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Submit a ProposalBiopolymers for Biomedical Applications
 | Edited by Annu Copyright: 2024 | Status: Published ISBN: 9781119865025 | Hardcover | 556 pages Price: $225 USD  |
One Line Description
The twenty chapters written by experts in the field of biopolymers and biomedical engineering, provide a complete resource that systematically discusses the most widely used biopolymers and their biomedical applications, and presents all the important research and developments that have occurred in the field.
Audience
The book is a reference source for scientists, research scholars, chemical and polymer engineers, biologists, biotechnologists, polymer technologists, industrialists, health experts, and policymakers.
The book is a reference source for scientists, research scholars, chemical and polymer engineers, biologists, biotechnologists, polymer technologists, industrialists, health experts, and policymakers.
Description
In recent decades, significant progress has been made in polymer science for biomedical applications. The use of biopolymers specifically attracted the focus on the development of therapeutic polymeric systems. The exclusive features of biopolymers, such as biodegradability and biocompatibility make them highly sought after, and major research conducted with them has resulted in various therapeutic systems. However, until now only a few showed a potential to be appropriate for human use.
Each chapter covers a single biopolymer, its properties, and biomedical applications. The chapters are arranged systematically, with the most common biopolymers discussed early in the book to give more insight into the field. Further, a specific chapter is dedicated to the application of biopolymers for wound healing. Later, specific chapters are dedicated to the application of bioplastics and biopolymers for the development of medical devices and biosensors, respectively. Additionally, a chapter is dedicated to the application of biopolymers in the field of dentistry, with a special focus on their risk to human health. Keeping in mind recent advanced technologies, a chapter is dedicated solely to the latest progress of biopolymers in 3D and 4D printing for biomedical applications. The final chapter comprehensively explains the future perspectives of biopolymers in the biomedical field.
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In recent decades, significant progress has been made in polymer science for biomedical applications. The use of biopolymers specifically attracted the focus on the development of therapeutic polymeric systems. The exclusive features of biopolymers, such as biodegradability and biocompatibility make them highly sought after, and major research conducted with them has resulted in various therapeutic systems. However, until now only a few showed a potential to be appropriate for human use.
Each chapter covers a single biopolymer, its properties, and biomedical applications. The chapters are arranged systematically, with the most common biopolymers discussed early in the book to give more insight into the field. Further, a specific chapter is dedicated to the application of biopolymers for wound healing. Later, specific chapters are dedicated to the application of bioplastics and biopolymers for the development of medical devices and biosensors, respectively. Additionally, a chapter is dedicated to the application of biopolymers in the field of dentistry, with a special focus on their risk to human health. Keeping in mind recent advanced technologies, a chapter is dedicated solely to the latest progress of biopolymers in 3D and 4D printing for biomedical applications. The final chapter comprehensively explains the future perspectives of biopolymers in the biomedical field.
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Author / Editor Details
Dr. Annu, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Republic of Korea. Besides, she is an honorary assistant professor in the Department of Science and Engineering in Novel Global Community Education Foundation, Australia. She obtained her graduation and post-graduation degree in chemistry from the University of Allahabad and a doctoral degree in chemistry from Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi. She has gained further research experience as research associate from the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi. She has published several scientific research articles in international peer-reviewed journals and many book chapters with publishers of international repute. Her research interests include fabrication and modification of sustainable bionanocomposites, biomaterials, green synthesis of nanoparticles, hybrid nanomaterials, modification in biopolymers and composite nanomaterials for their applications in biomedical, food packaging, nutraceuticals, energy storage devices, biosensors, textiles and environment sustainability.
Dr. Annu, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Republic of Korea. Besides, she is an honorary assistant professor in the Department of Science and Engineering in Novel Global Community Education Foundation, Australia. She obtained her graduation and post-graduation degree in chemistry from the University of Allahabad and a doctoral degree in chemistry from Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi. She has gained further research experience as research associate from the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi. She has published several scientific research articles in international peer-reviewed journals and many book chapters with publishers of international repute. Her research interests include fabrication and modification of sustainable bionanocomposites, biomaterials, green synthesis of nanoparticles, hybrid nanomaterials, modification in biopolymers and composite nanomaterials for their applications in biomedical, food packaging, nutraceuticals, energy storage devices, biosensors, textiles and environment sustainability.
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Table of Contents
Preface
1. Introduction to Biopolymers
Gurleen Kaur, Rajinder Kaur and Sukhminderjit Kaur
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Classification of Biopolymers
1.3 Commonly Used Biopolymers
1.3.1 Chitosan
1.3.2 Alginate
1.3.3 Cellulose
1.3.4 Starch
1.3.5 Keratin
1.3.6 Carrageenan
1.3.7 Dextran
1.3.8 Curdlan
1.3.9 Collagen
1.3.10 Pectin
1.4 Preparation of Biopolymers
1.5 Commercially Available Biopolymers
1.6 Biomedical Applications of Biopolymers
1.6.1 Drug Delivery
1.6.2 Tissue Engineering
1.6.3 Wound Healing
1.6.4 Medical Implants
1.6.5 Gene Therapy
1.7 Conclusion
References
2. Biomedical Applications of Chitosan and Its Derivatives
Hitesh Malhotra and Rupesh K. Gautam
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Characteristics of Chitosan
2.2.1 Biodegradability
2.2.2 Toxicity of Chitosan
2.2.3 Biocompatibility of Chitosan
2.3 Application of Chitosan in Biomedicine
2.3.1 Antimicrobial Activity
2.3.2 Anticancer Agent
2.3.3 Tissue Engineering
2.3.3.1 Bone Tissue Engineering
2.3.3.2 Cartilage Tissue Engineering
2.3.3.3 Anti-Inflammatory Effects and Repair of Arthritic Tissue
2.3.4 Wound Healing
2.3.5 Hemostatic Activity
2.3.6 Fat Binder
2.3.7 Drug Delivery
2.3.8 Bioimaging and Gene Transfer
2.3.9 Enzyme Immobilizations for Biosensing
2.3.10 Green Chemistry
2.4 Conclusion
References
3. Biomedical Applications of Alginates
Payal Kesharwani, Swapnil Sharma, Vishal Chaudhary, Rajat Goyal and Rupesh K. Gautam
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Structure and Characterization
3.3 General Properties of Alginates
3.3.1 Alginate Synthesis
3.3.2 Molecular Weight of Alginates
3.3.3 Solubility
3.3.4 Derivatives of Alginates
3.3.4.1 Amphiphilic Alginate
3.3.4.2 Cell-Interactive Alginate
3.4 Alginate and Alginate Composites as a Drug Delivery System
3.4.1 Fiber Form
3.4.2 Bead Form
3.4.3 Hydrogel Form
3.5 Biomedical Application of Alginates
3.5.1 Wound Dressing
3.5.2 Heart and Cardiovascular Disease
3.5.3 Drug Delivery
3.5.4 Tissue Engineering
3.5.4.1 Bone Tissue Engineering
3.5.4.2 Cartilage
3.5.5 Liver Tissue Engineering
3.6 Conclusion and Future Prospective of Alginates
References
4. Biomedical Applications of Cellulose
Abhishek Kanugo, Pallavi Chaudhari and Rupesh K. Gautam
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Structure and Properties of Cellulose
4.3 Types of Cellulose
4.4 Applications of Cellulose
4.4.1 Drug Delivery
4.4.2 Antimicrobial Properties
4.4.3 Tissue Engineering
4.4.4 Biosensing and Diagnostic
4.4.5 Enzyme Immobilization
4.4.6 Wound Dressing/Healing
4.4.7 Applications in the Cardiovascular System
4.4.8 Cardiac Prosthetics
4.4.9 Replacement of Vascular Grafts
4.5 Applications in Ocular Systems
4.5.1 Artificial Cornea
4.5.2 Contact Lens
4.5.3 Retinal Pigments
4.6 Applications in Skeletal Systems
4.6.1 Bone Regeneration
4.6.2 Cartilage Invertebrate Disc
4.6.3 Meniscus Implants
4.6.4 Dental and Ligament Implants
4.7 Miscellaneous
4.8 Conclusion
References
5. Biomedical Applications of Starch
Daud Hussain, Suhail Ayoub Khan, Annu and Tabrez Alam Khan
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Structure and Properties of Starch
5.3 Modified Starches
5.3.1 Physical Modifications
5.3.2 Enzyme Modification
5.3.3 Chemical Modification
5.3.4 Cross-Linked Starch
5.3.5 Oxidized Starch
5.3.6 Converted Starches
5.4 Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Applications
5.5 Starch for Novel Drug Delivery
5.5.1 Drug Delivery Systems
5.6 Encapsulants
5.7 Micro/Nanoparticle Hydrogels
5.8 Scaffolds for Wound Healing
5.9 Conclusions
References
6. Biomedical Applications of Carrageenan
Hitesh Chopra and Rupesh K. Gautam
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Structure of Carrageenan
6.3 Biomedical Applications
6.3.1 In Oral Drug Delivery
6.3.2 In Wound Healing
6.3.3 Anticancer Activity
6.3.4 Anticoagulant Action
6.3.5 Anti-Mutagenic Activity
6.3.6 For Vaccines
6.4 Toxicity
6.5 Challenges, Conclusion, and Future Trends
References
7. Biomedical Applications of Gums
Suhail Ahmed, Nagender Singh and Annu
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Physicochemical Properties of Gums
7.3 Biomedical Applications of Guar Gum
7.4 Biomedical Applications of Xanthan Gum
7.5 Biomedical Applications of Gum Arabic
7.6 Biomedical Applications of Gum Tragacanth
7.7 Conclusion and Future Perspective
References
8. Biomedical Applications of Cyclodextrin
Iftkhar Ahmad, Abu Taha, Annu, Athar Adil Hashmi and Saiqa Ikram
Abbreviations
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Biomedical Applications of Cyclodextrin
8.2.1 CDs as a Scaffold in Tissue Engineering
8.2.2 CDs in Drug Delivery
8.2.3 CDs in Cancer Treatment
8.2.4 CDs in Gene Delivery
8.2.5 CDs in Biosensor and Biomarker
8.2.6 Cyclodextrin-Based Stimulus-Responsive Biomaterial Systems
8.3 Future Prospects
8.4 Conclusion
References
9. Biomedical Applications of Dextran
Sonia Sharma and Jagadeesh Chandra Bose K
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Biomedical Applications of Dextran
9.2.1 Bioanalysis and Imaging With Dextran
9.2.2 Drug Delivery Systems
9.2.3 Anticancer and Antimicrobial Conjugates
9.2.4 Dextran as a Local Anesthetic Adjuvant
9.2.5 Increased Retention Time at the Targeted Area
9.2.6 Treatment of Myocardial Infarction
9.2.7 Cell Delivery Efficiency
9.2.8 Post-Laminectomy Spinal Sheep Model
9.2.9 Wound Healing
9.2.10 Dextran With Nanoparticles
9.2.11 Dextran Hydrogels
9.2.12 Dextran Nanocomposite
9.3 Conclusion
References
10. Biomedical Applications of Pullulan
Sudipta Roy, Swaraj Biswas, Soumalya Chakraborty, Sanjay Kumar Das and Richita Mondal
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Sources of Pullulan
10.3 Properties of Pullulan
10.4 Biomedical Applications
10.4.1 Drug Delivery
10.4.2 Gene Delivery System
10.4.3 Tissue Engineering and Wound Healing
10.4.4 Medical Imaging
10.4.5 Vaccination
10.4.6 Film-Forming Agent
10.4.7 Plasma Expander
10.4.8 Molecular Chaperones
10.4.9 Insulinotropic Activity
10.5 Conclusion
References
11. Biomedical Applications of Collagen/Gelatin
Jyoti Sarwan, Jasjeet Narang, Anushka Kumari, Monika Devi, Nazim Uddin, Savita Sharma and Jagadeesh Chandra Bose K
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Structure of Collagen
11.2.1 Primary Structure
11.2.2 Secondary Structure
11.2.3 Tertiary Structure
11.2.4 Quaternary Structure
11.2.5 Super Molecular Aggregation Structure
11.3 Modification of Collagen
11.4 Biomedical Applications of Collagen/Gelatin
11.4.1 Collagen as Film or Membranes
11.4.2 Collagen as a Matrix
11.4.3 Collagen as Shields
11.4.4 Collagens as Sponges
11.4.5 Collagen as Hydrogels
11.4.6 Collagen as a Pellet
11.4.7 Nanoparticles/Microspheres/Nanospheres
11.4.7.1 Collagen Nanoparticle Fabrication Techniques
11.4.8 Collagen in Substitution of Skin
11.4.9 Collagen in Bone Tissue Engineering
11.4.10 Collagen in Tendon Repair
11.4.11 Collagen in Cartilage Repair
11.4.12 Collagen in Neural Repair
11.5 Conclusion
References
12. Biomedical Applications of Pectin
Heenu Sharma, Jyoti Sarwan, Mariyam Chaudhary, Riya Chugh and Jagadeesh Chandra Bose K
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Biomedical Applications of Pectin
12.2.1 Pectin in Drug Administration
12.2.1.1 Pectin for Drug Delivery
12.2.1.2 Nasal Drug Delivery
12.2.1.3 Oral Drug Delivery
12.2.1.4 Ocular Drug Delivery
12.2.2 Cancer-Designated Drug Conveyance
12.2.3 Pectin Polyplexes for Gene Conveyance
12.2.4 Pectin Gels for Tissue Designing
12.2.5 Pectin in Wound-Mending Patches
12.2.6 Other Formulations
12.2.7 Conclusion
References
13. Biomedical Applications of Lignin Derived from Bio-Waste Materials
Nancy George, Anshika Adlakha, Mridula, Pragati Gupta and Abhrajit Debroy
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Structure of Lignin
13.3 Sources of Lignin
13.3.1 Lignin Derived from Natural Sources
13.3.2 Lignin Derived from Bio-Waste
13.3.2.1 Paper and Pulp Industry
13.3.2.2 Forest Residue/Wood Waste
13.3.2.3 Agricultural Waste
13.3.2.4 Household and Food Industry Waste
13.4 Extraction of Lignin
13.4.1 Lignin Extraction from Biorefinery Biomass
13.4.1.1 Acid Hydrolysis of Biomass
13.4.1.2 Alkaline Hydrolysis
13.4.1.3 Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Biomass
13.4.1.4 Reductive Catalyst Fractionation of Biomass
13.4.2 Extraction of Lignin from Pulp and Paper Industry Biomass
13.4.2.1 Extraction of Sulphur-Bearing Lignin
13.4.2.2 Sulphur-Free Process
13.5 Properties of Lignin for Biomedical Applications
13.5.1 Molecular Weight
13.5.2 Thermal Characterization
13.5.3 Solubility
13.5.4 Relative Density and Color
13.5.5 Biocompatibility
13.5.6 Biodegradability
13.5.7 Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties
13.5.8 Anti-Ultraviolet Properties
13.6 Biomedical Applications of Lignin
13.6.1 Lignin in Hydrogel Development
13.6.2 Lignin in Wound Healing
13.6.3 Lignin in Drug Delivery
13.6.4 Lignin in Gene Delivery
13.6.5 Lignin in Tissue Engineering
13.7 Therapeutic Applications of Lignin
13.7.1 Treatment of Diabetes
13.7.2 Cancer Treatment
13.7.2.1 Antioxidant Properties
13.7.2.2 Cytotoxicity
13.7.3 Antimicrobial and Antiviral Activity
13.7.4 Anticoagulant Activity
13.7.5 Lignin in Cosmetics
13.8 Feasibilities, Challenges, and Prospects
13.9 Conclusion
References
14. Biomedical Applications of Polycaprolactone
Anindita Ray (Chakravarti) and Annu
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Structure of PCL
14.3 Characteristic Properties of PCL
14.4 Synthesis
14.5 Modifications of PCL
14.6 Biomedical Applications of PCL
14.6.1 Drug Delivery
14.6.2 Suture
14.6.3 Tissue Engineering
14.6.4 Other Applications
14.7 Current Challenges
14.8 Conclusion
References
15. Biopolymers for Wound Healing Applications
Hitesh Chopra
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Wound Healing Stages
15.2.1 Inflammation
15.2.2 Proliferation
15.2.3 Remodeling
15.3 Biopolymers
15.3.1 Chitosan
15.3.2 Hyaluronic Acid
15.3.3 Alginates
15.3.4 Collagen
15.3.5 Gelatin
15.4 Conclusion and Future Directions
References
16. Bioplastics in Medical Devices
Reshma Soman, Divyanshi Mangla and Annu
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Plastics and Their Environmental Concern
16.3 Need for Bioplastics
16.4 Bioplastics
16.4.1 Polylactic Acid
16.5 Biomedical Applications of Polylactic Acid
16.5.1 PLA in Tissue Engineering
16.5.2 PLA in Wound Management
16.5.3 PLA in Drug Delivery Systems
16.5.4 PLA in Orthopedic Devices
16.5.5 Poly Lactic-co-glycolic Acid
16.6 Biomedical Applications of PLGA
16.7 PLGA in Bone Tissue Engineering
16.7.1 PLGA-HA Scaffolds
16.7.2 Fibrous Scaffolds
16.7.3 Hydrogels
16.7.4 Injectable Microspheres
16.7.5 PLGA in Dentistry
16.8 Biomedical Applications of Poly(ԑ-caprolactone)
16.8.1 PCL in Drug Delivery Systems
16.8.2 PCL in Tissue Engineering
16.9 Conclusion
References
17. Biopolymers in Biosensors
Jincymol Kappen, Feba Anna John and Ajith James Jose
17.1 What are Biosensors?
17.2 Biopolymers
17.2.1 Cellulose-Based Biosensors
17.2.2 Chitin/Chitosan-Based Biosensors
17.2.3 Alginate-Based Biosensors
17.2.4 Carrageenan-Based Biosensors
17.2.5 Dextran-Based Biosensors
17.2.6 Gelatin-Based Biosensors
17.2.7 Gum-Based Biosensors
17.2.8 Lignin-Based Biosensors
17.2.9 Pectin-Based Biosensors
17.2.10 Polycaprolactone-Based Biosensors
17.2.11 Pullulan-Based Biosensors
17.2.12 Starch-Based Biosensors
17.3 Conclusion
References
18. Biopolymers in Dentistry: A Risk Assessment on Human Health
Stanley C. Onwubu, Chibuzor Stellamaria Okonkwo, Mokgadi Ursula Makgobole and Phumlane Selby Mdluli
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Biopolymers in Healthcare
18.3 Classification of Biopolymers
18.4 Biopolymers Used in Dentistry
18.4.1 Hydroxyapatite
18.4.2 Collagen
18.4.3 Chitosan
18.4.4 Hyaluronic Acid
18.5 Risk Assessment of Biopolymers in Dentistry
18.5.1 Assessing the Toxicity of Biopolymers
18.5.2 Assessing the Biocompatibility of Biopolymers
18.6 Discussion
18.7 Conclusion
References
19. Progress of Biopolymers in 3D and 4D Printing for Biomedical Applications
Randeep Singh and Young-Ho Ahn
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Overview on 3D and 4D Printing Technologies
19.3 4D Printing
19.4 Overview on Biopolymers for 3D and 4D Printing
19.5 Stimuli for 4D Transformation
19.5.1 Physical Stimuli
19.5.1.1 Temperature Responsiveness
19.5.1.2 Moisture Responsiveness
19.5.1.3 Electro-Responsiveness
19.5.1.4 Magnetic Responsiveness
19.5.2 Chemical Stimuli
19.6 Biopolymers Used for 3D and 4D Printing
19.7 Biomedical Applications of Biopolymers Based 3D- and 4D-Printed Bioconstructs
19.7.1 Tissue Engineering
19.7.2 Drug Delivery
19.7.3 Biomedical Devices
19.8 Other Applications
19.8.1 Food Engineering
19.9 Future Perspectives and Conclusion
References
20. Future Perspectives of Biopolymers for Biomedical Applications
Hitesh Chopra, Shivani Sharma, Mohd Shabbir, Annu and Dong-Kil Shin
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Role of Biopolymers in 3D Printing
20.2.1 Role of Cellulose in 3D Printing
20.2.2 Role of Chitosan in 3D Printing
20.2.3 Role of Starch in 3D Printing
20.3 Biopolymers in Recent Intelligent Biomedical Systems
20.3.1 Stimulus-Responsive Systems
20.3.2 Hyphenated Techniques in Drug Formulations
20.3.3 Patent
20.4 Critical Aspects of Biopolymers in Biomedical Applications
20.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective
References
Index
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Preface
1. Introduction to Biopolymers
Gurleen Kaur, Rajinder Kaur and Sukhminderjit Kaur
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Classification of Biopolymers
1.3 Commonly Used Biopolymers
1.3.1 Chitosan
1.3.2 Alginate
1.3.3 Cellulose
1.3.4 Starch
1.3.5 Keratin
1.3.6 Carrageenan
1.3.7 Dextran
1.3.8 Curdlan
1.3.9 Collagen
1.3.10 Pectin
1.4 Preparation of Biopolymers
1.5 Commercially Available Biopolymers
1.6 Biomedical Applications of Biopolymers
1.6.1 Drug Delivery
1.6.2 Tissue Engineering
1.6.3 Wound Healing
1.6.4 Medical Implants
1.6.5 Gene Therapy
1.7 Conclusion
References
2. Biomedical Applications of Chitosan and Its Derivatives
Hitesh Malhotra and Rupesh K. Gautam
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Characteristics of Chitosan
2.2.1 Biodegradability
2.2.2 Toxicity of Chitosan
2.2.3 Biocompatibility of Chitosan
2.3 Application of Chitosan in Biomedicine
2.3.1 Antimicrobial Activity
2.3.2 Anticancer Agent
2.3.3 Tissue Engineering
2.3.3.1 Bone Tissue Engineering
2.3.3.2 Cartilage Tissue Engineering
2.3.3.3 Anti-Inflammatory Effects and Repair of Arthritic Tissue
2.3.4 Wound Healing
2.3.5 Hemostatic Activity
2.3.6 Fat Binder
2.3.7 Drug Delivery
2.3.8 Bioimaging and Gene Transfer
2.3.9 Enzyme Immobilizations for Biosensing
2.3.10 Green Chemistry
2.4 Conclusion
References
3. Biomedical Applications of Alginates
Payal Kesharwani, Swapnil Sharma, Vishal Chaudhary, Rajat Goyal and Rupesh K. Gautam
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Structure and Characterization
3.3 General Properties of Alginates
3.3.1 Alginate Synthesis
3.3.2 Molecular Weight of Alginates
3.3.3 Solubility
3.3.4 Derivatives of Alginates
3.3.4.1 Amphiphilic Alginate
3.3.4.2 Cell-Interactive Alginate
3.4 Alginate and Alginate Composites as a Drug Delivery System
3.4.1 Fiber Form
3.4.2 Bead Form
3.4.3 Hydrogel Form
3.5 Biomedical Application of Alginates
3.5.1 Wound Dressing
3.5.2 Heart and Cardiovascular Disease
3.5.3 Drug Delivery
3.5.4 Tissue Engineering
3.5.4.1 Bone Tissue Engineering
3.5.4.2 Cartilage
3.5.5 Liver Tissue Engineering
3.6 Conclusion and Future Prospective of Alginates
References
4. Biomedical Applications of Cellulose
Abhishek Kanugo, Pallavi Chaudhari and Rupesh K. Gautam
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Structure and Properties of Cellulose
4.3 Types of Cellulose
4.4 Applications of Cellulose
4.4.1 Drug Delivery
4.4.2 Antimicrobial Properties
4.4.3 Tissue Engineering
4.4.4 Biosensing and Diagnostic
4.4.5 Enzyme Immobilization
4.4.6 Wound Dressing/Healing
4.4.7 Applications in the Cardiovascular System
4.4.8 Cardiac Prosthetics
4.4.9 Replacement of Vascular Grafts
4.5 Applications in Ocular Systems
4.5.1 Artificial Cornea
4.5.2 Contact Lens
4.5.3 Retinal Pigments
4.6 Applications in Skeletal Systems
4.6.1 Bone Regeneration
4.6.2 Cartilage Invertebrate Disc
4.6.3 Meniscus Implants
4.6.4 Dental and Ligament Implants
4.7 Miscellaneous
4.8 Conclusion
References
5. Biomedical Applications of Starch
Daud Hussain, Suhail Ayoub Khan, Annu and Tabrez Alam Khan
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Structure and Properties of Starch
5.3 Modified Starches
5.3.1 Physical Modifications
5.3.2 Enzyme Modification
5.3.3 Chemical Modification
5.3.4 Cross-Linked Starch
5.3.5 Oxidized Starch
5.3.6 Converted Starches
5.4 Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Applications
5.5 Starch for Novel Drug Delivery
5.5.1 Drug Delivery Systems
5.6 Encapsulants
5.7 Micro/Nanoparticle Hydrogels
5.8 Scaffolds for Wound Healing
5.9 Conclusions
References
6. Biomedical Applications of Carrageenan
Hitesh Chopra and Rupesh K. Gautam
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Structure of Carrageenan
6.3 Biomedical Applications
6.3.1 In Oral Drug Delivery
6.3.2 In Wound Healing
6.3.3 Anticancer Activity
6.3.4 Anticoagulant Action
6.3.5 Anti-Mutagenic Activity
6.3.6 For Vaccines
6.4 Toxicity
6.5 Challenges, Conclusion, and Future Trends
References
7. Biomedical Applications of Gums
Suhail Ahmed, Nagender Singh and Annu
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Physicochemical Properties of Gums
7.3 Biomedical Applications of Guar Gum
7.4 Biomedical Applications of Xanthan Gum
7.5 Biomedical Applications of Gum Arabic
7.6 Biomedical Applications of Gum Tragacanth
7.7 Conclusion and Future Perspective
References
8. Biomedical Applications of Cyclodextrin
Iftkhar Ahmad, Abu Taha, Annu, Athar Adil Hashmi and Saiqa Ikram
Abbreviations
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Biomedical Applications of Cyclodextrin
8.2.1 CDs as a Scaffold in Tissue Engineering
8.2.2 CDs in Drug Delivery
8.2.3 CDs in Cancer Treatment
8.2.4 CDs in Gene Delivery
8.2.5 CDs in Biosensor and Biomarker
8.2.6 Cyclodextrin-Based Stimulus-Responsive Biomaterial Systems
8.3 Future Prospects
8.4 Conclusion
References
9. Biomedical Applications of Dextran
Sonia Sharma and Jagadeesh Chandra Bose K
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Biomedical Applications of Dextran
9.2.1 Bioanalysis and Imaging With Dextran
9.2.2 Drug Delivery Systems
9.2.3 Anticancer and Antimicrobial Conjugates
9.2.4 Dextran as a Local Anesthetic Adjuvant
9.2.5 Increased Retention Time at the Targeted Area
9.2.6 Treatment of Myocardial Infarction
9.2.7 Cell Delivery Efficiency
9.2.8 Post-Laminectomy Spinal Sheep Model
9.2.9 Wound Healing
9.2.10 Dextran With Nanoparticles
9.2.11 Dextran Hydrogels
9.2.12 Dextran Nanocomposite
9.3 Conclusion
References
10. Biomedical Applications of Pullulan
Sudipta Roy, Swaraj Biswas, Soumalya Chakraborty, Sanjay Kumar Das and Richita Mondal
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Sources of Pullulan
10.3 Properties of Pullulan
10.4 Biomedical Applications
10.4.1 Drug Delivery
10.4.2 Gene Delivery System
10.4.3 Tissue Engineering and Wound Healing
10.4.4 Medical Imaging
10.4.5 Vaccination
10.4.6 Film-Forming Agent
10.4.7 Plasma Expander
10.4.8 Molecular Chaperones
10.4.9 Insulinotropic Activity
10.5 Conclusion
References
11. Biomedical Applications of Collagen/Gelatin
Jyoti Sarwan, Jasjeet Narang, Anushka Kumari, Monika Devi, Nazim Uddin, Savita Sharma and Jagadeesh Chandra Bose K
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Structure of Collagen
11.2.1 Primary Structure
11.2.2 Secondary Structure
11.2.3 Tertiary Structure
11.2.4 Quaternary Structure
11.2.5 Super Molecular Aggregation Structure
11.3 Modification of Collagen
11.4 Biomedical Applications of Collagen/Gelatin
11.4.1 Collagen as Film or Membranes
11.4.2 Collagen as a Matrix
11.4.3 Collagen as Shields
11.4.4 Collagens as Sponges
11.4.5 Collagen as Hydrogels
11.4.6 Collagen as a Pellet
11.4.7 Nanoparticles/Microspheres/Nanospheres
11.4.7.1 Collagen Nanoparticle Fabrication Techniques
11.4.8 Collagen in Substitution of Skin
11.4.9 Collagen in Bone Tissue Engineering
11.4.10 Collagen in Tendon Repair
11.4.11 Collagen in Cartilage Repair
11.4.12 Collagen in Neural Repair
11.5 Conclusion
References
12. Biomedical Applications of Pectin
Heenu Sharma, Jyoti Sarwan, Mariyam Chaudhary, Riya Chugh and Jagadeesh Chandra Bose K
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Biomedical Applications of Pectin
12.2.1 Pectin in Drug Administration
12.2.1.1 Pectin for Drug Delivery
12.2.1.2 Nasal Drug Delivery
12.2.1.3 Oral Drug Delivery
12.2.1.4 Ocular Drug Delivery
12.2.2 Cancer-Designated Drug Conveyance
12.2.3 Pectin Polyplexes for Gene Conveyance
12.2.4 Pectin Gels for Tissue Designing
12.2.5 Pectin in Wound-Mending Patches
12.2.6 Other Formulations
12.2.7 Conclusion
References
13. Biomedical Applications of Lignin Derived from Bio-Waste Materials
Nancy George, Anshika Adlakha, Mridula, Pragati Gupta and Abhrajit Debroy
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Structure of Lignin
13.3 Sources of Lignin
13.3.1 Lignin Derived from Natural Sources
13.3.2 Lignin Derived from Bio-Waste
13.3.2.1 Paper and Pulp Industry
13.3.2.2 Forest Residue/Wood Waste
13.3.2.3 Agricultural Waste
13.3.2.4 Household and Food Industry Waste
13.4 Extraction of Lignin
13.4.1 Lignin Extraction from Biorefinery Biomass
13.4.1.1 Acid Hydrolysis of Biomass
13.4.1.2 Alkaline Hydrolysis
13.4.1.3 Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Biomass
13.4.1.4 Reductive Catalyst Fractionation of Biomass
13.4.2 Extraction of Lignin from Pulp and Paper Industry Biomass
13.4.2.1 Extraction of Sulphur-Bearing Lignin
13.4.2.2 Sulphur-Free Process
13.5 Properties of Lignin for Biomedical Applications
13.5.1 Molecular Weight
13.5.2 Thermal Characterization
13.5.3 Solubility
13.5.4 Relative Density and Color
13.5.5 Biocompatibility
13.5.6 Biodegradability
13.5.7 Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties
13.5.8 Anti-Ultraviolet Properties
13.6 Biomedical Applications of Lignin
13.6.1 Lignin in Hydrogel Development
13.6.2 Lignin in Wound Healing
13.6.3 Lignin in Drug Delivery
13.6.4 Lignin in Gene Delivery
13.6.5 Lignin in Tissue Engineering
13.7 Therapeutic Applications of Lignin
13.7.1 Treatment of Diabetes
13.7.2 Cancer Treatment
13.7.2.1 Antioxidant Properties
13.7.2.2 Cytotoxicity
13.7.3 Antimicrobial and Antiviral Activity
13.7.4 Anticoagulant Activity
13.7.5 Lignin in Cosmetics
13.8 Feasibilities, Challenges, and Prospects
13.9 Conclusion
References
14. Biomedical Applications of Polycaprolactone
Anindita Ray (Chakravarti) and Annu
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Structure of PCL
14.3 Characteristic Properties of PCL
14.4 Synthesis
14.5 Modifications of PCL
14.6 Biomedical Applications of PCL
14.6.1 Drug Delivery
14.6.2 Suture
14.6.3 Tissue Engineering
14.6.4 Other Applications
14.7 Current Challenges
14.8 Conclusion
References
15. Biopolymers for Wound Healing Applications
Hitesh Chopra
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Wound Healing Stages
15.2.1 Inflammation
15.2.2 Proliferation
15.2.3 Remodeling
15.3 Biopolymers
15.3.1 Chitosan
15.3.2 Hyaluronic Acid
15.3.3 Alginates
15.3.4 Collagen
15.3.5 Gelatin
15.4 Conclusion and Future Directions
References
16. Bioplastics in Medical Devices
Reshma Soman, Divyanshi Mangla and Annu
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Plastics and Their Environmental Concern
16.3 Need for Bioplastics
16.4 Bioplastics
16.4.1 Polylactic Acid
16.5 Biomedical Applications of Polylactic Acid
16.5.1 PLA in Tissue Engineering
16.5.2 PLA in Wound Management
16.5.3 PLA in Drug Delivery Systems
16.5.4 PLA in Orthopedic Devices
16.5.5 Poly Lactic-co-glycolic Acid
16.6 Biomedical Applications of PLGA
16.7 PLGA in Bone Tissue Engineering
16.7.1 PLGA-HA Scaffolds
16.7.2 Fibrous Scaffolds
16.7.3 Hydrogels
16.7.4 Injectable Microspheres
16.7.5 PLGA in Dentistry
16.8 Biomedical Applications of Poly(ԑ-caprolactone)
16.8.1 PCL in Drug Delivery Systems
16.8.2 PCL in Tissue Engineering
16.9 Conclusion
References
17. Biopolymers in Biosensors
Jincymol Kappen, Feba Anna John and Ajith James Jose
17.1 What are Biosensors?
17.2 Biopolymers
17.2.1 Cellulose-Based Biosensors
17.2.2 Chitin/Chitosan-Based Biosensors
17.2.3 Alginate-Based Biosensors
17.2.4 Carrageenan-Based Biosensors
17.2.5 Dextran-Based Biosensors
17.2.6 Gelatin-Based Biosensors
17.2.7 Gum-Based Biosensors
17.2.8 Lignin-Based Biosensors
17.2.9 Pectin-Based Biosensors
17.2.10 Polycaprolactone-Based Biosensors
17.2.11 Pullulan-Based Biosensors
17.2.12 Starch-Based Biosensors
17.3 Conclusion
References
18. Biopolymers in Dentistry: A Risk Assessment on Human Health
Stanley C. Onwubu, Chibuzor Stellamaria Okonkwo, Mokgadi Ursula Makgobole and Phumlane Selby Mdluli
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Biopolymers in Healthcare
18.3 Classification of Biopolymers
18.4 Biopolymers Used in Dentistry
18.4.1 Hydroxyapatite
18.4.2 Collagen
18.4.3 Chitosan
18.4.4 Hyaluronic Acid
18.5 Risk Assessment of Biopolymers in Dentistry
18.5.1 Assessing the Toxicity of Biopolymers
18.5.2 Assessing the Biocompatibility of Biopolymers
18.6 Discussion
18.7 Conclusion
References
19. Progress of Biopolymers in 3D and 4D Printing for Biomedical Applications
Randeep Singh and Young-Ho Ahn
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Overview on 3D and 4D Printing Technologies
19.3 4D Printing
19.4 Overview on Biopolymers for 3D and 4D Printing
19.5 Stimuli for 4D Transformation
19.5.1 Physical Stimuli
19.5.1.1 Temperature Responsiveness
19.5.1.2 Moisture Responsiveness
19.5.1.3 Electro-Responsiveness
19.5.1.4 Magnetic Responsiveness
19.5.2 Chemical Stimuli
19.6 Biopolymers Used for 3D and 4D Printing
19.7 Biomedical Applications of Biopolymers Based 3D- and 4D-Printed Bioconstructs
19.7.1 Tissue Engineering
19.7.2 Drug Delivery
19.7.3 Biomedical Devices
19.8 Other Applications
19.8.1 Food Engineering
19.9 Future Perspectives and Conclusion
References
20. Future Perspectives of Biopolymers for Biomedical Applications
Hitesh Chopra, Shivani Sharma, Mohd Shabbir, Annu and Dong-Kil Shin
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Role of Biopolymers in 3D Printing
20.2.1 Role of Cellulose in 3D Printing
20.2.2 Role of Chitosan in 3D Printing
20.2.3 Role of Starch in 3D Printing
20.3 Biopolymers in Recent Intelligent Biomedical Systems
20.3.1 Stimulus-Responsive Systems
20.3.2 Hyphenated Techniques in Drug Formulations
20.3.3 Patent
20.4 Critical Aspects of Biopolymers in Biomedical Applications
20.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective
References
Index
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