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Submit a ProposalSmart Materials for Science and Engineering
 | Current Trends and Future Perspectives Edited by Upendra Kumar & Piyush K. Sonkar Copyright: 2024 | Status: Published ISBN: 9781394185818 | Hardcover | 363 pages Price: $225 USD  |
One Line Description
Discover the incredible potential of smart materials and their impact on various fields in this comprehensive guide that explores these materials and their potential applications.
Audience
Beginner and advanced researchers and teachers in the academic and industry sectors, undergraduate and graduate students of nanoscience and nanotechnology, materials science, chemistry, physics, and biotechnology
Beginner and advanced researchers and teachers in the academic and industry sectors, undergraduate and graduate students of nanoscience and nanotechnology, materials science, chemistry, physics, and biotechnology
Description
The ability to synthesize novel materials has substantially progressed thanks to science and technology over the past 20 years. They fall mostly into the following four categories: polymers, ceramics, metals, and smart materials. Among these, smart materials are gaining popularity since they have more uses than conventional materials. Smart materials are unusual substances that have the ability to alter their properties, such as those that can immediately change their phase when placed near a magnet or their shape simply by applying heat. Humanity will be significantly impacted by this new era of smart materials. For instance, some of them can adapt their properties to the environment, some have sensory capabilities, some can repair themselves automatically, and some can degrade themselves. These extraordinary properties of smart materials will have an effect on all facets of civilization. There are many different types of intelligent materials, including magnetorheological materials, electro-rheostat materials, shape memory alloys, piezoelectric materials, and more.
This book describes many forms of smart materials and their possible uses in various fields. A literature survey discusses the different types of smart materials, such as based ceramics, polymers, and organic compounds and their needs, advantages, disadvantages, and applications will be comprehensively discussed. A discussion of well-established smart materials including piezoelectric, magnetostrictive, shape memory alloy, electro-rheological fluid, and magnetorheological fluid materials will be discussed with their present prospects.
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The ability to synthesize novel materials has substantially progressed thanks to science and technology over the past 20 years. They fall mostly into the following four categories: polymers, ceramics, metals, and smart materials. Among these, smart materials are gaining popularity since they have more uses than conventional materials. Smart materials are unusual substances that have the ability to alter their properties, such as those that can immediately change their phase when placed near a magnet or their shape simply by applying heat. Humanity will be significantly impacted by this new era of smart materials. For instance, some of them can adapt their properties to the environment, some have sensory capabilities, some can repair themselves automatically, and some can degrade themselves. These extraordinary properties of smart materials will have an effect on all facets of civilization. There are many different types of intelligent materials, including magnetorheological materials, electro-rheostat materials, shape memory alloys, piezoelectric materials, and more.
This book describes many forms of smart materials and their possible uses in various fields. A literature survey discusses the different types of smart materials, such as based ceramics, polymers, and organic compounds and their needs, advantages, disadvantages, and applications will be comprehensively discussed. A discussion of well-established smart materials including piezoelectric, magnetostrictive, shape memory alloy, electro-rheological fluid, and magnetorheological fluid materials will be discussed with their present prospects.
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Author / Editor Details
Upendra Kumar, PhD has been an assistant professor in the Department of Applied Science at the Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India since 2021. His research has been published in prestigious international Science Citation Index physics and materials science publications and he has received numerous awards in the field. He has also made an impact by attending numerous scientific conferences, seminars, and workshops and serving on a number of national committees and professional bodies and associations.
Upendra Kumar, PhD has been an assistant professor in the Department of Applied Science at the Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India since 2021. His research has been published in prestigious international Science Citation Index physics and materials science publications and he has received numerous awards in the field. He has also made an impact by attending numerous scientific conferences, seminars, and workshops and serving on a number of national committees and professional bodies and associations.
Piyush K. Sonkar, PhD is an assistant professor in the Department of Chemistry, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-India. His research interests include nanomaterials, nanocomposites, fuel cells, electrochemical devices, supercapacitors, bio-sensors, chemical sensors, and new materials. He has published more than 38 international and national research papers in various reputed journals.
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Table of Contents
Preface
1. Introduction: Historical Overview, Current and Future Perspective
Unni kisan, R.R. Awashthi and Sanjeev Kumar Trivedi
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Historical Overview of Smart Material
1.3 About Smart Materials
1.3.1 Analysis of Some Active and Semi-Active Material
1.3.1.1 Shape-Memory Alloy Analysis
1.3.1.2 Piezo-Electric Material Analysis
1.3.1.3 Magneto-Rheological Fluids Analysis
1.3.1.4 Magneto-Strictive Materials Analysis
1.3.1.5 Electro-Rheological Fluids Analysis
1.3.1.6 Optical Fiber Analysis
1.3.1.7 Dielectric Elastomers
1.3.1.8 Photo-Mechanical Materials
1.3.1.9 Magnetorheological Fluids (MRF)
1.3.1.10 Magneto-Rheological Elastomers (MRE)
1.4 Current and Future Perspectives of Smart Materials
1.4.1 Smart Composite
1.4.2 Smart Structures
1.4.2.1 Data Acquisition (Tactile Sensing)
1.4.2.2 Data Transmission (Sensory Nerves)
1.4.2.3 Command and Control Unit (Brain)
1.4.2.4 Data Instructions (Motor Nerves)
1.4.2.5 Action Devices (Muscles)
1.4.3 Fiber Optic Sensing
1.4.4 Actuating Component
1.4.5 Sensors and Actuators
1.4.6 Command and Control Unit
1.4.6.1 The Processing Function
1.4.6.2 The Analysis Function
1.4.7 Automobile Sector
1.4.7.1 Noise Reduction in Vehicles
1.4.8 Military Areas
1.4.8.1 Smart Skin
1.4.8.2 Autonomous Smart Systems
1.4.8.3 Stealth Applications
References
2. Fabrication and Characterization Tools for Organic Semiconductors as Smart
Materials in Optoelectronic Device Applications
Minakshi Sharma, Chandra Mohan Singh Negi, Parvez Ahmed Alvi and Saral Kumar Gupta
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Overview of Organic Semiconductors
2.3 Optoelectronic Properties of Conjugated Polymers
2.4 Optoelectronic Devices
2.4.1 Organic Light-Emitting Diodes (OLEDs)
2.4.2 Organic Photodetectors (OPDs)
2.4.3 Organic Solar Cells (OSCs)
2.5 Overview of Smart Materials
2.5.1 Specification of Smart Materials
2.5.2 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
2.5.3 Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO)
2.5.4 Poly(3-Hexylthiophene) (P3HT)
2.5.5 Fullerenes and Its Derivative
2.5.6 Polyaniline (PANI)
2.6 Methods and Techniques
2.6.1 Sonication Process
2.6.2 Centrifugation
2.6.3 Spin Coating Unit
2.6.4 Glove Box
2.6.5 Thermal Evaporation Unit
2.6.6 Sample Preparation Processes
2.7 Methodology
2.7.1 Substrate Preparation and Device Fabrication
2.8 Characterization Techniques
2.8.1 UV/Vis/NIR Spectrophotometer
2.8.2 Raman Spectroscopy
2.8.3 Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM)
2.8.4 Current–Voltage (I–V) Measurements
2.8.5 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS)
2.9 Conclusion and Future Work
References
3. Smart Scaffold Constructs for Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering
Princy Choudhary, Ayushi Gupta, Saurabh Kumar Gupta, Shrey Dwivedi and Sangeeta Singh
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Applications of Smart Scaffolds in Different Areas
3.2.1 Bone Tissue Engineering
3.2.1.1 External Stimuli Responses
3.2.1.2 Internal Microenvironment-Responsive Smart Materials
3.2.2 Cartilage, Muscle, and Skin Tissue Engineering
3.2.3 Cardiac Tissue Engineering
3.2.4 Neural Tissue Engineering
3.3 Future Advancements and Techniques to Improve Efficiency of Scaffolds
3.3.1 4D Bioprinting
3.3.2 MD Simulation
3.4 Conclusion
References
4. Application of Smart Materials in Dental Sciences
Ruqaiya Saleem, Amaresh Kumar Sahoo and Shalini Gupta
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Clinical Applications of Smart Materials in Various Branches of Dentistry
4.2.1 Smart Files
4.2.1.1 Thermally Treated NiTi Wires
4.2.1.2 Surface-Treated NiTi Files
4.2.2 Smart Obturation Systems
4.2.3 Glass Ionomer Cement (GIC)
4.2.4 Smart Composites
4.2.5 Self-Healing Composites
4.2.6 Smart Denture Base Polymers
4.2.7 Smart Impression Materials
4.2.8 Smart Ceramics
4.2.9 Smart Polymers
4.2.10 Shape Memory NiTi Wires
4.3 Conclusion
Future Prospects
References
5. Graphene-Related Smart Material (GRSM): Synthesis, Characterization,
and Application in Optoelectronics Devices
Varsha Yadav, Rahul Bhatnagar and Saral Kumar Gupta
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Experimental Methods and Materials
5.2.1 Synthesis of Graphene Oxide Powder
5.2.2 Fabrication of Graphene Oxide Electrode
5.2.2.1 Synthesis of TiO2 Paste
5.2.2.2 Doctor Blade Method
5.2.2.3 Annealing
5.2.3 Fabrication of Graphene Oxide-Based DSSCs
5.2.4 Characterization Techniques
5.3 Results and Discussion
5.3.1 X-Ray Diffraction Analysis
5.3.2 Raman Spectroscopy Analysis
5.3.3 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
5.3.4 Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and EDS Analysis
5.3.5 Photovoltaic Performances Analysis
5.4 Conclusions
References
6. Synthesis and Characterization of Mechanical and Microstructural
Properties of Fly-Ash-Reinforced Aluminum-Based Metal Matrix Composite
Rahul Bhatnagar and Varsha Yadav
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Materials and Methods
6.2.1 Raw Materials
6.2.2 Synthesis Process
6.2.2.1 Stir Casting Technique
6.2.2.2 Synthesis of Composite
6.2.3 Testing of Composites
6.2.3.1 Tensile Strength
6.2.3.2 Hardness
6.2.3.3 Microstructure
6.3 Results and Discussion
6.3.1 Tensile Strength Measurement
6.3.2 Hardness
6.3.3 Microstructure
6.4 Conclusion
References
7. Organic Smart Materials: Synthesis, Characterization, and Application
Shivaleela B. and S. M. Hanagodimath
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Organic Smart Materials
7.3 Materials and Experimental Methods
7.3.1 Procedure to Record Spectra
7.3.2 Computational Methods
7.4 Synthesis of Organic Smart Materials
7.4.1 Synthesis of Benzofuran Derivative 5NFMOT
7.4.2 Synthesis of Coumarin Derivative
7.4.3 Synthesis of Indole Derivative
7.5 Results and Discussion
7.5.1 UV-Visible and Fluorescence Spectra
7.5.2 Measurement of Fluorescence Lifetime
7.5.3 Quantum Chemical Calculations
7.6 Applications
7.6.1 Chemo- and Biosensors
7.6.2 Bioimaging
7.6.3 Optoelectronic Applications
7.6.4 Fluorescent Indicators
7.6.5 Cosmetic Science
7.6.6 Laser Dyes
7.7 Conclusions
References
8. Magnetostrictive Material-Based Smart Materials, Synthesis, Properties,
and Applications
Pinki Singh and Sonam Perween
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Overview of Smart Materials Based on Magnetostrictive Materials
8.3 Origin of Magnetostriction
8.4 Synthesis of Magnetostrictive Materials
8.4.1 Directional Solidification Methods
8.4.2 Rapid Quenching Method
8.4.3 Rolling Method
8.4.4 Magnetron Sputtering Method
8.4.5 Bonding Method
8.5 Properties of Magnetostrictive Materials
8.5.1 Magnetic Anisotropy
8.5.2 Domain Processes and Magnetic Hysteresis
8.5.3 Multi-Valued Material Properties
8.6 Methods of Magnetostrictive Property Measurement
8.6.1 Direct Methods
8.6.2 Indirect Methods
8.7 Application of the Magnetostrictive Smart Materials
8.8 Conclusion
References
9. Materials Development of Supercapacitors—Promising Device for Future
Energy Storage Applications
Ram Chhavi Sharma
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Principle of Operation of Conventional Capacitors and Supercapacitor
9.3 Types of Supercapacitors
9.3.1 Electrochemical Double-Layer Capacitors (EDLCs)
9.3.2 Pseudocapacitors
9.3.3 Hybrid Capacitors
9.4 Development of Advanced Materials for Supercapacitors
9.5 Applications of Supercapacitors
9.6 Conclusion
References
10. Smart Solid Electrolyte Materials in Energy Storage Devices: Batteries
Pawan Kumar, Shalu Rani and Sanjay Kumar
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Fundamental Aspects, Different Types of Electrolytes, and the Role of the Electrolyte in Battery Technology
10.3 Conductivity Enhancement Approach in Solid Electrolyte Materials
10.4 Synthesis Approaches for Solid Electrolytes
10.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective
References
11. Smart Materials in Energy Storage Devices: Solar Cells
Indu Sharma, Neha Bisht, Parag R. Patil, Pravin S. Pawar, Rahul Kumar Yadav,
Yong Tae Kim and Jaeyeong Heo
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Types of Solar Cells
11.2.1 First-Generation Solar Cells
11.2.1.1 Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells
11.2.1.2 Gallium Arsenide Solar Cells
11.2.2 Second-Generation Solar Cells
11.2.2.1 Amorphous Silicon (a-Si) Solar Cells
11.2.2.2 Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) Solar Cells
11.2.2.3 Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIGS) Solar Cells
11.2.2.4 Copper Zinc Tin Sulfide (CZTS) Solar Cells
11.2.3 Third-Generation Solar Cells
11.2.3.1 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs)
11.2.3.2 Perovskite-Based Solar Cells
11.2.3.3 Organic Solar Cells (OPV)
11.3 Future Trends and Possibilities for Tackling the Challenges in the Improvement of Smart Materials
11.3.1 Silicon Solar Cells
11.3.2 Thin-Film Solar Cells
11.3.3 New Emerging Solar Cells
11.4 Summary
References
12. Mixed-Dimensional 2D–3D Perovskite Solar Cells: Origin, Development,
and Applications
Vani Pawar, Bhumika Sharma and Sushobhan Avasthi
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Perovskite Solar Cells (PSCs)
12.3 Low-Dimensional (2D or 2D–3D Mixed) Perovskites
12.4 Ruddlesden–Popper (RP) Perovskites
12.5 Dion–Jacobson (DJ) Perovskites
12.6 Alternating Cation Interlayers
12.7 Additive Engineering
12.8 Compositional Engineering
12.9 Functional Perovskite Photovoltaics
12.10 Conclusion and Future Outlook
References
13. Advanced Materials in Energy Conversion Devices: Fuel Cells and Biofuel Cells
Amit Kumar Verma, Prerna Tripathi, Akhoury Sudhir Kumar Sinha and Shikha Singh
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 Electrochemical and Thermodynamic Principles of Fuel Cells
13.1.2 Fuel Cell Efficiency
13.2 Fuel Cell Types and Advancement in Electrode Materials
13.2.1 Advanced Materials for PEM, AFC, PAFC, SOFC, and MCFC Fuel Cells
13.2.1.1 Platinum Group Metals (PGM)
13.2.1.2 Platinum Group Metal Free Materials
13.2.1.3 Carbonaceous Materials
13.2.1.4 Perovskite Materials
13.2.2 Advanced Materials for Biofuel Cells
13.3 Current Application Status
13.4 Challenges
13.5 Conclusion
References
14. Smart Materials in Energy Storage Devices: Fuel Cells and Biofuel Cells
Baliram Gurunath Rathod and Venkata Giridhar Poosarla
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Relation of Smart Materials and MFCs
14.3 MFCs and Their Mechanism
14.4 Classification of MFCs
14.5 Microorganisms Involved in MFCs
14.6 MFC Systems
14.7 Design of MFCs
14.8 Functions/Operations of MFCs
14.9 Components of MFCs
14.10 Energy from MFCs
14.11 Recent Developments and Challenges in Smart Materials for Energy
Storage Devices
14.12 Future Perspectives
14.13 Conclusion
References
15. Role of Smart Materials in Environmental Remediation: CO2 Capture and CO2 Reduction
Yogendra K. Gautam, Durvesh Gautam, Manohar Singh, Himani, Kavita Sharma, Beer Pal Singh and Anuj Kumar
15.1 Introduction
15.2 CO2 Reduction Techniques
15.2.1 Electrochemical CO2 Reduction Reaction
15.2.2 The Various Rudiments of an e-CO2RR Experiment
15.2.3 Recent Advances in CO2 Reduction Using Metal Complex Molecular Catalysts
15.2.3.1 Iron-Based Molecular Catalyst
15.2.3.2 Zn-Based Metal Complex Molecular Catalyst
15.2.3.3 Mn-Based Metal Complex Molecular Catalyst
15.2.3.4 Ni-Based Molecular Catalyst Nickel
15.2.4 Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2
15.2.5 Photoelectrocatalytic CO2 Reduction
15.3 Conclusion
References
16. Soft Perovskite Semiconductors for Future Optical Electronics
Rashmi Yadav and Bhoopendra Yadav
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Perovskite Structure and Characteristics
16.3 Composition Engineering Effects
16.4 Interface Engineering Effects
16.5 Bandgap Engineering Effects
16.6 Stability and Degradation Mechanism in Perovskite Solar Cells (PSCs)
16.6.1 Moisture
16.6.2 Oxygen
16.6.3 Temperature
16.6.4 UV Light or Light Stability
16.7 Novel Applications
16.8 Conclusion
References
17. Band Gap Engineering and Nanopatterning of Muscovite Mica by Low-Energy Ion Beams Applicable for Futuristic Microelectronics
Dipak Bhowmik, Joy Mukherjee and Prasanta Karmakar
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Experimental Details
17.2.1 Simulation Methodology
17.3 Nanopattern Formation on Mica Surface and Its Wettability Property by Low-Energy Ion
17.3.1 Ripple Pattern Formation and Its Growth Mechanism by 12 keV Ar+ Ion Sputtering on Mica Surface
17.3.2 Surface Wettability Property of Ion-Bombarded Mica Surface
17.3.3 Projectile Ion Mass-Dependent Nano Ripple Patterning on Mica Surface
17.4 Band Gap Engineering of Muscovite Mica by Low-Energy Ion Beam via Few-Layer and Monolayer Modification
17.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Index
Back to Top
Preface
1. Introduction: Historical Overview, Current and Future Perspective
Unni kisan, R.R. Awashthi and Sanjeev Kumar Trivedi
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Historical Overview of Smart Material
1.3 About Smart Materials
1.3.1 Analysis of Some Active and Semi-Active Material
1.3.1.1 Shape-Memory Alloy Analysis
1.3.1.2 Piezo-Electric Material Analysis
1.3.1.3 Magneto-Rheological Fluids Analysis
1.3.1.4 Magneto-Strictive Materials Analysis
1.3.1.5 Electro-Rheological Fluids Analysis
1.3.1.6 Optical Fiber Analysis
1.3.1.7 Dielectric Elastomers
1.3.1.8 Photo-Mechanical Materials
1.3.1.9 Magnetorheological Fluids (MRF)
1.3.1.10 Magneto-Rheological Elastomers (MRE)
1.4 Current and Future Perspectives of Smart Materials
1.4.1 Smart Composite
1.4.2 Smart Structures
1.4.2.1 Data Acquisition (Tactile Sensing)
1.4.2.2 Data Transmission (Sensory Nerves)
1.4.2.3 Command and Control Unit (Brain)
1.4.2.4 Data Instructions (Motor Nerves)
1.4.2.5 Action Devices (Muscles)
1.4.3 Fiber Optic Sensing
1.4.4 Actuating Component
1.4.5 Sensors and Actuators
1.4.6 Command and Control Unit
1.4.6.1 The Processing Function
1.4.6.2 The Analysis Function
1.4.7 Automobile Sector
1.4.7.1 Noise Reduction in Vehicles
1.4.8 Military Areas
1.4.8.1 Smart Skin
1.4.8.2 Autonomous Smart Systems
1.4.8.3 Stealth Applications
References
2. Fabrication and Characterization Tools for Organic Semiconductors as Smart
Materials in Optoelectronic Device Applications
Minakshi Sharma, Chandra Mohan Singh Negi, Parvez Ahmed Alvi and Saral Kumar Gupta
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Overview of Organic Semiconductors
2.3 Optoelectronic Properties of Conjugated Polymers
2.4 Optoelectronic Devices
2.4.1 Organic Light-Emitting Diodes (OLEDs)
2.4.2 Organic Photodetectors (OPDs)
2.4.3 Organic Solar Cells (OSCs)
2.5 Overview of Smart Materials
2.5.1 Specification of Smart Materials
2.5.2 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
2.5.3 Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO)
2.5.4 Poly(3-Hexylthiophene) (P3HT)
2.5.5 Fullerenes and Its Derivative
2.5.6 Polyaniline (PANI)
2.6 Methods and Techniques
2.6.1 Sonication Process
2.6.2 Centrifugation
2.6.3 Spin Coating Unit
2.6.4 Glove Box
2.6.5 Thermal Evaporation Unit
2.6.6 Sample Preparation Processes
2.7 Methodology
2.7.1 Substrate Preparation and Device Fabrication
2.8 Characterization Techniques
2.8.1 UV/Vis/NIR Spectrophotometer
2.8.2 Raman Spectroscopy
2.8.3 Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM)
2.8.4 Current–Voltage (I–V) Measurements
2.8.5 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS)
2.9 Conclusion and Future Work
References
3. Smart Scaffold Constructs for Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering
Princy Choudhary, Ayushi Gupta, Saurabh Kumar Gupta, Shrey Dwivedi and Sangeeta Singh
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Applications of Smart Scaffolds in Different Areas
3.2.1 Bone Tissue Engineering
3.2.1.1 External Stimuli Responses
3.2.1.2 Internal Microenvironment-Responsive Smart Materials
3.2.2 Cartilage, Muscle, and Skin Tissue Engineering
3.2.3 Cardiac Tissue Engineering
3.2.4 Neural Tissue Engineering
3.3 Future Advancements and Techniques to Improve Efficiency of Scaffolds
3.3.1 4D Bioprinting
3.3.2 MD Simulation
3.4 Conclusion
References
4. Application of Smart Materials in Dental Sciences
Ruqaiya Saleem, Amaresh Kumar Sahoo and Shalini Gupta
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Clinical Applications of Smart Materials in Various Branches of Dentistry
4.2.1 Smart Files
4.2.1.1 Thermally Treated NiTi Wires
4.2.1.2 Surface-Treated NiTi Files
4.2.2 Smart Obturation Systems
4.2.3 Glass Ionomer Cement (GIC)
4.2.4 Smart Composites
4.2.5 Self-Healing Composites
4.2.6 Smart Denture Base Polymers
4.2.7 Smart Impression Materials
4.2.8 Smart Ceramics
4.2.9 Smart Polymers
4.2.10 Shape Memory NiTi Wires
4.3 Conclusion
Future Prospects
References
5. Graphene-Related Smart Material (GRSM): Synthesis, Characterization,
and Application in Optoelectronics Devices
Varsha Yadav, Rahul Bhatnagar and Saral Kumar Gupta
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Experimental Methods and Materials
5.2.1 Synthesis of Graphene Oxide Powder
5.2.2 Fabrication of Graphene Oxide Electrode
5.2.2.1 Synthesis of TiO2 Paste
5.2.2.2 Doctor Blade Method
5.2.2.3 Annealing
5.2.3 Fabrication of Graphene Oxide-Based DSSCs
5.2.4 Characterization Techniques
5.3 Results and Discussion
5.3.1 X-Ray Diffraction Analysis
5.3.2 Raman Spectroscopy Analysis
5.3.3 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
5.3.4 Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and EDS Analysis
5.3.5 Photovoltaic Performances Analysis
5.4 Conclusions
References
6. Synthesis and Characterization of Mechanical and Microstructural
Properties of Fly-Ash-Reinforced Aluminum-Based Metal Matrix Composite
Rahul Bhatnagar and Varsha Yadav
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Materials and Methods
6.2.1 Raw Materials
6.2.2 Synthesis Process
6.2.2.1 Stir Casting Technique
6.2.2.2 Synthesis of Composite
6.2.3 Testing of Composites
6.2.3.1 Tensile Strength
6.2.3.2 Hardness
6.2.3.3 Microstructure
6.3 Results and Discussion
6.3.1 Tensile Strength Measurement
6.3.2 Hardness
6.3.3 Microstructure
6.4 Conclusion
References
7. Organic Smart Materials: Synthesis, Characterization, and Application
Shivaleela B. and S. M. Hanagodimath
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Organic Smart Materials
7.3 Materials and Experimental Methods
7.3.1 Procedure to Record Spectra
7.3.2 Computational Methods
7.4 Synthesis of Organic Smart Materials
7.4.1 Synthesis of Benzofuran Derivative 5NFMOT
7.4.2 Synthesis of Coumarin Derivative
7.4.3 Synthesis of Indole Derivative
7.5 Results and Discussion
7.5.1 UV-Visible and Fluorescence Spectra
7.5.2 Measurement of Fluorescence Lifetime
7.5.3 Quantum Chemical Calculations
7.6 Applications
7.6.1 Chemo- and Biosensors
7.6.2 Bioimaging
7.6.3 Optoelectronic Applications
7.6.4 Fluorescent Indicators
7.6.5 Cosmetic Science
7.6.6 Laser Dyes
7.7 Conclusions
References
8. Magnetostrictive Material-Based Smart Materials, Synthesis, Properties,
and Applications
Pinki Singh and Sonam Perween
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Overview of Smart Materials Based on Magnetostrictive Materials
8.3 Origin of Magnetostriction
8.4 Synthesis of Magnetostrictive Materials
8.4.1 Directional Solidification Methods
8.4.2 Rapid Quenching Method
8.4.3 Rolling Method
8.4.4 Magnetron Sputtering Method
8.4.5 Bonding Method
8.5 Properties of Magnetostrictive Materials
8.5.1 Magnetic Anisotropy
8.5.2 Domain Processes and Magnetic Hysteresis
8.5.3 Multi-Valued Material Properties
8.6 Methods of Magnetostrictive Property Measurement
8.6.1 Direct Methods
8.6.2 Indirect Methods
8.7 Application of the Magnetostrictive Smart Materials
8.8 Conclusion
References
9. Materials Development of Supercapacitors—Promising Device for Future
Energy Storage Applications
Ram Chhavi Sharma
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Principle of Operation of Conventional Capacitors and Supercapacitor
9.3 Types of Supercapacitors
9.3.1 Electrochemical Double-Layer Capacitors (EDLCs)
9.3.2 Pseudocapacitors
9.3.3 Hybrid Capacitors
9.4 Development of Advanced Materials for Supercapacitors
9.5 Applications of Supercapacitors
9.6 Conclusion
References
10. Smart Solid Electrolyte Materials in Energy Storage Devices: Batteries
Pawan Kumar, Shalu Rani and Sanjay Kumar
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Fundamental Aspects, Different Types of Electrolytes, and the Role of the Electrolyte in Battery Technology
10.3 Conductivity Enhancement Approach in Solid Electrolyte Materials
10.4 Synthesis Approaches for Solid Electrolytes
10.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective
References
11. Smart Materials in Energy Storage Devices: Solar Cells
Indu Sharma, Neha Bisht, Parag R. Patil, Pravin S. Pawar, Rahul Kumar Yadav,
Yong Tae Kim and Jaeyeong Heo
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Types of Solar Cells
11.2.1 First-Generation Solar Cells
11.2.1.1 Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells
11.2.1.2 Gallium Arsenide Solar Cells
11.2.2 Second-Generation Solar Cells
11.2.2.1 Amorphous Silicon (a-Si) Solar Cells
11.2.2.2 Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) Solar Cells
11.2.2.3 Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIGS) Solar Cells
11.2.2.4 Copper Zinc Tin Sulfide (CZTS) Solar Cells
11.2.3 Third-Generation Solar Cells
11.2.3.1 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs)
11.2.3.2 Perovskite-Based Solar Cells
11.2.3.3 Organic Solar Cells (OPV)
11.3 Future Trends and Possibilities for Tackling the Challenges in the Improvement of Smart Materials
11.3.1 Silicon Solar Cells
11.3.2 Thin-Film Solar Cells
11.3.3 New Emerging Solar Cells
11.4 Summary
References
12. Mixed-Dimensional 2D–3D Perovskite Solar Cells: Origin, Development,
and Applications
Vani Pawar, Bhumika Sharma and Sushobhan Avasthi
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Perovskite Solar Cells (PSCs)
12.3 Low-Dimensional (2D or 2D–3D Mixed) Perovskites
12.4 Ruddlesden–Popper (RP) Perovskites
12.5 Dion–Jacobson (DJ) Perovskites
12.6 Alternating Cation Interlayers
12.7 Additive Engineering
12.8 Compositional Engineering
12.9 Functional Perovskite Photovoltaics
12.10 Conclusion and Future Outlook
References
13. Advanced Materials in Energy Conversion Devices: Fuel Cells and Biofuel Cells
Amit Kumar Verma, Prerna Tripathi, Akhoury Sudhir Kumar Sinha and Shikha Singh
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 Electrochemical and Thermodynamic Principles of Fuel Cells
13.1.2 Fuel Cell Efficiency
13.2 Fuel Cell Types and Advancement in Electrode Materials
13.2.1 Advanced Materials for PEM, AFC, PAFC, SOFC, and MCFC Fuel Cells
13.2.1.1 Platinum Group Metals (PGM)
13.2.1.2 Platinum Group Metal Free Materials
13.2.1.3 Carbonaceous Materials
13.2.1.4 Perovskite Materials
13.2.2 Advanced Materials for Biofuel Cells
13.3 Current Application Status
13.4 Challenges
13.5 Conclusion
References
14. Smart Materials in Energy Storage Devices: Fuel Cells and Biofuel Cells
Baliram Gurunath Rathod and Venkata Giridhar Poosarla
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Relation of Smart Materials and MFCs
14.3 MFCs and Their Mechanism
14.4 Classification of MFCs
14.5 Microorganisms Involved in MFCs
14.6 MFC Systems
14.7 Design of MFCs
14.8 Functions/Operations of MFCs
14.9 Components of MFCs
14.10 Energy from MFCs
14.11 Recent Developments and Challenges in Smart Materials for Energy
Storage Devices
14.12 Future Perspectives
14.13 Conclusion
References
15. Role of Smart Materials in Environmental Remediation: CO2 Capture and CO2 Reduction
Yogendra K. Gautam, Durvesh Gautam, Manohar Singh, Himani, Kavita Sharma, Beer Pal Singh and Anuj Kumar
15.1 Introduction
15.2 CO2 Reduction Techniques
15.2.1 Electrochemical CO2 Reduction Reaction
15.2.2 The Various Rudiments of an e-CO2RR Experiment
15.2.3 Recent Advances in CO2 Reduction Using Metal Complex Molecular Catalysts
15.2.3.1 Iron-Based Molecular Catalyst
15.2.3.2 Zn-Based Metal Complex Molecular Catalyst
15.2.3.3 Mn-Based Metal Complex Molecular Catalyst
15.2.3.4 Ni-Based Molecular Catalyst Nickel
15.2.4 Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2
15.2.5 Photoelectrocatalytic CO2 Reduction
15.3 Conclusion
References
16. Soft Perovskite Semiconductors for Future Optical Electronics
Rashmi Yadav and Bhoopendra Yadav
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Perovskite Structure and Characteristics
16.3 Composition Engineering Effects
16.4 Interface Engineering Effects
16.5 Bandgap Engineering Effects
16.6 Stability and Degradation Mechanism in Perovskite Solar Cells (PSCs)
16.6.1 Moisture
16.6.2 Oxygen
16.6.3 Temperature
16.6.4 UV Light or Light Stability
16.7 Novel Applications
16.8 Conclusion
References
17. Band Gap Engineering and Nanopatterning of Muscovite Mica by Low-Energy Ion Beams Applicable for Futuristic Microelectronics
Dipak Bhowmik, Joy Mukherjee and Prasanta Karmakar
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Experimental Details
17.2.1 Simulation Methodology
17.3 Nanopattern Formation on Mica Surface and Its Wettability Property by Low-Energy Ion
17.3.1 Ripple Pattern Formation and Its Growth Mechanism by 12 keV Ar+ Ion Sputtering on Mica Surface
17.3.2 Surface Wettability Property of Ion-Bombarded Mica Surface
17.3.3 Projectile Ion Mass-Dependent Nano Ripple Patterning on Mica Surface
17.4 Band Gap Engineering of Muscovite Mica by Low-Energy Ion Beam via Few-Layer and Monolayer Modification
17.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Index
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