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Submit a ProposalNanolubricants
 | Generation and Applications Edited by Mohd Yusuf, Lalit Prasad, and Shafat Ahmad Khan Copyright: 2024 | Status: Published ISBN: 9781119865100 | Hardcover | 274 pages Price: $195 USD  |
One Line Description
Through the dissemination of the latest advancements in nanolubrication science,
this volume addresses the pressing concerns surrounding their economic feasibility, environmental acceptability, sustainability, and overall viability.
Audience
The book is extremely important to industrial practitioners working in mechanical engineering, tribology, wear, tear, friction and lubrication behavior of machinery. Researchers in nanoscience, nanotechnology, materials science, and sustainability subjects, will find this book useful.
The book is extremely important to industrial practitioners working in mechanical engineering, tribology, wear, tear, friction and lubrication behavior of machinery. Researchers in nanoscience, nanotechnology, materials science, and sustainability subjects, will find this book useful.
Description
Lubrication is the lifeblood of machinery and the key to its smooth operation. In the world of mechanics and engineering, the role of lubricants cannot be overstated. They are the unsung heroes that reduce friction between surfaces in contact, thus preventing excessive heat generation during motion. Beyond this primary function, lubricants find their application in diverse areas, including power transmission, foreign object transportation, and the regulation of surface temperature.
In recent times, the world has shifted towards sustainable and environmentally-friendly practices, prompting a transition from conventional lubricants to more efficient and eco-conscious alternatives. Among these emerging solutions, nanolubricants have emerged as formidable contenders, reshaping
the landscape of lubrication technology. Their adoption not only promises enhanced performance but also carries the added benefit of environmental responsibility through biodegradability.
This book delves into the multifaceted realm of nanolubricants, exploring their characterization and application across various domains. From vegetable oil-based lubricants to those incorporating metal and non-metal oxide components, this comprehensive work encompasses nine meticulously curated chapters.
A particular focus is placed on the intriguing synergy between nano-dimensionality and the incorporation of metals and metal oxides into vegetable oil-based biodegradable lubricants. The book explores the environmental advantages, progress, and challenges associated with this innovative approach. Furthermore, it delves into the integration of functionalized nanostructured semi-metal-based compounds as lubricant additives in non-edible vegetable oils, paving the way for improved tribological properties.
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Lubrication is the lifeblood of machinery and the key to its smooth operation. In the world of mechanics and engineering, the role of lubricants cannot be overstated. They are the unsung heroes that reduce friction between surfaces in contact, thus preventing excessive heat generation during motion. Beyond this primary function, lubricants find their application in diverse areas, including power transmission, foreign object transportation, and the regulation of surface temperature.
In recent times, the world has shifted towards sustainable and environmentally-friendly practices, prompting a transition from conventional lubricants to more efficient and eco-conscious alternatives. Among these emerging solutions, nanolubricants have emerged as formidable contenders, reshaping
the landscape of lubrication technology. Their adoption not only promises enhanced performance but also carries the added benefit of environmental responsibility through biodegradability.
This book delves into the multifaceted realm of nanolubricants, exploring their characterization and application across various domains. From vegetable oil-based lubricants to those incorporating metal and non-metal oxide components, this comprehensive work encompasses nine meticulously curated chapters.
A particular focus is placed on the intriguing synergy between nano-dimensionality and the incorporation of metals and metal oxides into vegetable oil-based biodegradable lubricants. The book explores the environmental advantages, progress, and challenges associated with this innovative approach. Furthermore, it delves into the integration of functionalized nanostructured semi-metal-based compounds as lubricant additives in non-edible vegetable oils, paving the way for improved tribological properties.
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Author / Editor Details
Mohd Yusuf, PhD, is a dean and associate professor in the School of Life & Natural Sciences at the Glocal University in Saharanpur, India. He earned a PhD in nature-derived products and their applications in 2013. His research focuses on green and sustainable materials, functional biomaterials, biocolorants, and energy storage technology. He has more than 60 publications in applied sciences and sustainable materials.
Mohd Yusuf, PhD, is a dean and associate professor in the School of Life & Natural Sciences at the Glocal University in Saharanpur, India. He earned a PhD in nature-derived products and their applications in 2013. His research focuses on green and sustainable materials, functional biomaterials, biocolorants, and energy storage technology. He has more than 60 publications in applied sciences and sustainable materials.
Lalit Prasad, PhD, is a professor of basic sciences at Galgotias University in Greater Noida, India. He earned a PhD from the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi in New Delhi, India. He has contributed 26 research articles to peer-reviewed journals, several books chapters and has conducted international projects. His research interests are in organic applied chemistry, interdisciplinary science, nanotechnology, and renewable biofuels.
Shafat Ahmad Khan, PhD, is an associate professor at Galgotias University in Greater Noida, India. He holds a PhD in organic chemistry from Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi. His research focuses on natural product chemistry, colorant thermodynamics and kinetics, UV-blocking, and antibacterial textile finishing. He has also written numerous research papers for international and national scientific bodies.
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Table of Contents
Preface
1. An Insight into Nanolubrication and Nanolubricants
Deepshikha Singh, Wasim Khan and Mohd Yusuf
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Advantages of Nanolubricants
1.3 Preparation of Nanolubricants
1.3.1 Methods of Nanolubricant Preparation
1.3.2 Types of Nanolubricants Based on Additives’ Characteristics
1.4 Lubrication Mechanism
1.5 Tribological and Thermophysical Properties of Nanolubricants
1.5.1 Tribological Properties
1.5.2 Thermophysical Properties
1.6 Conclusion and Future Directions
References
2. Nanolubrication Chemistry and Its Application
Smrita Singh, Ashutosh Singh Chauhan and Lalit Prasad
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Nanolubrication and Its Requirements
2.3 Synthesis of Nanoparticles
2.3.1 Physical Method
2.3.2 Chemical Methods
2.3.3 Biological Methods
2.4 Preparation of Nanofluids/Nanolubricants
2.4.1 One-Step Method
2.4.2 Two-Step Method
2.4.2.1 Disadvantages of the Two-Step Method
2.4.3 Dispersion of Nanoparticles in Lubricating Oils
2.4.4 Interaction Forces in a Nanofluids/Nanolubricant System
2.4.4.1 Van der Waals Forces
2.4.4.2 Electrostatic or Electric Double Layer Force (EDL)
2.4.4.3 DLVO Theory
2.4.4.4 Capillary Forces
2.5 Mechanism of Nanolubrication
2.6 Nanoparticle Properties Necessary for Nanolubrication
2.6.1 Nanolubricating Film Properties
2.6.2 Nanoparticles in Nanolubricants
2.7 Advantages of Nanolubricants
2.8 Nanoparticles Ability to Boost Grease Performance
2.9 Tribological Performance of Nanolubricants
2.9.1 Mechanical Properties of a Tribological System
2.9.2 Physicochemical Properties of the Lubricant
2.10 Nanolubricants and Base Oils
2.10.1 Nanolubricants
2.10.2 Base Oils
2.11 Various Types of Nanoparticles as Lubricant Additives
2.11.1 Metal Oxides
2.11.2 Metal Sulfides
2.11.3 Carbon-Based Nanoparticles
2.11.4 Nanocomposites
2.11.5 Rare Earth Compounds
2.12 Recent Advancement in Nanolubrication
2.13 Conclusion and Future Outlook
References
3. Characterization Techniques for Nanolubricants Using Different Approaches
Priyanka Chhabra and Akshara Johari
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Nanoparticles as an Additive to Nanolubricants
3.3 Application of Nanolubricants
3.4 Preparation of Nanolubricants
3.5 Characterization Factors of Nanolubricants
3.6 Characterization Techniques Used for Nanolubricants
3.6.1 Morphology and Topography Analysis
3.6.1.1 Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS): Particle Size Analysis
3.6.1.2 Electron Microscopy
3.6.1.3 X-Ray Diffraction
3.6.1.4 Atomic Force Microscopy
3.6.1.5 UV-Visible Spectroscopy
3.6.1.6 Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
3.6.1.7 Raman Spectroscopy
3.7 Conclusion
References
4. Metal-Based Nanolubricants: Current and Future Perspectives
Deepak Gupta, Chandra Kumar, Aakash Mathur, Shruti Mishra, Anis Ahmad, Namrata Deka, Priyanki Kalita and Milan Singh
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Synthesis Mechanism of NPs
4.2.1 Top-Down Methods
4.2.1.1 Ball Milling
4.2.1.2 Electrospinning
4.2.1.3 Lithography
4.2.1.4 Sputter Deposition
4.2.1.5 Pulsed Laser Deposition
4.2.2 Bottom-Up Approaches
4.2.2.1 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
4.2.2.2 Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Methods
4.2.2.3 Sol–Gel Method
4.2.2.4 Co-Precipitation
4.3 NPs as Potential Candidate for Lubricant Additive
4.3.1 Nanometal-Based Lubricant Additives
4.3.2 Coefficient of Friction (COF) and Anti-Wear Properties of Nanolubricants
4.3.3 Lubrication Mechanisms
4.3.4 Rolling Effect or Ball-Bearing Effect
4.3.5 Protective Film Formation
4.3.6 Mending Effect
4.3.7 Polishing Effect
4.3.8 Surface Modified NP for Nanolubrication
4.4 Methods to Enhance Dispersion Stability of Nanolubricants
4.4.1 Physical Method
4.4.2 Use of Surfactant
4.4.3 Stability by Modification on Surface
4.4.4 Metal-Based Nanolubricants
4.4.5 Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDCs)-Based Nanolubricants
4.6 Conclusion
References
5. Transition Metal-Based Catalysts for Preparing Biomass-Based Lubricating Oils
Binitendra Naath Mongal and Himanshu Arora
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Synthesis of Biolubricants
5.2.1 Esterification
5.2.2 Transesterification
5.2.3 Hydrogenation
5.2.4 Simultaneous Hydrogenation–Esterification
5.3 Catalysts for Biolubricant Synthesis
5.3.1 Catalysts for Esterification
5.3.2 Catalysts for Transesterification Reaction
5.4 Conclusions
References
6. Effect of Integration of Nanostructured Semimetals on Lubrication Performance of Non-Edible Vegetable Oil-Based Biolubricants
Umar Farooq and Farha Naaz
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Lubrication and Lubricating Materials
6.3 Inedible Vegetable Oils-Based Biolubricants
6.3.1 Resources
6.3.2 Properties
6.3.3 Merits and Demerits of Vegetable Oil-Based Lubricants
6.4 Nanoparticle Additives to Enhance Tribological Performance of Non-Edible Vegetable Oil Lubricants
6.4.1 Tribological Performance-Based Categorization of Nanoparticles
6.4.2 Effect of Nanoparticle Dispersion Stability, Shape, Size, Surface, Concentration, and Kind of Tribo-Test on the Tribological Performance
6.4.2.1 Dispersion Stability
6.4.2.2 Shape of Nanoparticles
6.4.2.3 Size of Nanoparticles
6.4.2.4 Surface Functionalization
6.4.2.5 Nanoparticles Concentration
6.4.2.6 Nature of Tribo-Testing
6.5 Tribological Mechanisms of Nanoparticles
6.5.1 Ball-Bearing Effect
6.5.2 Protective Film Formation
6.5.3 Mending Effect or Self-Healing Effect
6.5.4 Polishing Effect
6.5.5 Semimetal-Based Nano-Biolubricants
6.5.6 Boron-Based Nanoadditives in Non-Edible Vegetable Oils-Based Lubricants
6.6 Conclusion
References
7. Zinc Oxide Nanomaterials—Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications Focused on Lubricating Behavior
Monika Chauhan, Diwakar Chauhan, Ajay Kumar and Arvind Kumar Jain
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Preparations
7.2.1 Synthesis of ZnO by Pulsed Laser Ablation Technique
7.2.2 Synthesis of ZnO by Chemical Vapor Deposition Method
7.2.3 Synthesis of ZnO by Anodization Method
7.2.4 Synthesis of ZnO by Electrophoretic Deposition Process
7.2.5 Hydrothermal Process for the Synthesis of ZnO
7.2.6 Synthesis of ZnO by Electrochemical Deposition Method
7.2.7 Preparation of ZnO by Using the Sol–Gel Technique
7.2.8 Synthesis of ZnO by Thermolysis Method
7.2.9 Synthesis of ZnO by Combustion Method
7.2.10 Synthesis of ZnO by Ultrasonic Method
7.2.11 Microwave-Assisted Combustion Method to Synthesize Zinc Oxide
7.2.12 Synthesis of ZnO by Co-Precipitation Method
7.2.13 Synthesis of ZnO by Green Synthesis Method
7.3 Characterization
7.4 Applications
References
8. Improvement in the Properties of Biodegradable Nanolubricants
Sandip Paul Choudhury, Pushpendra Singh Shekhawat, Debanjan Bhattacharjee and Umesh K. Dwivedi
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Why Biodegradable Lubricants?
8.1.2 Vegetable Oil-Based Lubricants
8.1.3 Synthetic Lubricants
8.1.4 Properties and Synthesis of Nanolubricants
8.2 Nanoparticles for Lubricants
8.3 Types of Biodegradable Nanolubricants
8.3.1 Vegetable Oil as a Biodegradable Lubricant
8.3.2 Additives-Based Biodegradable Nanolubricants
8.3.3 Water-Based Nanolubricants
8.4 Conclusion and Outlook
References
9. Nanodimensional Metal-/Metal Oxide‑Incorporated Vegetable Oil-Based Biodegradable Lubricants: Environmental Benefits, Progress, and Challenges
Pooja Sharma, Umar Farooq, Syed Salman Ali and Kaneez Fatima
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Concept of Lubrication and Characteristics of a Lubricant
9.2.1 Friction
9.2.2 Wear
9.2.3 Lubrication Regimes
9.2.4 Characteristics of a Lubricant
9.3 Vegetable Oil-Based Biolubricants
9.3.1 Limitations of Vegetable Oils (VOs) as Lubricants
9.3.1.1 Auto-Oxidation
9.3.1.2 Photo-Oxidation of VOs
9.3.1.3 Thermal Oxidation of Vegetable Oils
9.4 Nanolubricants
9.4.1 Mending Mechanism
9.4.2 Rolling/Ball-Bearing Mechanism
9.4.3 Formation of Protective Films
9.4.4 Polishing
9.4.5 Types of Nanoadditives
9.4.6 Vegetable Oil Metal/Metal Oxide-Based Nanolubricants
9.5 Challenges for Sustainable Bio-Nanolubrication
9.6 Conclusion
References
Index
Back to Top
Preface
1. An Insight into Nanolubrication and Nanolubricants
Deepshikha Singh, Wasim Khan and Mohd Yusuf
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Advantages of Nanolubricants
1.3 Preparation of Nanolubricants
1.3.1 Methods of Nanolubricant Preparation
1.3.2 Types of Nanolubricants Based on Additives’ Characteristics
1.4 Lubrication Mechanism
1.5 Tribological and Thermophysical Properties of Nanolubricants
1.5.1 Tribological Properties
1.5.2 Thermophysical Properties
1.6 Conclusion and Future Directions
References
2. Nanolubrication Chemistry and Its Application
Smrita Singh, Ashutosh Singh Chauhan and Lalit Prasad
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Nanolubrication and Its Requirements
2.3 Synthesis of Nanoparticles
2.3.1 Physical Method
2.3.2 Chemical Methods
2.3.3 Biological Methods
2.4 Preparation of Nanofluids/Nanolubricants
2.4.1 One-Step Method
2.4.2 Two-Step Method
2.4.2.1 Disadvantages of the Two-Step Method
2.4.3 Dispersion of Nanoparticles in Lubricating Oils
2.4.4 Interaction Forces in a Nanofluids/Nanolubricant System
2.4.4.1 Van der Waals Forces
2.4.4.2 Electrostatic or Electric Double Layer Force (EDL)
2.4.4.3 DLVO Theory
2.4.4.4 Capillary Forces
2.5 Mechanism of Nanolubrication
2.6 Nanoparticle Properties Necessary for Nanolubrication
2.6.1 Nanolubricating Film Properties
2.6.2 Nanoparticles in Nanolubricants
2.7 Advantages of Nanolubricants
2.8 Nanoparticles Ability to Boost Grease Performance
2.9 Tribological Performance of Nanolubricants
2.9.1 Mechanical Properties of a Tribological System
2.9.2 Physicochemical Properties of the Lubricant
2.10 Nanolubricants and Base Oils
2.10.1 Nanolubricants
2.10.2 Base Oils
2.11 Various Types of Nanoparticles as Lubricant Additives
2.11.1 Metal Oxides
2.11.2 Metal Sulfides
2.11.3 Carbon-Based Nanoparticles
2.11.4 Nanocomposites
2.11.5 Rare Earth Compounds
2.12 Recent Advancement in Nanolubrication
2.13 Conclusion and Future Outlook
References
3. Characterization Techniques for Nanolubricants Using Different Approaches
Priyanka Chhabra and Akshara Johari
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Nanoparticles as an Additive to Nanolubricants
3.3 Application of Nanolubricants
3.4 Preparation of Nanolubricants
3.5 Characterization Factors of Nanolubricants
3.6 Characterization Techniques Used for Nanolubricants
3.6.1 Morphology and Topography Analysis
3.6.1.1 Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS): Particle Size Analysis
3.6.1.2 Electron Microscopy
3.6.1.3 X-Ray Diffraction
3.6.1.4 Atomic Force Microscopy
3.6.1.5 UV-Visible Spectroscopy
3.6.1.6 Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
3.6.1.7 Raman Spectroscopy
3.7 Conclusion
References
4. Metal-Based Nanolubricants: Current and Future Perspectives
Deepak Gupta, Chandra Kumar, Aakash Mathur, Shruti Mishra, Anis Ahmad, Namrata Deka, Priyanki Kalita and Milan Singh
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Synthesis Mechanism of NPs
4.2.1 Top-Down Methods
4.2.1.1 Ball Milling
4.2.1.2 Electrospinning
4.2.1.3 Lithography
4.2.1.4 Sputter Deposition
4.2.1.5 Pulsed Laser Deposition
4.2.2 Bottom-Up Approaches
4.2.2.1 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
4.2.2.2 Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Methods
4.2.2.3 Sol–Gel Method
4.2.2.4 Co-Precipitation
4.3 NPs as Potential Candidate for Lubricant Additive
4.3.1 Nanometal-Based Lubricant Additives
4.3.2 Coefficient of Friction (COF) and Anti-Wear Properties of Nanolubricants
4.3.3 Lubrication Mechanisms
4.3.4 Rolling Effect or Ball-Bearing Effect
4.3.5 Protective Film Formation
4.3.6 Mending Effect
4.3.7 Polishing Effect
4.3.8 Surface Modified NP for Nanolubrication
4.4 Methods to Enhance Dispersion Stability of Nanolubricants
4.4.1 Physical Method
4.4.2 Use of Surfactant
4.4.3 Stability by Modification on Surface
4.4.4 Metal-Based Nanolubricants
4.4.5 Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDCs)-Based Nanolubricants
4.6 Conclusion
References
5. Transition Metal-Based Catalysts for Preparing Biomass-Based Lubricating Oils
Binitendra Naath Mongal and Himanshu Arora
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Synthesis of Biolubricants
5.2.1 Esterification
5.2.2 Transesterification
5.2.3 Hydrogenation
5.2.4 Simultaneous Hydrogenation–Esterification
5.3 Catalysts for Biolubricant Synthesis
5.3.1 Catalysts for Esterification
5.3.2 Catalysts for Transesterification Reaction
5.4 Conclusions
References
6. Effect of Integration of Nanostructured Semimetals on Lubrication Performance of Non-Edible Vegetable Oil-Based Biolubricants
Umar Farooq and Farha Naaz
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Lubrication and Lubricating Materials
6.3 Inedible Vegetable Oils-Based Biolubricants
6.3.1 Resources
6.3.2 Properties
6.3.3 Merits and Demerits of Vegetable Oil-Based Lubricants
6.4 Nanoparticle Additives to Enhance Tribological Performance of Non-Edible Vegetable Oil Lubricants
6.4.1 Tribological Performance-Based Categorization of Nanoparticles
6.4.2 Effect of Nanoparticle Dispersion Stability, Shape, Size, Surface, Concentration, and Kind of Tribo-Test on the Tribological Performance
6.4.2.1 Dispersion Stability
6.4.2.2 Shape of Nanoparticles
6.4.2.3 Size of Nanoparticles
6.4.2.4 Surface Functionalization
6.4.2.5 Nanoparticles Concentration
6.4.2.6 Nature of Tribo-Testing
6.5 Tribological Mechanisms of Nanoparticles
6.5.1 Ball-Bearing Effect
6.5.2 Protective Film Formation
6.5.3 Mending Effect or Self-Healing Effect
6.5.4 Polishing Effect
6.5.5 Semimetal-Based Nano-Biolubricants
6.5.6 Boron-Based Nanoadditives in Non-Edible Vegetable Oils-Based Lubricants
6.6 Conclusion
References
7. Zinc Oxide Nanomaterials—Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications Focused on Lubricating Behavior
Monika Chauhan, Diwakar Chauhan, Ajay Kumar and Arvind Kumar Jain
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Preparations
7.2.1 Synthesis of ZnO by Pulsed Laser Ablation Technique
7.2.2 Synthesis of ZnO by Chemical Vapor Deposition Method
7.2.3 Synthesis of ZnO by Anodization Method
7.2.4 Synthesis of ZnO by Electrophoretic Deposition Process
7.2.5 Hydrothermal Process for the Synthesis of ZnO
7.2.6 Synthesis of ZnO by Electrochemical Deposition Method
7.2.7 Preparation of ZnO by Using the Sol–Gel Technique
7.2.8 Synthesis of ZnO by Thermolysis Method
7.2.9 Synthesis of ZnO by Combustion Method
7.2.10 Synthesis of ZnO by Ultrasonic Method
7.2.11 Microwave-Assisted Combustion Method to Synthesize Zinc Oxide
7.2.12 Synthesis of ZnO by Co-Precipitation Method
7.2.13 Synthesis of ZnO by Green Synthesis Method
7.3 Characterization
7.4 Applications
References
8. Improvement in the Properties of Biodegradable Nanolubricants
Sandip Paul Choudhury, Pushpendra Singh Shekhawat, Debanjan Bhattacharjee and Umesh K. Dwivedi
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Why Biodegradable Lubricants?
8.1.2 Vegetable Oil-Based Lubricants
8.1.3 Synthetic Lubricants
8.1.4 Properties and Synthesis of Nanolubricants
8.2 Nanoparticles for Lubricants
8.3 Types of Biodegradable Nanolubricants
8.3.1 Vegetable Oil as a Biodegradable Lubricant
8.3.2 Additives-Based Biodegradable Nanolubricants
8.3.3 Water-Based Nanolubricants
8.4 Conclusion and Outlook
References
9. Nanodimensional Metal-/Metal Oxide‑Incorporated Vegetable Oil-Based Biodegradable Lubricants: Environmental Benefits, Progress, and Challenges
Pooja Sharma, Umar Farooq, Syed Salman Ali and Kaneez Fatima
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Concept of Lubrication and Characteristics of a Lubricant
9.2.1 Friction
9.2.2 Wear
9.2.3 Lubrication Regimes
9.2.4 Characteristics of a Lubricant
9.3 Vegetable Oil-Based Biolubricants
9.3.1 Limitations of Vegetable Oils (VOs) as Lubricants
9.3.1.1 Auto-Oxidation
9.3.1.2 Photo-Oxidation of VOs
9.3.1.3 Thermal Oxidation of Vegetable Oils
9.4 Nanolubricants
9.4.1 Mending Mechanism
9.4.2 Rolling/Ball-Bearing Mechanism
9.4.3 Formation of Protective Films
9.4.4 Polishing
9.4.5 Types of Nanoadditives
9.4.6 Vegetable Oil Metal/Metal Oxide-Based Nanolubricants
9.5 Challenges for Sustainable Bio-Nanolubrication
9.6 Conclusion
References
Index
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