.1 Biomass Type
7.8.2 Operating Temperature
7.8.3 Heating Rate
7.8.4 Residence Time
7.8.5 Pressure
7.8.6 Type of Catalyst
7.9 Product Distribution and Evaluation
7.9.1 Liquid (Bio-Oil)
7.9.2 Solid (Hydrochar)
7.9.3 Aqueous Water and Gases
7.10 Potential Applications of HTL Products
7.11 Challenges and Limitations of the HTL Process
7.12 Techno-Economic and Environmental Analysis
7.13 Conclusions
References
8. Imperative Role of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell System and Hydrogen Energy Storage for Modern Electric Vehicle Transportation: Challenges and Future Perspectives
Rupendra Kumar Pachauri, Deepa Sharma, Surajit Mondal, Shashikant and Priyanka Sharma
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Modeling of the PEMFC System
8.3 Electrical Vehicle Categories
8.4 Hydrogen Energy Storage
8.4.1 Hydrogen Energy Production: Approaches with Challenges
8.4.2 Methods of Hydrogen Energy Storage: Approaches and Challenges
8.5 Future Scope, Challenges, and Benefits of FCEVs
8.6 Pros and Cons of Electric Vehicles in the Aspect of Modern Transportation System
8.7 MATLAB/Simulink Study of FC-Powered Electric Drive System
8.8 Conclusion
References
9. Ocean Energy—A Myriad of Opportunities in the Renewable Energy Sector
R. Raajiv, R. Vijaya Kumar and Jitendra Kumar Pandey
9.1 Introduction
9.2 International Agencies Promoting Ocean Energy Projects
9.3 Ocean Energy Potential
9.4 Types of Ocean Energy
9.5 Tidal Energy
9.5.1 Tidal Stream Generator
9.5.2 Tidal Stream Barrage
9.5.3 Tidal Lagoon
9.5.4 Dynamic Tidal Power
9.6 Tidal Currents
9.7 Wave Energy
9.8 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
9.9 Salinity Gradient
9.10 Marine Energy Projects in India
9.10.1 Case Study 1
9.10.2 Case Study 2
9.11 Conclusion
Author Contributions
References
10. Performance of 5 Years of ESE Lightning Protection System: A Review
Sachin Kumar, Gagan Singh and Nafees Ahamad
Introduction
Theoretical Background
External Lightning Protection Structure for the PV Power Plant
Results and Analysis
Conclusion
References
11. Solar Photovoltaic System-Based Power Generation: Imperative Role of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
Rupendra Kumar Pachauri, Jitendra Yadav, Stephen Oko Gyan Torto, Ahmad Faiz Minai, Vikas Pandey, Shashikant and Priyanka Sharma
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Solar Energy Power Generation Scenario in the Indian Context
11.3 Applications of AI and ML in Solar PV Systems
11.3.1 Maintenance Prediction
11.3.2 Optimization of Orientation of the Solar Panels to Maximize Energy Generation
11.3.3 Weather Forecasting for PV System Power Assessment
11.3.4 Forecasting of PV System Performance During Dust Accumulation
11.3.5 Solar Parameter Prediction
11.3.6 Fault Detection Using Artificial Intelligence
11.4 Pros and Cons of AI and ML Techniques in Solar PV System
11.5 Application of GA-Based Optimal Placement of PV Modules in an Array to Reduce PSCs
11.5.1 Modeling of PV System
11.5.2 Genetic Algorithm-Based PV Array Reconfiguration
11.5.3 Shading Scenarios and Electrical Performance
11.6 Conclusion
References
12. Waste to Energy Technologies for Energy Recovery
Senthil Kumar Kandasamy and Ramyea R.
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Preparation Methods
12.3 Carbonization and Activation
12.3.1 Uses of Carbonization
12.3.2 Uses of Activation
12.3.2.1 Phosphoric Acid Activation
12.3.2.2 Zinc Chloride Activation
12.3.2.3 Potassium Hydroxide Activation
12.3.2.4 Potassium Carbonate Activation
12.3.2.5 Nitric Acid Activation
12.4 Electrode Materials Extracted from Biowastes
12.4.1 Carbon Nanotube
12.4.2 Graphene Oxide
12.4.3 Carbon Aerogel
12.4.4 Activated Carbon
12.5 Energy Storage Applications
12.6 Importance of Electrolyte
12.7 Conclusions
References
13. A Review of Electrolysis Techniques to Produce Hydrogen for a Futuristic Hydrogen Economy
Vijay Parthasarthy, Siddhant Srivastava, Riya Bhattacharya, Sudeep Katakam, Akash Krishnadoss, Gaurav Mitra and Debajyoti Bose
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 Chemistry Behind Electrolysis
13.1.2 Step 1
13.1.3 Step 2
13.1.4 Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis
13.2 Methodology
13.2.1 Search Strategy
13.2.2 Search Scope
13.2.3 Search Method
13.2.4 Search String
13.2.5 Study Selection Criteria
13.3 Configurations and Performance Evaluation of AEM Electrolyzer
13.4 Scope for Improvements
13.5 Conclusion
References
14. Prospects of Sustainability for Carbon Footprint Reduction
Riya Bhattacharya, Debajyoti Bose, Gaurav Mitra and Abhijeeta Sarkar
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Context and Outcomes of the United Nations Climate Change Framework
14.3 Monitoring Direct and Indirect Carbon Emissions
14.4 Sustainable Alternatives to Reduce Carbon Footprints
14.4.1 Policies for Reducing Carbon Footprints
14.4.2 Technologies and Strategies Designed for Specific Sectors
14.4.3 Innovative Carbon Reduction Strategies and Technologies
14.4.3.1 Buildings and Cities
14.4.3.2 Transportation
14.4.4 Societal Contribution Toward Carbon Reduction
14.5 Carbon Elimination from the Atmosphere
14.6 Outlook
Conflict of Interest
References
15. Conventional and AI-Based MPPT Techniques for Solar Photovoltaic System-Based Power Generation: Constraints and Future Perception
Rupendra Kumar Pachauri, Vaibhav Sharma, Adesh Kumar, Shashikant, Akhlaque Ahmad Khan and Priyanka Sharma
15.1 Introduction
15.2 MPPT Systems
15.2.1 Conventional MPPT Techniques
15.2.2 AI-Based MPPT Techniques
15.2.3 Pros and Cons of Conventional and AI-Based MPPT
15.3 Challenges and Future Perspective
15.4 Radial Diagram-Based Relational Performance of MPPT Techniques
15.5 Conclusion
References
16. Bioethanol Production and Its Impact on a Future Bioeconomy
Apurva Jaiswal, Riya Bhattacharya, Siddhant Srivastava, Ayushi Singh and Debajyoti Bose
16.1 Introduction to Bioenergy
16.1.1 Bioethanol
16.1.1.1 Bioethanol as an Alternative Fuel
16.1.1.2 Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation
16.2 Overview of Lignocellulosic Biomass
16.2.1 Composition and Structure
16.2.2 Pretreatment Techniques for Lignocellulosic Biomass
16.2.2.1 Physical Pretreatment
16.2.2.2 Physiochemical Pretreatment
16.2.2.3 Chemical Pretreatment
16.2.2.4 Biological Pretreatment
16.3 Challenges and Opportunities
16.3.1 Pretreatment Constraints in LCB Production
16.3.2 Role of Microbes in LCB Production
16.3.3 Cost Constraints in LCB Production
16.3.4 Genetic Manipulation of Energy Crops
16.3.4.1 Increasing Cellulose Content
16.3.4.2 Reduction of Plant Cell Wall Recalcitrance and Cellulose Crystallinity
16.3.4.3 Production of Hydrolases in Plants
16.3.4.4 Lignin Modification
16.4 Bioethanol Economy
16.4.1 Synthetic Biology of CBP Microbes
16.4.1.1 Cellulose Expression and Secretion Systems
16.4.1.2 Enhanced Tolerance
16.4.1.3 Metagenomics
16.4.1.4 Advanced Biofuel Production
16.4.2 Future Perspective for LCB Production
References
17. Waste-to-Energy Technologies for Energy Recovery
Shivam Pandey, Anjana Sharma, Naveen Kumar, Nupur Aggarwal and Ajay Vasishth
17.1 Energy
17.1.1 Global Issues and Renewable Energy
17.2 Alternatives to Waste-to-Energy Routes that Might Be Used
17.2.1 Technology Limitations of WTER
17.2.2 Waste-to-Energy
17.2.3 Worldwide Sector for Waste-to-Energy
17.3 The Situation of the Waste-to-Energy Market Today
17.3.1 Environmental Advantages of Waste-to-Energy
17.3.2 Pollutants from Landfills
17.3.3 Release of Arsenic from Garbage
17.3.4 Vaporized Organic Substances
17.3.5 Municipal Solid Waste Management
17.4 Technical and Economic Considerations
17.4.1 Fuel from Plastic
17.4.2 Biochemical Conversion
17.4.3 Thermochemical Conversion
17.4.4 Thermal Treatment
17.5 Conclusion
References
18. Biodiesel Production, Storage Stability, and Industrial Applications: Opportunities and Challenges
Girdhar Joshi
18.1 Biodiesel
18.2 Feedstocks for Biodiesel Production
18.3 Biodiesel Conversion Methods
18.3.1 Homogenous Catalysis
18.3.2 Heterogenous Catalysis
18.3.3 Enzymatic Catalysis
18.4 Physicochemical Properties of Biodiesel
18.5 Storage Stability of Biodiesel
18.5.1 Addition–Elimination Reaction
18.6 Combustion Characteristics of Biodiesel
18.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives of Biodiesel
References
19. Biomass Energy and Its Conversion
Naval V. Koralkar, Mohit Kumar, Raj Kumar and Praveen Kumar Ghodke
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Sources of Biomass
19.3 Techniques for Converting Biomass Into Energy
19.3.1 Thermochemical Conversion
19.3.1.1 Pyrolysis
19.3.1.2 Biomass Gasification
19.3.1.3 Combustion
19.4 Biochemical/Biological Conversion
19.5 Physical Conversion
19.6 Power Plant Dynamic Modeling and Simulation Using Biomass as Fuel
19.6.1 Biomass Combustion Modeling
19.7 Summary
References
20. Co-Gasification of Coal and Waste Biomass for Power Generation
Naval V. Koralkar, Mohit Kumar, Raj Kumar and Praveen Kumar Ghodke
20.1 Introduction
20.1.1 Combined Usage of Biomass and Coal
20.2 Co-Gasification
20.2.1 Gasification Technologies
20.3 Biomass Gasification Co-Generation
20.4 Summary
References
Index
Back to Top
Preface
1. Vegetable Seed Oils as Biofuel: Need, Motivation, and Research Identifications
Deepak Kumar, Vijay Kumar Chhibber, Ajay Singh and Adesh Kumar
1.1 Introduction to Vegetable Oils
1.2 Motivation
1.3 Need of Research
1.3.1 Biodiesel Considerations
1.3.2 Energy Balance and Security
1.3.3 Air Quality
1.3.4 Engine Function
1.3.5 Safety
1.4 Detailed Survey
1.5 Identification of the Research Gaps
1.5.1 Toxicity
1.5.2 Biodegradability
1.6 Conclusions
References
2. Methodology and Instrumentation for Biofuel with Study on Cashew Nut Shell Liquid
Deepak Kumar, Vijay Kumar Chhibber, Ajay Singh and Adesh Kumar
2.1 Methodology
2.2 Procedure
2.2.1 Common Points
2.3 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
2.4 Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry
2.5 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
2.6 CNSL Study
2.7 Conclusions
References
3. Emerging Technologies for Sustainable Energy Applications
Swagata Sarma, Gaurav Pandey, Uttamasha B. Borah, Nadezhda Molokitina, Geetanjali Chauhan and Monika Yadav
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Carbon Dioxide Sequestration
3.2.1 Biological Carbon Sequestration
3.2.2 Geological Carbon Sequestration
3.2.3 Technological Carbon Sequestration
3.2.4 Hydrate-Based CO2 Sequestration Technology
3.2.5 Carbon Sinks and Types
3.2.5.1 Estuarine Ecology as Sediment Carbon
3.2.5.2 Mangroves and Mudflat Soils as Carbon Sink
3.2.5.3 Tidal Marsh Soils as Carbon Sink
3.2.5.4 Soils of Coastal Agroecosystem as Carbon Sink
3.2.5.5 Sediments of Marine Coastal Ecologies as Carbon Sink
3.2.6 CO2 Sequestration Utilization in Enhanced Oil Recovery
3.3 Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage
3.3.1 Global CCUS Development
3.3.2 Risk Analysis of CCUS
3.4 Renewable Energy
3.4.1 Solar Energy
3.4.2 Hydro Energy
3.4.3 Geothermal Energy
3.4.4 Biomass Energy
3.4.5 Wind Energy
3.5 Conclusion
References
4. Affordable and Clean Energy: Natural Gas Hydrates and Hydrogen Storage
Uttamasha B. Borah, Gaurav Pandey, Swagata Sarma, Nadezhda Molokitina and Geetanjali Chauhan
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Gas Hydrates
4.2.1 Extraction Methodologies
4.2.1.1 Thermal Stimulation Method
4.2.1.2 Depressurization Method
4.2.1.3 Inhibitor Injection Method
4.2.1.4 Gas Exchange Method
4.2.2 Geological Hazards
4.2.2.1 Hydrate-Associated Risks for Oil and Gas Exploitation
4.2.3 Sustainable Applications
4.2.4 Solidified Natural Gas
4.2.5 Seawater Desalination
4.2.6 CO2 Sequestration and Methane Recovery
4.2.7 Gas Separation
4.3 Hydrogen Energy
4.3.1 Types of H2
4.3.2 Hydrogen Storage
4.3.2.1 Compressed Gas
4.3.2.2 Underground Hydrogen Storage
4.3.2.3 Liquid Hydrogen
4.3.2.4 Solid Storage
4.3.3 H2 as Fuel
4.3.4 Industrial Applications of H2
4.4 Recent Advancement Toward Clean Energy Applications
4.5 Conclusion
References
5. Wind and Solar PV System-Based Power Generation: Imperative Role of Hybrid Renewable Energy Technology
Madhura K. Pardhe, Rupendra Kumar Pachauri and Priyanka Sharma
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Renewable Energy for Sustainable Development
5.3 Global Energy Scenario
5.4 Solar Energy Potential
5.5 Wind Potential for Power Generation
5.6 Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems
5.7 Pros and Cons of the Hybrid Renewable Energy System
5.7.1 Pros of the Hybrid Renewable Energy System
5.7.2 Cons of the Hybrid Renewable Energy System
5.8 Conclusion
References
6. A Systematic Review of the Last Decade for Advances in Photosynthetic Microbial Fuel Cells with Bioelectricity Generation
Vijay Parthasarthy, Riya Bhattacharya, Roshan K. R., Shankar R., Siddhant Srivastava and Debajyoti Bose
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Background
6.3 Methodology
6.4 Study Selection Criteria
6.5 Configurations and Performance Evaluation of Photosynthetic Microbial Fuel Cells
6.5.1 Algal-Based p-MFC
6.5.2 Plant-Microbial Fuel Cells or P-MFCs
6.6 Outlook
Data Availability Statement
Funding
Conflict of Interest
References
7. Hydrothermal Liquefaction as a Sustainable Strategy for Integral Valorization of Agricultural Waste
Manisha Jagadale, Mahesh Jadhav, Nagesh Kumar T., Prateek Shrivastava and Niranjan Kumar
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Generation of Biofuels
7.3 Biomass Conversion Routes
7.4 HTL Reaction Mechanism
7.5 HTL Process Yield Calculations
7.6 HTL Advantage Over Pyrolysis
7.6.1 Energy Content from the Biomass
7.6.2 Bio-Oil and Bio-Coal Yields
7.6.3 Oxygen Content in Bio-Oil
7.6.4 Carbon Content Utilization
7.6.5 No Pretreatment and Drying
7.6.6 Energy Saving
7.7 Types of Reactors for the Hydrothermal Liquefaction Process
7.7.1 Batch Reactor
7.7.2 Continuous Reactor
7.7.2.1 Continuous Plug Flow Reactor
7.7.2.2 Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor
7.8 Influence of Operating Parameters
7.8.1 Biomass Type
7.8.2 Operating Temperature
7.8.3 Heating Rate
7.8.4 Residence Time
7.8.5 Pressure
7.8.6 Type of Catalyst
7.9 Product Distribution and Evaluation
7.9.1 Liquid (Bio-Oil)
7.9.2 Solid (Hydrochar)
7.9.3 Aqueous Water and Gases
7.10 Potential Applications of HTL Products
7.11 Challenges and Limitations of the HTL Process
7.12 Techno-Economic and Environmental Analysis
7.13 Conclusions
References
8. Imperative Role of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell System and Hydrogen Energy Storage for Modern Electric Vehicle Transportation: Challenges and Future Perspectives
Rupendra Kumar Pachauri, Deepa Sharma, Surajit Mondal, Shashikant and Priyanka Sharma
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Modeling of the PEMFC System
8.3 Electrical Vehicle Categories
8.4 Hydrogen Energy Storage
8.4.1 Hydrogen Energy Production: Approaches with Challenges
8.4.2 Methods of Hydrogen Energy Storage: Approaches and Challenges
8.5 Future Scope, Challenges, and Benefits of FCEVs
8.6 Pros and Cons of Electric Vehicles in the Aspect of Modern Transportation System
8.7 MATLAB/Simulink Study of FC-Powered Electric Drive System
8.8 Conclusion
References
9. Ocean Energy—A Myriad of Opportunities in the Renewable Energy Sector
R. Raajiv, R. Vijaya Kumar and Jitendra Kumar Pandey
9.1 Introduction
9.2 International Agencies Promoting Ocean Energy Projects
9.3 Ocean Energy Potential
9.4 Types of Ocean Energy
9.5 Tidal Energy
9.5.1 Tidal Stream Generator
9.5.2 Tidal Stream Barrage
9.5.3 Tidal Lagoon
9.5.4 Dynamic Tidal Power
9.6 Tidal Currents
9.7 Wave Energy
9.8 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
9.9 Salinity Gradient
9.10 Marine Energy Projects in India
9.10.1 Case Study 1
9.10.2 Case Study 2
9.11 Conclusion
Author Contributions
References
10. Performance of 5 Years of ESE Lightning Protection System: A Review
Sachin Kumar, Gagan Singh and Nafees Ahamad
Introduction
Theoretical Background
External Lightning Protection Structure for the PV Power Plant
Results and Analysis
Conclusion
References
11. Solar Photovoltaic System-Based Power Generation: Imperative Role of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
Rupendra Kumar Pachauri, Jitendra Yadav, Stephen Oko Gyan Torto, Ahmad Faiz Minai, Vikas Pandey, Shashikant and Priyanka Sharma
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Solar Energy Power Generation Scenario in the Indian Context
11.3 Applications of AI and ML in Solar PV Systems
11.3.1 Maintenance Prediction
11.3.2 Optimization of Orientation of the Solar Panels to Maximize Energy Generation
11.3.3 Weather Forecasting for PV System Power Assessment
11.3.4 Forecasting of PV System Performance During Dust Accumulation
11.3.5 Solar Parameter Prediction
11.3.6 Fault Detection Using Artificial Intelligence
11.4 Pros and Cons of AI and ML Techniques in Solar PV System
11.5 Application of GA-Based Optimal Placement of PV Modules in an Array to Reduce PSCs
11.5.1 Modeling of PV System
11.5.2 Genetic Algorithm-Based PV Array Reconfiguration
11.5.3 Shading Scenarios and Electrical Performance
11.6 Conclusion
References
12. Waste to Energy Technologies for Energy Recovery
Senthil Kumar Kandasamy and Ramyea R.
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Preparation Methods
12.3 Carbonization and Activation
12.3.1 Uses of Carbonization
12.3.2 Uses of Activation
12.3.2.1 Phosphoric Acid Activation
12.3.2.2 Zinc Chloride Activation
12.3.2.3 Potassium Hydroxide Activation
12.3.2.4 Potassium Carbonate Activation
12.3.2.5 Nitric Acid Activation
12.4 Electrode Materials Extracted from Biowastes
12.4.1 Carbon Nanotube
12.4.2 Graphene Oxide
12.4.3 Carbon Aerogel
12.4.4 Activated Carbon
12.5 Energy Storage Applications
12.6 Importance of Electrolyte
12.7 Conclusions
References
13. A Review of Electrolysis Techniques to Produce Hydrogen for a Futuristic Hydrogen Economy
Vijay Parthasarthy, Siddhant Srivastava, Riya Bhattacharya, Sudeep Katakam, Akash Krishnadoss, Gaurav Mitra and Debajyoti Bose
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 Chemistry Behind Electrolysis
13.1.2 Step 1
13.1.3 Step 2
13.1.4 Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis
13.2 Methodology
13.2.1 Search Strategy
13.2.2 Search Scope
13.2.3 Search Method
13.2.4 Search String
13.2.5 Study Selection Criteria
13.3 Configurations and Performance Evaluation of AEM Electrolyzer
13.4 Scope for Improvements
13.5 Conclusion
References
14. Prospects of Sustainability for Carbon Footprint Reduction
Riya Bhattacharya, Debajyoti Bose, Gaurav Mitra and Abhijeeta Sarkar
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Context and Outcomes of the United Nations Climate Change Framework
14.3 Monitoring Direct and Indirect Carbon Emissions
14.4 Sustainable Alternatives to Reduce Carbon Footprints
14.4.1 Policies for Reducing Carbon Footprints
14.4.2 Technologies and Strategies Designed for Specific Sectors
14.4.3 Innovative Carbon Reduction Strategies and Technologies
14.4.3.1 Buildings and Cities
14.4.3.2 Transportation
14.4.4 Societal Contribution Toward Carbon Reduction
14.5 Carbon Elimination from the Atmosphere
14.6 Outlook
Conflict of Interest
References
15. Conventional and AI-Based MPPT Techniques for Solar Photovoltaic System-Based Power Generation: Constraints and Future Perception
Rupendra Kumar Pachauri, Vaibhav Sharma, Adesh Kumar, Shashikant, Akhlaque Ahmad Khan and Priyanka Sharma
15.1 Introduction
15.2 MPPT Systems
15.2.1 Conventional MPPT Techniques
15.2.2 AI-Based MPPT Techniques
15.2.3 Pros and Cons of Conventional and AI-Based MPPT
15.3 Challenges and Future Perspective
15.4 Radial Diagram-Based Relational Performance of MPPT Techniques
15.5 Conclusion
References
16. Bioethanol Production and Its Impact on a Future Bioeconomy
Apurva Jaiswal, Riya Bhattacharya, Siddhant Srivastava, Ayushi Singh and Debajyoti Bose
16.1 Introduction to Bioenergy
16.1.1 Bioethanol
16.1.1.1 Bioethanol as an Alternative Fuel
16.1.1.2 Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation
16.2 Overview of Lignocellulosic Biomass
16.2.1 Composition and Structure
16.2.2 Pretreatment Techniques for Lignocellulosic Biomass
16.2.2.1 Physical Pretreatment
16.2.2.2 Physiochemical Pretreatment
16.2.2.3 Chemical Pretreatment
16.2.2.4 Biological Pretreatment
16.3 Challenges and Opportunities
16.3.1 Pretreatment Constraints in LCB Production
16.3.2 Role of Microbes in LCB Production
16.3.3 Cost Constraints in LCB Production
16.3.4 Genetic Manipulation of Energy Crops
16.3.4.1 Increasing Cellulose Content
16.3.4.2 Reduction of Plant Cell Wall Recalcitrance and Cellulose Crystallinity
16.3.4.3 Production of Hydrolases in Plants
16.3.4.4 Lignin Modification
16.4 Bioethanol Economy
16.4.1 Synthetic Biology of CBP Microbes
16.4.1.1 Cellulose Expression and Secretion Systems
16.4.1.2 Enhanced Tolerance
16.4.1.3 Metagenomics
16.4.1.4 Advanced Biofuel Production
16.4.2 Future Perspective for LCB Production
References
17. Waste-to-Energy Technologies for Energy Recovery
Shivam Pandey, Anjana Sharma, Naveen Kumar, Nupur Aggarwal and Ajay Vasishth
17.1 Energy
17.1.1 Global Issues and Renewable Energy
17.2 Alternatives to Waste-to-Energy Routes that Might Be Used
17.2.1 Technology Limitations of WTER
17.2.2 Waste-to-Energy
17.2.3 Worldwide Sector for Waste-to-Energy
17.3 The Situation of the Waste-to-Energy Market Today
17.3.1 Environmental Advantages of Waste-to-Energy
17.3.2 Pollutants from Landfills
17.3.3 Release of Arsenic from Garbage
17.3.4 Vaporized Organic Substances
17.3.5 Municipal Solid Waste Management
17.4 Technical and Economic Considerations
17.4.1 Fuel from Plastic
17.4.2 Biochemical Conversion
17.4.3 Thermochemical Conversion
17.4.4 Thermal Treatment
17.5 Conclusion
References
18. Biodiesel Production, Storage Stability, and Industrial Applications: Opportunities and Challenges
Girdhar Joshi
18.1 Biodiesel
18.2 Feedstocks for Biodiesel Production
18.3 Biodiesel Conversion Methods
18.3.1 Homogenous Catalysis
18.3.2 Heterogenous Catalysis
18.3.3 Enzymatic Catalysis
18.4 Physicochemical Properties of Biodiesel
18.5 Storage Stability of Biodiesel
18.5.1 Addition–Elimination Reaction
18.6 Combustion Characteristics of Biodiesel
18.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives of Biodiesel
References
19. Biomass Energy and Its Conversion
Naval V. Koralkar, Mohit Kumar, Raj Kumar and Praveen Kumar Ghodke
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Sources of Biomass
19.3 Techniques for Converting Biomass Into Energy
19.3.1 Thermochemical Conversion
19.3.1.1 Pyrolysis
19.3.1.2 Biomass Gasification
19.3.1.3 Combustion
19.4 Biochemical/Biological Conversion
19.5 Physical Conversion
19.6 Power Plant Dynamic Modeling and Simulation Using Biomass as Fuel
19.6.1 Biomass Combustion Modeling
19.7 Summary
References
20. Co-Gasification of Coal and Waste Biomass for Power Generation
Naval V. Koralkar, Mohit Kumar, Raj Kumar and Praveen Kumar Ghodke
20.1 Introduction
20.1.1 Combined Usage of Biomass and Coal
20.2 Co-Gasification
20.2.1 Gasification Technologies
20.3 Biomass Gasification Co-Generation
20.4 Summary
References
Index
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