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Submit a ProposalHandbook of Water Pollution
 | Edited by Inamuddin Copyright: 2024 | Status: Published ISBN: 9781119904809 | Hardcover | 542 pages Price: $225 USD  |
One Line Description
This handbook covers a wide range of water pollution issues and remedies. Researchers, students, and other governmental and non-governmental groups will all benefit from this informative guide. In detail, this book will include chapters in the areas of water pollution, analysis, and solutions.
Audience
Engineers, government/non-government organizations, faculty, environmentalists, researchers, and students from academics and laboratories linked to water pollution, their causes, and their remediation
Engineers, government/non-government organizations, faculty, environmentalists, researchers, and students from academics and laboratories linked to water pollution, their causes, and their remediation
Description
Handbook of Water Pollution discusses a wide range of contaminants heavily affecting our environment and water bodies. The chapters discuss heavy metals, metalloids, pesticides, explosives, toxic chemicals, dyes, plastics, e-wastes, fertilizers, detergents, nitrates/nitrites, phosphates, hydrocarbons, and fecal wastes, along with their sources of action against our environment, their methods of analysis, and finally, their treatments are all presented in detail.
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Handbook of Water Pollution discusses a wide range of contaminants heavily affecting our environment and water bodies. The chapters discuss heavy metals, metalloids, pesticides, explosives, toxic chemicals, dyes, plastics, e-wastes, fertilizers, detergents, nitrates/nitrites, phosphates, hydrocarbons, and fecal wastes, along with their sources of action against our environment, their methods of analysis, and finally, their treatments are all presented in detail.
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Author / Editor Details
Inamuddin, PhD, is an assistant professor at the Department of Applied Chemistry, Zakir Husain College of Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He has extensive research experience in multidisciplinary fields of analytical chemistry, materials chemistry, electrochemistry, renewable energy, and environmental science. He has worked on different research projects funded by various government agencies and universities and is the recipient of awards, including the Department of Science and Technology, India, Fast-Track Young Scientist Award and Young Researcher of the Year Award 2020 from Aligarh Muslim University. He has published about 210 research articles in various international scientific journals, 18 book chapters, and 170 edited books with multiple well-known publishers. His current research interests include ion exchange materials, a sensor for heavy metal ions, biofuel cells, supercapacitors, and bending actuators.
Inamuddin, PhD, is an assistant professor at the Department of Applied Chemistry, Zakir Husain College of Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He has extensive research experience in multidisciplinary fields of analytical chemistry, materials chemistry, electrochemistry, renewable energy, and environmental science. He has worked on different research projects funded by various government agencies and universities and is the recipient of awards, including the Department of Science and Technology, India, Fast-Track Young Scientist Award and Young Researcher of the Year Award 2020 from Aligarh Muslim University. He has published about 210 research articles in various international scientific journals, 18 book chapters, and 170 edited books with multiple well-known publishers. His current research interests include ion exchange materials, a sensor for heavy metal ions, biofuel cells, supercapacitors, and bending actuators.
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Table of Contents
Preface
1. Introduction to Water Pollution
Hira Munir, Areeba Kashaf, Mahnoor Masood, Rabia Sajid, Hira Amjad, Tahreem Shehzadi and Jawayria Najeeb
1.1 Pollution
1.2 What is Water Pollution?
1.3 Prevalence of Water Pollution
1.4 Categories of Water Pollution
1.4.1 Point Sources
1.4.2 Non-Point Sources
1.4.3 Transboundary Pollution
1.4.4 Problems Caused by Point and Non-Point Sources
1.5 Water Pollutants
1.5.1 Organic Pollutants
1.5.2 Inorganic Pollutants
1.5.3 Biological Pollutants
1.5.4 Radiological Pollutants
1.6 Kinds of Water Pollution
1.6.1 Groundwater Pollution
1.6.2 Domestic Water Pollution
1.6.3 River Water Pollution
1.6.4 Surface Water Pollution
1.7 Determination of Water Quality Parameters
1.7.1 pH
1.7.2 Color
1.7.3 Turbidity
1.7.4 Hardness
1.7.5 BOD
1.7.6 TDS
1.8 Sources of Water Pollution
1.8.1 Urbanization
1.8.2 Agriculture
1.8.3 Industrialization
1.8.4 Population Growth
1.8.5 Oil Spillage
1.9 Effects of Water Pollution on Humans and Animals
1.9.1 Diarrheal Diseases
1.9.2 Cholera
1.9.3 Microcystins
1.9.4 Sound Effects of Contamination of Water on Aquatic Animals
1.10 Prevention of Water Pollution
1.10.1 Strategies
1.10.1.1 Water Maintenance
1.10.1.2 Wastewater Treatment
1.10.1.3 Devices
1.10.1.4 Air Pollution Prevention
1.10.1.5 Organic Farming
1.10.1.6 Stormwater Management
1.10.1.7 Plastic Waste Reduction
1.10.1.8 Environmental Education
1.11 Control and Prevention of Water Pollution by Biotechnology
1.12 Conclusion
References
2. Impact of Water Pollution & Perspective Techniques to Mitigate It: An Overview
Ambika Sudan, Arpita Ghosh, Mehak Verma and Pushpachaudhary Tomar
Graphical Abstract
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Causes of Water Pollution
2.2.1 Discharge
2.2.2 Oil Spill
2.2.3 Littering
2.2.4 Ship Demolition Waste
2.3 Effects of Water Pollution on Plant Growth
2.4 Techniques of Treating Water Pollution
2.4.1 Techniques
2.4.1.1 Biofiltration
2.4.1.2 Rapid Sand Filter
2.4.1.3 Adsorption
2.4.1.4 Magnetic Extraction
2.4.1.5 Membrane Filtration
2.4.1.6 Electrocoagulation
2.4.1.7 Activated Sludge
2.4.2 Oil Spillage
2.4.2.1 Skimming
2.4.2.2 Organoclays
2.4.2.3 Grease Traps
2.4.2.4 Chemical Dispersant/Emulsifier
2.4.2.5 In Situ Burning (ISB)
2.4.2.6 Magnetic-Nanomaterials
2.4.3 Halogenated Aromatic Hydrocarbon
2.4.3.1 Bioremediation
2.4.3.2 Photocatalytic Degradation
2.4.3.3 Electrokinetic Remediation
2.4.3.4 Green Nano Remediation
2.5 Removal of Pollutants Through Different Nanomaterial
2.5.1 Disinfection
2.5.1.1 Silver Nanoparticles
2.5.1.2 TiO2 Nanoparticles
2.5.1.3 Carbon Nano Tubes
2.5.2 Desalination
2.5.3 Heavy Metal and Ion Removal
2.5.4 Organic Pollutant Removal
2.5.5 CNTs
2.5.6 TiO2 Nanoparticles
2.5.7 Zero-Valent Iron
2.5.8 Other Nanomaterials
2.6 Discussion and Conclusion
References
3. Pollution of Ground and Surface Waters with Agrochemicals
Aloo B. N.
3.1 Introduction
3.2 A Recounting of the Global Production and Consumption of Agrochemicals
3.2.1 Pesticides
3.2.2 Fertilizers
3.3 Characteristics of Agrochemicals
3.4 Occurrences and Levels of Pollution
3.4.1 Pollution of Groundwater
3.4.2 Pollution of Surface Waters
3.5 Fates of Agrochemicals in Ground and Surface Waters
3.6 Emerging Views and Perspectives
3.7 Concluding Remarks
References
4. Fecal Waste Drives Antimicrobial Resistance: Source Tracking, Wastewater Discriminant Analysis and Management
Eliezer Ladeia Gomes, Giovanna Velicka Monteiro Vallio, Laura Plazas Tovar, Lucas Bragança de Oliveira, Luiz Sidney Longo Junior, Sarah Isabel Pinto Monteiro do Nascimento Alves, Vinícius Matheus Silva Macedo and Romilda Fernandez-Felisbino
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Antibiotics/ARB/ARGs: Source Tracking
4.3 Fecal Pollution and the Public Health Risks
4.3.1 Public Health Risks and Environmental Impacts
4.4 Fecal Indicator Bacteria and Discriminant Analysis
4.5 Management Strategies to Combat Antibiotic Resistance
4.5.1 Technologies Towards ARB/ARGs Removal from Wastewater
4.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
5. Harmful Effects of Water Pollution
C. Justin Dhanaraj
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Physical Factors
5.2.1 Temperature
5.2.2 Heat
5.2.3 Suspended Solids
5.2.4 Colour
5.3 Chemical Factors
5.3.1 Lowering of Dissolved Oxygen
5.3.2 Oxygen Demanding Material in Water Bodies
5.3.2.1 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
5.3.2.2 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
5.3.3 Eutrophication
5.3.4 Chemicals Affecting Human Health
5.3.4.1 Fluoride
5.3.4.2 Nitrate
5.3.4.3 Petrochemicals and Chlorinated Solvents
5.3.4.4 Pesticides
5.3.5 Acidity (pH)
5.3.6 Nitrification
5.3.7 Acid Rain
5.3.8 Characteristics of Pollutants in Stationary Water Bodies
5.3.9 Nanoparticles
5.3.10 Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs)
5.3.11 Heavy Metals
5.3.11.1 Mercury
5.3.11.2 Arsenic
5.3.11.3 Lead
5.3.12 Salts
5.3.13 Radioactive Materials
5.3.14 Oils and Grease
5.3.15 Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDC)
5.4 Biological Factors
5.4.1 Ecology of Stationary Water Bodies
5.4.2 Algal Blooms
5.4.3 Pathogenic Organisms
5.5 Conclusion
References
6. Parasites: Sources, Method of Analysis and Treatment
Gopikrishnan, T.
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Pathogens
6.2 Method of Analysis
6.2.1 Sampling Preparations and Procedures
6.2.2 Sampling for Parasites
6.3 Methods to Find Concentration of Parasites
6.3.1 Sedgwick Rafter Method
6.3.2 Method of Centrifuge
6.3.3 Method of Using Millipore Filter
6.4 Procedures for Enumeration of Parasites
6.4.1 Standardizing of Tiles Whipple Micron Meter
6.4.1.1 Reporting in Cubic Standard Units
6.4.2 Drop Method for Counting
6.5 Waterborne Protozoan Parasites
6.6 Protozoan Parasite Testing in Water
6.7 Waterborne Helminths
6.8 Water Treatment
6.8.1 Chemical Treatment
6.8.1.1 Chlorination
6.8.1.2 Method of Chloramination
6.8.1.3 Method of Applying Chlorine Dioxide
6.8.1.4 Ozonation
6.8.2 Physical Treatment
6.8.2.1 Treatment Using the Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation
6.8.3 Treatment Using Mechanical Method
6.8.3.1 Method of Membrane Filter
6.8.3.2 Radiation
6.9 Nanotechnology
6.9.1 Silver (Ag)
6.9.2 Chitosan
6.9.3 Titanium Dioxide (TiO2)
6.9.4 Zinc Oxide (ZnO)
6.9.5 Fullerenes
6.9.6 Nanotubes of Carbon
6.10 Conclusions
References
7. Oils: Source, Method of Analysis and Treatment
Hüseyin Kara, Mustafa Talha Gönüllü, İsmail Tarhan, Fatih Erci, Aslan Taş and Fatih Durmaz
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Oils Causing Pollution and Their Sources
7.3 Method of Analysis
7.4 Treatment
7.4.1 Treatment Requirements
7.4.2 Waste Reduction
7.4.3 Management of Cutting Fluids
7.4.4 Overview of Treatment Methods
7.4.5 Physical Treatment
7.4.5.1 Gravity Separation Systems (Separators)
7.4.5.2 Hydrocyclones
7.4.5.3 Air Flotation
7.4.5.4 Membrane Filtration
7.4.5.5 Activated Carbon Adsorption
7.4.5.6 Filtration (Membranes, Meshes, and Fibers)
7.4.5.7 Evaporation
7.4.6 Chemical Treatment
7.4.6.1 Coagulation and Flocculation
7.4.6.2 Electrocoagulation
7.4.6.3 Oxidation Technologies
7.4.7 Biological Treatments
7.4.8 Latest Treatment Trends
7.4.8.1 Biological Treatment
7.4.8.2 Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs)
7.4.8.3 Membrane Separation Technology
7.4.8.4 Coagulation/Flocculation Technology
7.4.8.5 Sorption Technology
7.4.9 Treatment Costs
7.5 Conclusion
References
8. Phosphate: Sources, Method of Analysis and Treatment
S. Sathiyamurthi, S. Nalini and M. Sivasakthi
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Sources of Phosphate Pollution in Water
8.3 Method of Analysis
8.4 Phosphate Removal Treatment
8.4.1 Phosphate Removal through Lanthanum and Lanthanum Composite
8.4.2 Phosphate Removal by Nanomaterial and Nano Composite
8.4.3 Phosphate Removal through Iron and Iron Composite
8.4.4 Phosphate Removal by Metal Composite
8.4.5 Phosphate Removal by Zirconium and Its Composite
8.4.6 Phosphate Removal by Biochar and Biochar-Based Composite
8.4.7 Phosphate Removal by Aluminum Oxide Its Composite-Based Absorbent
8.4.8 Phosphate Removal by Calcium
8.4.9 Phosphate Removal by Organic Metal Framework
8.4.10 Phosphate Removal by Waste-Based Adsorbent
8.4.11 Phosphate Removal by Clay and Clay Composites
8.4.12 Phosphate Removal by Bioremediation
8.4.13 Phosphate Removal by Natural Polymer and Its Composite
8.4.14 Phosphate Removal by Advanced Methods
8.5 Conclusion
References
9. Endocrine Disruptors: Sources, Method of Analysis and Treatment
María-José Luján-Facundo, Eva Ferrer-Polonio, María-Amparo Bes Piá and J.A. Mendoza-Roca
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Definition of Endocrine Disruptors
9.1.2 Main Endocrine Disruptors
9.1.2.1 Classification Based on the EU Regulations for REACH
9.1.2.2 Other Classifications
9.1.3 Human Exposure to EDCs
9.1.4 Impact of EDCs on Human Health
9.2 Parabens: Sources, Method of Analysis and Treatment
9.2.1 Sources
9.2.2 Method of Analysis
9.2.3 Treatment of Parabens
9.3 Alkylphenol ethoxylates: Sources, Method of Analysis and Treatment
9.3.1 Sources
9.3.2 Method of Analysis
9.3.3 Treatment
9.4 Bisphenols: Sources, Method of Analysis and Treatment
9.4.1 Sources
9.4.2 Method of Analysis
9.4.3 Treatment
9.5 Phthalates: Sources, Method of Analysis and Treatment
9.5.1 Sources
9.5.2 Analysis
9.5.3 Treatment of Phthalates
9.6 Conclusions
References
10. Water Pollution by Heavy Metals and Their Impact on Human Health
Biplab Roy, Biswanath Bhunia, Tarun Kanti Bandyopadhyay, Shamim Ahmed Khan, Nishithendu Bikash Nandi and Pinku Chandra Nath
Abbreviations
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Sources of Heavy Metals
10.2.1 Natural Source
10.2.2 Anthropogenic Source
10.3 Heavy Metals in Water and Their Toxic Effect on Human Health
10.3.1 Zinc (Zn)
10.3.2 Manganese (Mn)
10.3.3 Iron (Fe)
10.3.4 Cadmium (Cd)
10.3.5 Nickel (Ni)
10.3.6 Lead (Pb)
10.3.7 Mercury (Hg)
10.3.8 Arsenic (As)
10.3.9 Chromium (Cr)
10.4 Different Water Treatment Techniques for Removal of Heavy Metal from Polluted Water
10.4.1 Flocculation/Coagulation
10.4.2 Ion Exchange Separation
10.4.3 Flotation Technique
10.4.4 Membrane Technologies
10.4.5 Chemical Precipitation
10.4.6 Electrochemical Technologies
10.4.7 Adsorption Technique
10.5 Conclusion
References
11. Dyes: Sources, Method of Analysis and Treatment
K. Ravichandran, N. Chidhambaram, M. Ayyanar, P. Kavitha, Arun Thirumurugan, S. Sriram and R. Shalini
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Classification of Dyes
11.3 Analysis of Dye Pollution
11.4 Treatments for Removing Dye Pollution from Water
11.4.1 Physical Methods
11.4.2 Chemical Methods
11.4.3 Biological Methods
11.5 Conclusions
References
12. Pharmaceutical Pollution of Water Bodies: Sources, Impacts, and Mitigation
Suby Mon Benny, Sriparna Datta Gupta, Shahi P. Ismail and Dileep Francis
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Pharmaceutical Pollution: The Global Scenario
12.3 Sources of Pharmaceutical Pollution
12.3.1 Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Plants and Health-Care Centers
12.3.2 Anthropogenic Use and Disposal of Pharmaceuticals
12.3.3 Farming Practice and Veterinary Medications
12.4 Factors Affecting Pharmaceutical Pollution
12.4.1 Urbanization
12.4.2 Seasonal Variation
12.4.3 Soil Texture and Vegetation
12.5 Impacts of Pharmaceutical Pollution
12.5.1 Impacts on Aquatic Life
12.5.2 Impacts on Humans
12.5.3 Impacts on Microorganisms
12.6 Mitigation and Surveillance
12.6.1 Interventions in Wastewater Treatment to Contain Pharmaceuticals
12.6.1.1 Conventional Wastewater Treatment Processes
12.6.1.2 Advanced Wastewater Treatment Processes
12.6.2 Regulatory Policies
12.6.3 Analytical Methods to Detect Pharmaceutical Pollution
12.6.3.1 Solid Phase-Extraction (SPE)
12.6.3.2 Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)
12.6.3.3 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS)
12.6.3.4 High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS)
12.6.3.5 Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC)-Tandem
Mass Spectrometry (MS/MS)
12.7 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
13. Instrumental Testing of Quality of Water
Amita Chaudhary and Ankur Dwivedi
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 Water Sources
13.1.2 Broad Categories of Water Testing
13.1.2.1 Physical Components
13.1.2.2 Chemical Components
13.1.2.3 Biological Components
13.1.3 Water Quality index
13.1.4 Analytical Methods for Testing Water Quality
13.1.4.1 Titration Methods
13.1.4.2 Photometric Methods
13.1.4.3 Colorimetric Methods
13.1.5 Instrumental Techniques
13.1.5.1 Electroanalytical Methods
13.1.5.2 Spectral Methods
13.1.5.3 Separation Methods
13.2 Conclusion
References
14. Catalytic Membranes for Water Pollution
J.E. Castanheiro, P.A. Mourão, I. Cansado and M.E. Lopes
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Configuration of Reactors
14.2.1 MRs Acts as Extractor
14.2.2 Membrane as Distributor
14.2.3 MR as Contactor
14.3 Membrane Reactor for Water Treatment
14.4 Conclusions
References
15. LDH-Based Materials for Photocatalytic Dye Degradation
Priyadharshini M., Bhuvaneswari K., Palanisamy G. and Pazhanivel T.
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Dye Degradation
15.2.1 Photocatalytic Dye Degradation
15.3 Factors Affecting Efficient Degradation
15.4 Layered Double Hydroxide Materials (LDH)
15.5 Polyoxometalates Metal-Based LDH Composite
15.6 Carbon-Based LDH Composite
15.7 Semiconductor-Based LDH Composite
15.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
16. Biomineralization as a Strategy for the Bioremediation of Toxic Metals–Contaminated Water
Charles Rashama, Munashe Maposa, Knowledge Nyenyayi and Marko Chigondo
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Minerals Commonly Found in Water and their Effects
16.3 Justification for Toxic Metal Detoxification
16.4 Water-Based Metal Detoxification through Biomineralisation
16.4.1 The Science Behind Biomineralisation
16.4.1.1 Carbonate Precipitation Mediated Biomineralisation
16.4.1.2 Phosphorous Mediated Biomineralisation
16.4.1.3 Metal Bioprecipitation Based on Other Anions
16.4.2 Other Microorganisms that Participate in Biomineralisation
16.4.2.1 Other Biomineralising Microorganisms
16.4.3 Comparison of Biominerilisation to Other Metal Removal/Detoxification Approaches
16.5 Concluding Remarks and Future Outlook
References
17. Phytoremediation of Radioactive Pollutants
Siratun Montaha. S. Shaikh, Puspita Barik, Smita S. Aditya, M. T. Jowin Joseph, M. Suresh Kumar and P. V. Nidheesh
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Advancement in Methodologies for Phytoremediation of Radionuclides: From Conventional to Novel Approaches
17.2.1 Novel and Cost-Effective “Green” Technology: A Rational Alternative
17.3 Preliminary Assessment of the Contaminated Site for Phytoremediation
17.4 Screening of Plants for Effective Uptake of Radionuclides
17.5 Augmentation for Radionuclide Bioavailability
17.6 Post-Phytoremediation Management of Radionuclides
17.6.1 Pre-Treatment of Biomass
17.6.2 Final Disposal Methods
17.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Index
Back to Top
Preface
1. Introduction to Water Pollution
Hira Munir, Areeba Kashaf, Mahnoor Masood, Rabia Sajid, Hira Amjad, Tahreem Shehzadi and Jawayria Najeeb
1.1 Pollution
1.2 What is Water Pollution?
1.3 Prevalence of Water Pollution
1.4 Categories of Water Pollution
1.4.1 Point Sources
1.4.2 Non-Point Sources
1.4.3 Transboundary Pollution
1.4.4 Problems Caused by Point and Non-Point Sources
1.5 Water Pollutants
1.5.1 Organic Pollutants
1.5.2 Inorganic Pollutants
1.5.3 Biological Pollutants
1.5.4 Radiological Pollutants
1.6 Kinds of Water Pollution
1.6.1 Groundwater Pollution
1.6.2 Domestic Water Pollution
1.6.3 River Water Pollution
1.6.4 Surface Water Pollution
1.7 Determination of Water Quality Parameters
1.7.1 pH
1.7.2 Color
1.7.3 Turbidity
1.7.4 Hardness
1.7.5 BOD
1.7.6 TDS
1.8 Sources of Water Pollution
1.8.1 Urbanization
1.8.2 Agriculture
1.8.3 Industrialization
1.8.4 Population Growth
1.8.5 Oil Spillage
1.9 Effects of Water Pollution on Humans and Animals
1.9.1 Diarrheal Diseases
1.9.2 Cholera
1.9.3 Microcystins
1.9.4 Sound Effects of Contamination of Water on Aquatic Animals
1.10 Prevention of Water Pollution
1.10.1 Strategies
1.10.1.1 Water Maintenance
1.10.1.2 Wastewater Treatment
1.10.1.3 Devices
1.10.1.4 Air Pollution Prevention
1.10.1.5 Organic Farming
1.10.1.6 Stormwater Management
1.10.1.7 Plastic Waste Reduction
1.10.1.8 Environmental Education
1.11 Control and Prevention of Water Pollution by Biotechnology
1.12 Conclusion
References
2. Impact of Water Pollution & Perspective Techniques to Mitigate It: An Overview
Ambika Sudan, Arpita Ghosh, Mehak Verma and Pushpachaudhary Tomar
Graphical Abstract
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Causes of Water Pollution
2.2.1 Discharge
2.2.2 Oil Spill
2.2.3 Littering
2.2.4 Ship Demolition Waste
2.3 Effects of Water Pollution on Plant Growth
2.4 Techniques of Treating Water Pollution
2.4.1 Techniques
2.4.1.1 Biofiltration
2.4.1.2 Rapid Sand Filter
2.4.1.3 Adsorption
2.4.1.4 Magnetic Extraction
2.4.1.5 Membrane Filtration
2.4.1.6 Electrocoagulation
2.4.1.7 Activated Sludge
2.4.2 Oil Spillage
2.4.2.1 Skimming
2.4.2.2 Organoclays
2.4.2.3 Grease Traps
2.4.2.4 Chemical Dispersant/Emulsifier
2.4.2.5 In Situ Burning (ISB)
2.4.2.6 Magnetic-Nanomaterials
2.4.3 Halogenated Aromatic Hydrocarbon
2.4.3.1 Bioremediation
2.4.3.2 Photocatalytic Degradation
2.4.3.3 Electrokinetic Remediation
2.4.3.4 Green Nano Remediation
2.5 Removal of Pollutants Through Different Nanomaterial
2.5.1 Disinfection
2.5.1.1 Silver Nanoparticles
2.5.1.2 TiO2 Nanoparticles
2.5.1.3 Carbon Nano Tubes
2.5.2 Desalination
2.5.3 Heavy Metal and Ion Removal
2.5.4 Organic Pollutant Removal
2.5.5 CNTs
2.5.6 TiO2 Nanoparticles
2.5.7 Zero-Valent Iron
2.5.8 Other Nanomaterials
2.6 Discussion and Conclusion
References
3. Pollution of Ground and Surface Waters with Agrochemicals
Aloo B. N.
3.1 Introduction
3.2 A Recounting of the Global Production and Consumption of Agrochemicals
3.2.1 Pesticides
3.2.2 Fertilizers
3.3 Characteristics of Agrochemicals
3.4 Occurrences and Levels of Pollution
3.4.1 Pollution of Groundwater
3.4.2 Pollution of Surface Waters
3.5 Fates of Agrochemicals in Ground and Surface Waters
3.6 Emerging Views and Perspectives
3.7 Concluding Remarks
References
4. Fecal Waste Drives Antimicrobial Resistance: Source Tracking, Wastewater Discriminant Analysis and Management
Eliezer Ladeia Gomes, Giovanna Velicka Monteiro Vallio, Laura Plazas Tovar, Lucas Bragança de Oliveira, Luiz Sidney Longo Junior, Sarah Isabel Pinto Monteiro do Nascimento Alves, Vinícius Matheus Silva Macedo and Romilda Fernandez-Felisbino
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Antibiotics/ARB/ARGs: Source Tracking
4.3 Fecal Pollution and the Public Health Risks
4.3.1 Public Health Risks and Environmental Impacts
4.4 Fecal Indicator Bacteria and Discriminant Analysis
4.5 Management Strategies to Combat Antibiotic Resistance
4.5.1 Technologies Towards ARB/ARGs Removal from Wastewater
4.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
5. Harmful Effects of Water Pollution
C. Justin Dhanaraj
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Physical Factors
5.2.1 Temperature
5.2.2 Heat
5.2.3 Suspended Solids
5.2.4 Colour
5.3 Chemical Factors
5.3.1 Lowering of Dissolved Oxygen
5.3.2 Oxygen Demanding Material in Water Bodies
5.3.2.1 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
5.3.2.2 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
5.3.3 Eutrophication
5.3.4 Chemicals Affecting Human Health
5.3.4.1 Fluoride
5.3.4.2 Nitrate
5.3.4.3 Petrochemicals and Chlorinated Solvents
5.3.4.4 Pesticides
5.3.5 Acidity (pH)
5.3.6 Nitrification
5.3.7 Acid Rain
5.3.8 Characteristics of Pollutants in Stationary Water Bodies
5.3.9 Nanoparticles
5.3.10 Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs)
5.3.11 Heavy Metals
5.3.11.1 Mercury
5.3.11.2 Arsenic
5.3.11.3 Lead
5.3.12 Salts
5.3.13 Radioactive Materials
5.3.14 Oils and Grease
5.3.15 Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDC)
5.4 Biological Factors
5.4.1 Ecology of Stationary Water Bodies
5.4.2 Algal Blooms
5.4.3 Pathogenic Organisms
5.5 Conclusion
References
6. Parasites: Sources, Method of Analysis and Treatment
Gopikrishnan, T.
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Pathogens
6.2 Method of Analysis
6.2.1 Sampling Preparations and Procedures
6.2.2 Sampling for Parasites
6.3 Methods to Find Concentration of Parasites
6.3.1 Sedgwick Rafter Method
6.3.2 Method of Centrifuge
6.3.3 Method of Using Millipore Filter
6.4 Procedures for Enumeration of Parasites
6.4.1 Standardizing of Tiles Whipple Micron Meter
6.4.1.1 Reporting in Cubic Standard Units
6.4.2 Drop Method for Counting
6.5 Waterborne Protozoan Parasites
6.6 Protozoan Parasite Testing in Water
6.7 Waterborne Helminths
6.8 Water Treatment
6.8.1 Chemical Treatment
6.8.1.1 Chlorination
6.8.1.2 Method of Chloramination
6.8.1.3 Method of Applying Chlorine Dioxide
6.8.1.4 Ozonation
6.8.2 Physical Treatment
6.8.2.1 Treatment Using the Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation
6.8.3 Treatment Using Mechanical Method
6.8.3.1 Method of Membrane Filter
6.8.3.2 Radiation
6.9 Nanotechnology
6.9.1 Silver (Ag)
6.9.2 Chitosan
6.9.3 Titanium Dioxide (TiO2)
6.9.4 Zinc Oxide (ZnO)
6.9.5 Fullerenes
6.9.6 Nanotubes of Carbon
6.10 Conclusions
References
7. Oils: Source, Method of Analysis and Treatment
Hüseyin Kara, Mustafa Talha Gönüllü, İsmail Tarhan, Fatih Erci, Aslan Taş and Fatih Durmaz
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Oils Causing Pollution and Their Sources
7.3 Method of Analysis
7.4 Treatment
7.4.1 Treatment Requirements
7.4.2 Waste Reduction
7.4.3 Management of Cutting Fluids
7.4.4 Overview of Treatment Methods
7.4.5 Physical Treatment
7.4.5.1 Gravity Separation Systems (Separators)
7.4.5.2 Hydrocyclones
7.4.5.3 Air Flotation
7.4.5.4 Membrane Filtration
7.4.5.5 Activated Carbon Adsorption
7.4.5.6 Filtration (Membranes, Meshes, and Fibers)
7.4.5.7 Evaporation
7.4.6 Chemical Treatment
7.4.6.1 Coagulation and Flocculation
7.4.6.2 Electrocoagulation
7.4.6.3 Oxidation Technologies
7.4.7 Biological Treatments
7.4.8 Latest Treatment Trends
7.4.8.1 Biological Treatment
7.4.8.2 Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs)
7.4.8.3 Membrane Separation Technology
7.4.8.4 Coagulation/Flocculation Technology
7.4.8.5 Sorption Technology
7.4.9 Treatment Costs
7.5 Conclusion
References
8. Phosphate: Sources, Method of Analysis and Treatment
S. Sathiyamurthi, S. Nalini and M. Sivasakthi
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Sources of Phosphate Pollution in Water
8.3 Method of Analysis
8.4 Phosphate Removal Treatment
8.4.1 Phosphate Removal through Lanthanum and Lanthanum Composite
8.4.2 Phosphate Removal by Nanomaterial and Nano Composite
8.4.3 Phosphate Removal through Iron and Iron Composite
8.4.4 Phosphate Removal by Metal Composite
8.4.5 Phosphate Removal by Zirconium and Its Composite
8.4.6 Phosphate Removal by Biochar and Biochar-Based Composite
8.4.7 Phosphate Removal by Aluminum Oxide Its Composite-Based Absorbent
8.4.8 Phosphate Removal by Calcium
8.4.9 Phosphate Removal by Organic Metal Framework
8.4.10 Phosphate Removal by Waste-Based Adsorbent
8.4.11 Phosphate Removal by Clay and Clay Composites
8.4.12 Phosphate Removal by Bioremediation
8.4.13 Phosphate Removal by Natural Polymer and Its Composite
8.4.14 Phosphate Removal by Advanced Methods
8.5 Conclusion
References
9. Endocrine Disruptors: Sources, Method of Analysis and Treatment
María-José Luján-Facundo, Eva Ferrer-Polonio, María-Amparo Bes Piá and J.A. Mendoza-Roca
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Definition of Endocrine Disruptors
9.1.2 Main Endocrine Disruptors
9.1.2.1 Classification Based on the EU Regulations for REACH
9.1.2.2 Other Classifications
9.1.3 Human Exposure to EDCs
9.1.4 Impact of EDCs on Human Health
9.2 Parabens: Sources, Method of Analysis and Treatment
9.2.1 Sources
9.2.2 Method of Analysis
9.2.3 Treatment of Parabens
9.3 Alkylphenol ethoxylates: Sources, Method of Analysis and Treatment
9.3.1 Sources
9.3.2 Method of Analysis
9.3.3 Treatment
9.4 Bisphenols: Sources, Method of Analysis and Treatment
9.4.1 Sources
9.4.2 Method of Analysis
9.4.3 Treatment
9.5 Phthalates: Sources, Method of Analysis and Treatment
9.5.1 Sources
9.5.2 Analysis
9.5.3 Treatment of Phthalates
9.6 Conclusions
References
10. Water Pollution by Heavy Metals and Their Impact on Human Health
Biplab Roy, Biswanath Bhunia, Tarun Kanti Bandyopadhyay, Shamim Ahmed Khan, Nishithendu Bikash Nandi and Pinku Chandra Nath
Abbreviations
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Sources of Heavy Metals
10.2.1 Natural Source
10.2.2 Anthropogenic Source
10.3 Heavy Metals in Water and Their Toxic Effect on Human Health
10.3.1 Zinc (Zn)
10.3.2 Manganese (Mn)
10.3.3 Iron (Fe)
10.3.4 Cadmium (Cd)
10.3.5 Nickel (Ni)
10.3.6 Lead (Pb)
10.3.7 Mercury (Hg)
10.3.8 Arsenic (As)
10.3.9 Chromium (Cr)
10.4 Different Water Treatment Techniques for Removal of Heavy Metal from Polluted Water
10.4.1 Flocculation/Coagulation
10.4.2 Ion Exchange Separation
10.4.3 Flotation Technique
10.4.4 Membrane Technologies
10.4.5 Chemical Precipitation
10.4.6 Electrochemical Technologies
10.4.7 Adsorption Technique
10.5 Conclusion
References
11. Dyes: Sources, Method of Analysis and Treatment
K. Ravichandran, N. Chidhambaram, M. Ayyanar, P. Kavitha, Arun Thirumurugan, S. Sriram and R. Shalini
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Classification of Dyes
11.3 Analysis of Dye Pollution
11.4 Treatments for Removing Dye Pollution from Water
11.4.1 Physical Methods
11.4.2 Chemical Methods
11.4.3 Biological Methods
11.5 Conclusions
References
12. Pharmaceutical Pollution of Water Bodies: Sources, Impacts, and Mitigation
Suby Mon Benny, Sriparna Datta Gupta, Shahi P. Ismail and Dileep Francis
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Pharmaceutical Pollution: The Global Scenario
12.3 Sources of Pharmaceutical Pollution
12.3.1 Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Plants and Health-Care Centers
12.3.2 Anthropogenic Use and Disposal of Pharmaceuticals
12.3.3 Farming Practice and Veterinary Medications
12.4 Factors Affecting Pharmaceutical Pollution
12.4.1 Urbanization
12.4.2 Seasonal Variation
12.4.3 Soil Texture and Vegetation
12.5 Impacts of Pharmaceutical Pollution
12.5.1 Impacts on Aquatic Life
12.5.2 Impacts on Humans
12.5.3 Impacts on Microorganisms
12.6 Mitigation and Surveillance
12.6.1 Interventions in Wastewater Treatment to Contain Pharmaceuticals
12.6.1.1 Conventional Wastewater Treatment Processes
12.6.1.2 Advanced Wastewater Treatment Processes
12.6.2 Regulatory Policies
12.6.3 Analytical Methods to Detect Pharmaceutical Pollution
12.6.3.1 Solid Phase-Extraction (SPE)
12.6.3.2 Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)
12.6.3.3 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS)
12.6.3.4 High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS)
12.6.3.5 Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC)-Tandem
Mass Spectrometry (MS/MS)
12.7 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
13. Instrumental Testing of Quality of Water
Amita Chaudhary and Ankur Dwivedi
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 Water Sources
13.1.2 Broad Categories of Water Testing
13.1.2.1 Physical Components
13.1.2.2 Chemical Components
13.1.2.3 Biological Components
13.1.3 Water Quality index
13.1.4 Analytical Methods for Testing Water Quality
13.1.4.1 Titration Methods
13.1.4.2 Photometric Methods
13.1.4.3 Colorimetric Methods
13.1.5 Instrumental Techniques
13.1.5.1 Electroanalytical Methods
13.1.5.2 Spectral Methods
13.1.5.3 Separation Methods
13.2 Conclusion
References
14. Catalytic Membranes for Water Pollution
J.E. Castanheiro, P.A. Mourão, I. Cansado and M.E. Lopes
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Configuration of Reactors
14.2.1 MRs Acts as Extractor
14.2.2 Membrane as Distributor
14.2.3 MR as Contactor
14.3 Membrane Reactor for Water Treatment
14.4 Conclusions
References
15. LDH-Based Materials for Photocatalytic Dye Degradation
Priyadharshini M., Bhuvaneswari K., Palanisamy G. and Pazhanivel T.
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Dye Degradation
15.2.1 Photocatalytic Dye Degradation
15.3 Factors Affecting Efficient Degradation
15.4 Layered Double Hydroxide Materials (LDH)
15.5 Polyoxometalates Metal-Based LDH Composite
15.6 Carbon-Based LDH Composite
15.7 Semiconductor-Based LDH Composite
15.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
16. Biomineralization as a Strategy for the Bioremediation of Toxic Metals–Contaminated Water
Charles Rashama, Munashe Maposa, Knowledge Nyenyayi and Marko Chigondo
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Minerals Commonly Found in Water and their Effects
16.3 Justification for Toxic Metal Detoxification
16.4 Water-Based Metal Detoxification through Biomineralisation
16.4.1 The Science Behind Biomineralisation
16.4.1.1 Carbonate Precipitation Mediated Biomineralisation
16.4.1.2 Phosphorous Mediated Biomineralisation
16.4.1.3 Metal Bioprecipitation Based on Other Anions
16.4.2 Other Microorganisms that Participate in Biomineralisation
16.4.2.1 Other Biomineralising Microorganisms
16.4.3 Comparison of Biominerilisation to Other Metal Removal/Detoxification Approaches
16.5 Concluding Remarks and Future Outlook
References
17. Phytoremediation of Radioactive Pollutants
Siratun Montaha. S. Shaikh, Puspita Barik, Smita S. Aditya, M. T. Jowin Joseph, M. Suresh Kumar and P. V. Nidheesh
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Advancement in Methodologies for Phytoremediation of Radionuclides: From Conventional to Novel Approaches
17.2.1 Novel and Cost-Effective “Green” Technology: A Rational Alternative
17.3 Preliminary Assessment of the Contaminated Site for Phytoremediation
17.4 Screening of Plants for Effective Uptake of Radionuclides
17.5 Augmentation for Radionuclide Bioavailability
17.6 Post-Phytoremediation Management of Radionuclides
17.6.1 Pre-Treatment of Biomass
17.6.2 Final Disposal Methods
17.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Index
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