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Microgrids for Commercial Systems

Design, Installation, and Operation
Edited by P. Sivaraman, Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban, and C. Sharmeela
Copyright: 2024   |   Status: Published
ISBN: 9781394166305  |  Hardcover  |  
472 pages
Price: $225 USD
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One Line Description
This distinct volume provides detailed information on the concepts and applications of the emerging field of microgrids for commercial applications, offering solutions in the design, installation, and operation of this new, cutting-edge technology.

Audience
Researchers and industrialists working in microgrid, energy storage systems, battery management systems, power quality problems, renewable energy systems, microgrid communications, power system analysis, microgrid simulation software, metering, and instrumentation

Description
The microgrid is defined as Distributed Energy Resources (DER) and interconnected loads with clearly defined electrical boundaries that act as a single controllable entity concerning the grid as per IEEE standard 2030.7-2017. It provides an uninterrupted power supply to end-user loads with high reliability. Commercial systems like IT/ITES, shopping complexes, malls, the banking sector, hospitals, etc., need an uninterrupted input power supply with high reliability. Microgrids are more suitable for commercial systems to service their clients with no service discontinuity. The microgrid enables both connection and disconnection from the grid. That is, the microgrid can operate both in grid-connected and islanded modes of operation.
The microgrid controller plays an important role in microgrid systems. It shall have an energy management system and real-time control functions that operate in the following conditions: both grid-connected and islanded modes of operation, automatic transfer from grid-connected mode to islanding mode, reconnection and re-synchronization from islanded mode to grid-connected mode, optimization of both real and reactive power generation and consumption by the energy management system, grid support, ancillary services, etc. Whenever a microgrid is in islanded mode, it will work as an autonomous system without a distribution grid power supply. In this mode of operation, fault in the transmission or distribution grid will not propagate into the microgrid. Whenever a microgrid operates in grid-connected mode, power flows bi-directionally between the distribution grid and microgrid at the point of interconnection. Hence, microgrids ensure the interrupted power supply to the end-user loads with high reliability.
This book aims to bring together the design, installation, operation, and new research that has been carried out in the field of microgrid applications for commercial power systems.

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Author / Editor Details
P. Sivaraman has more than seven years of industrial experience, providing techno-economical solutions to various power quality problems for industries across India. He is working as an assistant lead engineer in a leading engineering organization in Chennai, India and has trained more than 500 personnel on renewable energy and power quality, carried out power quality assessments for over 300 sites all over India in the last 7 years, and validated over 200 power quality reports. He had authored, co-authored, and edited six books and published several papers in national and international conferences.

Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban, PhD is working as a faculty member with the Department of Business Development and Technology, Aarhus University, Denmark. He has authored 300 plus scientific papers and is a fellow the Institution of Engineers, India, a fellow of the Institution of Telecommunication and Electronics Engineers, India, and a fellow of the Institution of Engineering and Technology, UK.

C. Sharmeela, PhD is an associate professor in the Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Anna University, Chennai, India. She has 20 years of teaching and has participated in several research projects and consultancy work in renewable energy, power quality, and design of PQ compensators for various industries. She published more than 30 research publications in peer-reviewed journals and more than 50 research papers in international and national conferences in India and abroad.

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Table of Contents
Preface
1. Smart Energy Source Management in a Commercial Building Microgrid
A. C. Vishnu Dharssini, S. Charles Raja and P. Venkatesh
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Motivations of the Study
1.3 State of the Art of the System
1.4 Overview of the Proposed Methodology
1.5 DSM Approach
1.6 Background for HOMER Simulation
1.6.1 Economical Input Data for Simulation
1.6.2 Simulation—Energy Configurations
1.6.3 Comparative Analysis
1.6.4 Highlights of the Proposed Framework
1.7 Conclusion
References
2. Renewable Power Generation Price Prediction and Forecasting Using Machine Learning
Challa Krishna Rao, Sarat Kumar Sahoo and Franco Fernando Yanine
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Electricity Price Forecasting
2.1.2 Electricity Price Classification
2.1.3 Price Spike Prediction
2.2 Literature Review
2.2.1 Types of Analyses
2.2.1.1 Game Theory Models
2.2.1.2 Model Simulations
2.2.1.3 Models for Time Series
2.2.1.4 Parsimonious Stochastic Models
2.2.1.5 Regression or Causal Models
2.3 Data Mining Models
2.3.1 Machine Learning Techniques
2.3.1.1 Supervised Learning
2.3.2 Decision Trees
2.4 Objectives
2.4.1 Forecasting Results for the Seasons of Indian Market
2.4.2 Day-Ahead Forecasting of Prices for the Indian Market
2.4.2.1 Forecasts of Cases A and B
2.5 Conclusions
References
3. Energy Storage System for Microgrid for Commercial Systems
Anushree Ramanath
3.1 Introduction
3.2 State of the Art
3.2.1 History of Energy Storage Systems
3.2.2 Significance of Power Electronics-Based Systems in Energy Storage
3.2.3 Recent Developments in Storage Systems for Microgrids
3.3 Energy Storage Systems
3.3.1 Definition and Classification
3.3.2 Sizing of Primary Storage
3.3.3 Supplementary Storage
3.3.4 Control Strategies
3.4 Batteries for Microgrids in Commercial Applications
3.4.1 Battery Chemistry
3.4.2 Modeling and Simulation of Batteries
3.4.3 Battery Management System
3.5 Future Trends
3.5.1 Energy Storage System Challenges
3.5.2 Technological Advancements
3.6 Summary
References
4. Emerging Topologies of DC–DC Converters for Microgrid Applications
Stutee Patra, Aditi Chatterjee and K.C. Patra
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Microgrid
4.3 DC–DC Converter Topologies
4.4 Modulation of DC–DC Converters With Different Control Strategies
4.5 Comparative Analysis
4.6 Conclusion
Appendix
References
5. Analysis of PWM Techniques on Multiphase Multilevel Inverter for PV Applications in Microgrids
B. Hemanth Kumar, Kavali Janardhan, R. Seshu Kumar, J. Ramesh Rahul and P. Sanjeevi Kumar
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Cascaded H-Bridge Multiphase Multilevel Inverter
5.3 Modulation Techniques for Multilevel Inverter
5.3.1 High Switching Frequency PWM Technique
5.3.1.1 Phase-Shifted Modulation (PSM)
5.3.1.2 Level-Shifted Modulation (LS-PWM)
5.3.2 Sinusoidal PWM
5.3.3 Harmonic Injection
5.3.4 Switching Frequency Optimal
5.4 Simulation Results
5.5 Conclusion
References
6. Mathematical Modeling and Analysis of Solar PV–Electrolyzer–Fuel Cell-Based Power Generation System
R. Aruna and K. Punitha
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Hybrid Renewable Energy Storage System
6.3 Modeling of the Hybrid Renewable Energy Storage System
6.3.1 PV Panels
6.3.2 PEM Electrolyzer
6.3.3 Hydrogen Storage Tank
6.3.4 PEM Fuel Cell
6.4 Characteristic Study of Each Component of the Hybrid Renewable Energy Storage System
6.4.1 Solar PV Panel
6.4.2 PEM Electrolyzer
6.4.3 PEM Fuel Cell
6.5 Energy Management System
6.6 Result and Discussion
6.7 Summary and Future Scope
References
7. Design of DC EV Charging Infrastructure in a Commercial Building Using the Solar PV System
J. Nishanthy, N. Sivakumar, S. Charles Raja and S. Arockia Edwin Xavier
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Methodological Analysis
7.2.1 System Configuration
7.2.2 Site Location in Environmental Aspects
7.2.3 Electrical Load Parameters
7.2.4 Component Specification Parameters
7.3 Result Analysis
7.3.1 Proposed System Cost Benefits
7.3.2 Electrical Analysis
7.3.3 Grid and Solar PV Comparison
7.3.4 Grid Bill Comparison
7.3.5 Electric Vehicle State of Charge Analysis
7.3.6 Emission Analysis
7.4 Conclusion
References
8. Design and Simulation of a Rooftop Stand-Alone Photovoltaic Power System for an Academic Institution
Saswati Dey, Nilanjan Mukhopadhyay, Kuntal Das, Neha Shaw and Rajesh Halder
8.1 Introduction
8.2 System Design
8.2.1 Size of the PV Module
8.2.2 Battery Sizing
8.2.3 Charge Controller
8.2.4 Inverter Sizing
8.3 Design Methodology
8.3.1 Meteorological Information of the Site
8.3.2 Daily Load Calculation
8.3.3 Cost Analysis
8.4 Conclusion
References
9. Integration of Wind Energy Control with Electric Vehicle
Abhishek Kumar
9.1 Introduction
9.2 PID Controller
9.2.1 Proportional Action
9.2.2 Integral Action
9.2.3 Derivative Action
9.2.4 PID Controller Design and Tuning
9.2.5 PID Controller Design
9.3 Wind Power System Dynamics
9.3.1 Wind Turbine Characteristics
9.3.2 Wind Power Output Fluctuations
9.3.3 Frequency Deviation in Wind Power Systems
9.4 PID Control in Frequency Regulation
9.4.1 PID Control for Output Power Control
9.4.2 PID Controller Parameters and Tuning
9.4.3 Optimization of PID Parameter
9.4.4 Frequency Deviation With and Without PID Control
9.5 Integrating Wind Power Systems into EV
9.6 Conclusion
References
10. Interactive Use of D-STATCOM and Storage Resource to Maintain Microgrid Stability for Commercial Systems
Mostafa Eidiani, Mohammad Kargar and Hossein Zeynal
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Microgrid Concept
10.1.2 Review of Past Works
10.2 The Proposed Structure
10.2.1 Primary Controller
10.2.1.1 Drop Controller
10.2.1.2 Voltage Controller
10.2.1.3 Current Controller
10.2.2 Secondary Control
10.2.2.1 Static Compensation of Microgrid Based on Inverter
10.3 Simulation
10.3.1 Commercial LV Distribution Network
10.3.2 Test No. 1: Changing the State of the Microgrid From Connected to Island
10.3.3 Test No. 2: Adding Demand to the Microgrid
10.3.4 Test No. 3: Changes in the Production of Renewable Resources
10.4 Conclusion
References
11. Power System Studies for Microgrids
Aditi Chatterjee and Festus Okinyi Maklago
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Description of a Microgrid Model Operating in Islanded Mode
11.2.1 Load Flow Analysis of a Microgrid Operating in Islanded Mode
11.2.1.1 Operating Scenario 1
11.2.1.2 Operating Scenario 2
11.3 Harmonic Load Flow Analysis in Islanded Mode
11.4 Transient Analysis of a Microgrid System in Islanded Mode
11.4.1 Fault at Main Bus
11.4.2 Three-Phase Fault at Main Bus
11.4.3 Fault at Bus 3 Connected to Motor Load
11.4.4 Loss of One PV Generator in Islanded Mode Operation
11.4.5 Critical Clearing Time and Critical Clearing Angle
11.5 Load Flow Analysis of a Microgrid Operating in Grid-Tied Mode
11.5.1 Operating Scenario 1
11.5.2 Operating Scenario 2
11.5.3 Harmonic Load Flow Analysis in Grid-Tied Mode
11.6 Transient Analysis of Microgrid System in Grid-Tied Mode
11.6.1 Fault at the Main Bus
11.6.2 Three-Phase Fault at the Main Bus
11.6.3 Fault at Bus 3 Connected to 3-HP Motor Load
11.6.4 Loss of One PV Generator in Grid-Tied Mode Operation
11.7 Comparative Analysis of a Microgrid Operating in Islanded and Grid-Tied Mode
11.8 Conclusion
References
12. EV Charging Infrastructure in Microgrid
K. Narasimhaiah Achari and Pallavi Gajbhiye
12.1 Introduction
12.2 An Overview of EV Charging Infrastructure
12.2.1 Charging of Electric Vehicle
12.2.2 Electrical Vehicle Charging Categorization
12.2.3 Characteristics of Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment
12.2.4 Smart Charging and Interoperability of Charging
12.2.5 Battery Specification in Different EV Segments
12.3 Importance of Charging Station and Charge Point
12.3.1 Classification of EV Charging Infrastructure
12.3.2 Operating Groups for EV Charging Infrastructure
12.3.3 Charge Point Operator and E-Mobility Service Providers
12.3.4 Availability and Management of Charging Data
12.4 EV Integration to the Microgrid
12.4.1 EV Charge Connection’s Regulatory Framework
12.4.2 Electricity Tariff
12.4.3 Technical Challenges for DISCOMs
12.4.4 Electrical Supply Arrangement for Charging
12.5 Industrial Microgrid and Subsystem
12.5.1 V2G Frequency Control Method
12.5.2 The DC MG Structure
12.5.3 EV Charging Optimal Control Strategy
12.6 Summary
References
13. Operation and Control of EV Infrastructure for Microgrid
Tamilarasu Viswanathan, B. Gunapriya, M. Mathankumar, S. Suryaprakash and M. Mohamed Iqbal
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Proposed Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure for Enhancing Microgrid Operation
13.3 Implementation of Proposed Commercial EV Charging Stations on Microgrids
13.4 Validation of the Proposed Commercial EV Charging Stations on Microgrids
13.5 Conclusion
References
14. Renewable-Energy-Powered EV Charging Station for Microgrid PSO‑Based Controller for PV-Powered EV Charging Station
K. Punitha, R. Aruna and S. Kanthammal
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Renewable-Energy-Powered EV Charging Station for Microgrid
14.3 EV Charging Station
14.3.1 Types of EV Charging Station
14.3.2 Types of EV Charging Cables
14.3.3 Types of EV Charging Modes
14.3.4 Types of EV Charger
14.4 System Description
14.5 Proposed PSO Optimized IC MPPT Algorithm
14.5.1 IC MPPT
14.5.2 PSO
14.5.3 PSO Optimized IC MPPT
14.6 Case Study—MATLAB Simulation
14.7 Conclusion
References
Appendix
14.A1 PSO-Optimized MPPT Codings
14.A2 Overall System in MATLAB/Simulink
15. Closed-Loop Control of Microgrids With Wind and Battery Storage System in Islanding Mode
Shruti Sahu, Jyoti Shukla and Basanta K. Panigrahi
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Wind Turbine Modeling
15.3 Designing a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator
15.4 Three-Phase Rectifier
15.5 Modeling of a Boost Converter With MPPT
15.6 Battery Energy Storage System
15.7 Modeling of Lithium-Ion Battery
15.8 Modeling of a Bidirectional DC–DC Converter
15.9 Modeling a Three-Phase Voltage Source Inverter
15.10 Vector Control Structure for Inverter Control
15.11 Modeling a Passive Filter
15.12 Simulation Results
15.13 Conclusion
References
Index

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