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Flexible Pipelines and Power Cables

Yong Bai, Shuai Yuan, and Kaien Jiang
Series: Advances in Pipes and Pipelines
Copyright: 2024   |   Status: Published
ISBN: 9781394287505  |  Hardcover  |  
778 pages
Price: $225 USD
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One Line Description
This latest volume in the “Advances in Pipes and Pipelines” series focuses on flexible pipelines, and power cables, offering the engineer the most up-to-date and comprehensive coverage of pipeline and cable engineering available today.

Audience
Engineers, scientists, managers, designers, and students working with, researching, or studying pipeline design and implementation

Description
The technology, processes, materials, and theories surrounding pipeline construction, application, and troubleshooting are constantly changing, and this groundbreaking series, “Advances in Pipes and Pipelines,” has been created to meet the needs of engineers and scientists to keep them up to date and informed of all of these advances. This latest volume in the series focuses on flexible pipelines and power cables, offering the engineer the most thorough coverage of the state of the art available. The authors of this work have written numerous books and papers on these subjects and are some of the most influential authors on flexible pipes in the world, contributing much of the literature on this subject to the industry. This new volume is a presentation of some of the most cutting-edge technological advances in technical publishing.

This is the most comprehensive and in-depth series on pipelines, covering not just the various materials and their aspects that make them different, but every process that goes into their installation, operation, and design. This is the future of pipelines, and it is an important breakthrough. A must-have for the veteran engineer and student alike, this volume is an important new advancement in the energy industry, a strong link in the chain of the world’s energy production.

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Author / Editor Details
Yong Bai, PhD is the president of Offshore Pipelines & Risers Inc. in Houston, and the director of the Offshore Engineering Research Center at Zhejiang University. His distinguished academic journey features a previous Professor of Offshore Structures at
Stavanger University in Norway. Apart from his academic endeavors, he has an equally impressive track record in industry, with roles such as Manager of the Offshore Technology Department at ABS, Joint Industry Project (JIP) Manager at DNV, and Staff Engineer at
Shell International E & P. He is the author of the numerous books, including multiple volumes available from Scrivener Publishing, and over 100 papers.

Shuai Yuan, PhD, obtained his doctorate in structural engineering at Zhejiang University. He deepened his expertise through postdoctoral research at the same institution, focusing on the
structural analysis of flexibles, and further expanded his repertoire of skills by engaging in detailed studies of marine operation simulation at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology. He recently commenced his role as a senior engineer, aiming to integrate
theoretical knowledge with practical engineering solutions.

Kaien Jiang, PhD, completed his doctoral studies in structural engineering at Zhejiang University. His primary research focuses on fatigue analysis on marine power cables. By conducting extensive laboratory experiments and numerical simulations, Dr.
Jiang aims to enhance the understanding of cable fatigue behavior and develop predictive models for cable design and maintenance. He currently is deepening his expertise through postdoctoral research at Huadong Engineering Corporation Ltd., Power China Group, focusing
on the structural analysis of offshore electrical platforms.

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Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
Part I: Design and Application
1. Introduction
1.1 General
1.1.1 Flexible Pipelines
1.1.2 Subsea Power Cables
1.2 Design Issues
1.2.1 Design of Flexible Pipelines
1.2.2 Design of Subsea Power Cables
1.3 Applications
1.3.1 Flexible Pipelines
1.3.2 Subsea Power Cables
1.3.2.1 Offshore Wind Farms
1.3.2.2 Supply of Offshore Platforms
1.3.2.3 Islands Power Supply
References
2. Cross-Sectional Design of Unbonded Flexible Pipeline
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Cross-Sectional Design
2.2.1 General Design Requirements
2.2.2 Manufacturing Configuration and Material Qualification
2.3 Case Study
2.3.1 Design Procedure
2.3.2 Design Requirement
2.3.3 Design Method
2.3.4 Design Results
2.3.5 Load Analysis
2.3.6 FE Analysis
2.4 Conclusions
References
3. General Design of Subsea Power Cables
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Design Procedure of Subsea Power Cables
3.3 Design Component of Subsea Power Cables
3.3.1 Conductor
3.3.1.1 Solid Conductor
3.3.1.2 Conductors Stranded from Round Wires
3.3.1.3 Profiled Wire Conductors
3.3.2 Dielectric System
3.3.2.1 Polyethylene
3.3.3 Swelling Tape
3.3.4 Water-Blocking Sheath
3.3.5 Copper Sheath
3.3.5.1 Metallic Sheath
3.3.6 Aluminium Sheath
3.3.6.1 Stainless Steel Sheath
3.3.6.2 Polymeric Sheath
3.3.7 Armoring
3.3.8 Outer Serving
References
4. Mechanical and Electrical Design of Subsea Power Cables
4.1 Mechanical Design
4.1.1 Tension During Cable Laying
4.1.2 Stress Between Conductor and Armoring
4.1.3 Other Loads and Impacts
4.1.4 Vortex Induced Vibrations
4.2 Electric Design
4.2.1 Concept of Electric Strength
4.2.2 Dielectric Design of AC Cables
4.2.2.1 Overvoltage
4.2.2.2 Design Specification
4.2.3 Dielectric Design of DC Cables
4.2.4 Impulse Stress
4.2.5 Availability and Reliability
4.2.6 Calculation of Cable Ampacity
4.2.6.1 The Procedure for Calculating the Cable Ampacity h
4.2.6.2 Calculation Method
4.2.7 Allowable Short-Circuit Current
4.3 Cable Insulation Design
4.3.1 Design Principles for Insulation Thickness
4.3.2 Cable Insulation Design
4.3.2.1 Design with Average Electric Field Intensity Formula
4.3.3 Aging of Cable Insulation
4.3.4 Case Study of Insulation Thickness
4.3.4.1 YJV-21/35 1×200 XLPE Single Core Cable
4.3.4.2 66KV XLPE Single Core Cable
References
5. Joints and Termination of Subsea Power Cables
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Subsea Power Cable Joints
5.2.1 Factory Joints
5.2.2 Offshore Installation Joints
5.2.2.1 Flexible Installation Joint
5.2.2.2 Rigid Installation Joint
5.2.2.3 Subsea Electric Cable Joint Box
5.2.2.4 Subsea Optical Cable Joint Box
5.2.3 Repair Joint
5.2.4 Defect Detection for XLPE Power Cable Joints
5.3 Subsea Power Cable Terminations
5.3.1 Onshore Cable Termination
5.3.2 Offshore Cable Terminations
5.4 Case Study
References
6. Multi-Physics Analysis of Cable
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Multi-Physical Analysis
6.2.1 Theoretical Basis
6.2.2 Finite Element Analysis of Electromagnetic Characteristics
6.3 Study on Loss of Cable
6.4 Conclusions
References
7. Design of Subsea Fiber Optic Cables
7.1 Plastic Optical Fiber (POF)
7.2 Glass Optical Fiber (GOF)
7.3 Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG)
7.3.1 Principles of FBG
7.3.2 FBG Applications on the Pipeline
7.4 Auxiliary Components for Optical Fibers
7.4.1 Interrogator
7.4.2 Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR)
7.5 Design and Manufacturing Procedures of Fiber Optic
7.6 Communication Cables
7.6.1 Static Analysis
7.6.2 Modal Analysis
7.6.3 Dynamic Analysis
7.6.4 Fatigue Analysis
7.7 Conclusions
References
8. Manufacturing and Testing of Subsea Power Cables
8.1 Manufacturing
8.1.1 Conductor
8.1.2 XLPE Insulation
8.1.3 Sheathing
8.1.4 Lay-Up
8.1.5 Armoring
8.2 Testing
8.2.1 Development Tests
8.2.2 Type Tests
8.2.3 Mechanical Tests
8.2.4 Non-Electrical Tests
References
9. Hydrodynamics
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Wave Theory
9.2.1 Linear Wave Theory
9.2.1.1 Regular Long-Crested Waves
9.2.1.2 Irregular Long-Crested Waves
9.2.2 Nonlinear Wave Theory
9.3 Steady Currents
9.4 Hydrodynamic Forces
9.4.1 Hydrodynamic Drag and Inertia Forces
9.4.1.1 Pipeline Exposed to Steady Fluid Flow
9.4.1.2 Pipeline Exposed to Accelerated Fluid Flow
9.4.1.3 The Complete Morison’s Equation
9.4.1.4 Drag and Inertia Coefficient Parameter Dependency
9.4.2 Hydrodynamic Lift Forces
9.4.2.1 Lift Force Using Constant Lift Coefficients
9.4.2.2 Lift Force Using Variable Lift Coefficients
References
Part II: Global Analysis
10. Soil-Pipe Interaction
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Soil Types and Classification
10.1.2 Coefficients of Friction
10.1.3 Pipe-Soil Models
10.2 Pipe Penetration in Cohesive Soil
10.2.1 Introduction
10.2.2 Initial Penetration
10.2.2.1 Classical Bearing Capacity Method
10.2.2.2 Verley and Lund Method
10.2.2.3 Buoyancy Method
10.2.2.4 Murff et al. Method (1989)
10.2.2.5 Bruton et al. (2006)
10.2.3 Lay Effects
10.3 Pipe Penetration in Non-Cohesive Soils
10.3.1 Initial Penetration
10.3.1.1 Verley Method
10.3.1.2 Classical Bearing Capacity Method
10.3.2 Vertical Stability in Liquefied Soil
10.4 Axial Load-Displacement Response of Pipelines
10.4.1 Cohesive Soil
10.4.2 Non-Cohesive Soil
10.5 Lateral Load-Displacement Response of Pipelines
10.5.1 Cohesive Soil
10.5.1.1 Classic Geotechnical Theories
10.5.1.2 Verley and Lund Method
10.5.1.3 Time-Dependent Resistance Method
10.5.1.4 Bruton et al. Method
10.5.2 Non-Cohesive Soil
10.5.3 ‘Light’ and ‘Heavy’ Pipes of Lateral Buckles
10.5.4 Soil Berms of Lateral Buckles
References
11. On-Bottom Stability Analysis
11.1 Introduction
11.2 General Lateral Stability Method
11.3 Experimental Investigation
11.3.1 Experimental Arrangement
11.3.2 Test Sequence
11.3.3 Experiment Results
11.4 Numerical Analyses of Pipeline Stability with Abaqus
11.4.1 Pipeline Section Geometry
11.4.2 Modified Lateral Soil Resistance Model
11.4.3 Horizontal Force Due to Wave and Current
11.5 Case Study - Using Modified Resistance Model
11.5.1 Finite Element Model
11.5.2 Results and Comparison
11.6 Conclusions
References
12. Pipelay Analysis
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Reel-Lay Method
12.3 Mathematical Model
12.4 Platform Motion and Raw Ocean Environmental Data
12.5 Mechanics Performance Test of Flexible Pipe
12.5.1 Tensile Test for Flexible Pipe
12.5.2 Bending Test for Flexible Pipe
12.6 Safety Assessment Procedure
12.6.1 Flexible Pipe Offshore Laying Scheme Design
12.6.2 Mechanics, Deformation, and Buckling Results
12.7 Conclusions
References
Part III: Mechanical Analysis
13. Reeling Operation of Flexible Pipelines
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Local Analysis
13.2.1 Geometrical and Material Characteristics
13.2.2 Tension Test
13.2.3 Bending Test
13.2.4 Summary
13.3 Global Analysis
13.3.1 Modeling
13.3.2 Interaction and Mesh
13.3.3 Load and Boundary Conditions
13.3.4 Results and Discussions
13.4 Parametric Study
13.4.1 Diameter of the Coiling Drum
13.4.2 Sinking Distance of Coiling Drum
13.4.3 Reeling Length
13.4.4 Location of Bearing Plate
13.5 Conclusions
References
14. Flexible Pipelines Subjected to Asymmetric Loads
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Cross-Section Design
14.2.1 General Design Requirements
14.2.2 Manufacturing Configuration and Material Qualification
14.2.3 Design Procedure
14.3 Case Study for a 6-Inch SSRTP
14.3.1 Internal Pressure
14.3.1.1 Theoretical Solution
14.3.1.2 FEM Verification
14.3.1.3 Summary
14.3.2 External Pressure
14.3.2.1 Theoretical Solution
14.3.2.2 FEM Verification
14.3.2.3 Summary
14.3.3 Axial Tension
14.3.3.1 Theoretical Solution
14.3.3.2 FEM Verification
14.3.3.3 Summary
14.4 SSRTP with Additional Tensile Amours
14.5 Conclusions
References
15. Stress Concentration Effect on the Anti-Burst Capacity
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Theoretical Model
15.2.1 Material Properties Analysis
15.2.2 Strain-Stress Relations
15.3 Theoretical Model for Squeeze Pressure
15.4 Theoretical Model of Pipe Wall with Swaging End Fitting
15.5 Results and Discussion
15.6 Conclusions
References
16. Compressive Buckling of Tensile Armours
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Equilibrium Differential Equations and Lateral Buckling Force
16.3 Results of Bflex
16.3.1 Bflex Model
16.3.2 Boundary Conditions
16.3.3 Load Conditions
16.3.4 Comparison with Theoretical Results
16.3.5 Buckling Force Selected from Blex Results
16.4 Parameters Analysis
16.4.1 Influence of Initial Imperfections
16.4.2 Influence of Effective Buckling Length of Tendon
16.4.3 Influence of Winding Radius of Tendon
16.4.4 Influence of Layangle of Tendon
16.5 Conclusions
References
17. Expansion and Global Buckling Analysis
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Flexible Pipeline Behaviour
17.3 Flexible FE Model Description
17.4 Flexible Model Application
17.4.1 Interaction Model Between Free-Span and Expansion Loop
17.4.2 Upheaval Buckling Modeling
17.5 Conclusions
References
Part IV: Stress and Fatigue Analysis
18. Effect of Ovalization on Stress of Tensile Armours
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Differential Geometry Relationship Between Elliptical Cylinder and Spiral Strip
18.2.1 Differential Geometry Relationship Between Elliptical Straight and Spiral Strip
18.2.2 Differential Geometry of Bent Elliptical and Spiral Strip
18.3 Bending Analysis of Spiral Layer Without Slip in Ellipticity
18.4 Bending Analysis of Spiral Layer Sliding Stage Under Ellipticity
18.4.1 Critical Curvature Under Ellipticity
18.4.2 Axial Force Analysis of Helical Strip Slip Area Under Elliptic
18.4.3 Axial Force Analysis of Spiral Strip Non-Slip Area Under Elliptic
18.4.4 Bending Stiffness of Spiral Strip Under Elliptic
18.4.5 Effect of Ellipticity on Axial Force
18.5 Effect of Ellipticity on Bending Stiffness
References
19. Confined Buckling and Collapse of Flexible Pipes
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Problem Formulation
19.2.1 Confined Elastic Buckling Formula
19.2.2 Formulation of Confined Elastoplastic Collapse
19.3 Elastic-Perfectly Plastic Analysis for Confined Buckling and Collapse
19.3.1 Finite Element Modeling Description
19.3.1.1 General
19.3.1.2 Initial Buckling Perturbation
19.3.2 Results and Discussion
19.3.2.1 Different Yield Strengths
19.3.2.2 Effect of ϕD
19.3.2.3 Imperfection Sensitivity
19.4 Hardening Elastoplastic Analysis for Confined Buckling and Collapse
19.4.1 Model Description
19.4.2 Results and Discussion
19.4.2.1 Effect of Hardening Rates
19.4.2.2 Effect of ϕD
19.4.2.3 Imperfection Sensitivity
19.5 Semi-Theoretical Formula Development
19.5.1 Formula Development
19.6 Conclusions
References
Appendix
20. Wet Collapse of Flexible Pipes
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Experimentation
20.2.1 Structure and Materials of SRFP Specimens
20.2.2 Uniaxial Tensile Test of Material
20.2.3 Pre-Bending Technology and Wet Collapse Test
20.3 Numerical Modeling
20.3.1 Material Constitutive Model
20.3.2 Geometry Modeling and Meshing
20.3.3 Interlayer Interactions
20.3.4 Loading and Boundary Conditions
20.4 Results and Discussion
20.4.1 Curvature Effect on Wet Collapse Resistance
20.4.2 Model Validation
20.4.3 Plastic Zone Extension During Wet Collapse Testing under Curvature Effect
20.5 Parametric Study
20.5.1 Curvature Effect on Cross-Sectional Deformation of Models with Different Diameters
20.5.2 Curvature Effect on Wet Collapse Pressure of Models with Various Enhancement Factors
20.6 Conclusions
References
Appendix
21. Torsional Buckling of Flexible Pipes
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Experiments
21.2.1 Material Characteristics
21.2.2 Experimental Preparation
21.2.3 Experimental Results
21.3 Numerical Simulation
21.3.1 Mesh and Interaction
21.3.2 Load and Boundary Conditions
21.4 Results and Discussions
21.4.1 Mechanical Analysis of PE Layers
21.4.2 Mechanical Analysis of Steel Layers
21.5 Parametric Study
21.5.1 Effect of Axial Restriction
21.5.2 Effect of Layout of Steel Strips
21.5.3 Effect of Frictional Coefficient
21.5.4 Effect of Torsion Direction
21.5.5 Effect of Axial Tension Load
21.6 Conclusions
References
22. Stress and Fatigue of Tensile Armours
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Fatigue Failure Mode of Flexible Riser
22.3 Global Model of Flexible Risers
22.3.1 Pipe Element
22.3.2 Bending Stiffener
22.3.3 Sea Condition
22.3.4 Platform Motion Response
22.3.5 Time Domain Simulation Analysis
22.4 Failure Mode and Design Criteria
22.4.1 Axisymmetric Load Model
22.4.2 Bending Load Model
22.5 Calculation Method of Fatigue Life of Flexible Riser
22.5.1 Rainflow Counting Method
22.5.2 S-N Curve
22.5.3 Miner’s Linear Cumulative Damage Theory
22.5.4 Modification of Average Stress on Fatigue Damage
22.6 Example of Fatigue Life Analysis of Flexible Riser
References
23. Stress and Fatigue of Flexible Pipes Reinforced by Steel Strips
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Evaluation of Loads
23.3 FEM to Calculate Stress
23.4 Estimation of the Fatigue Life
23.5 Conclusions
References
24. Mechanical Properties of Fiberglass Reinforced Flexible Pipe
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Experiment
24.2.1 Material Experiments
24.2.2 Experiments of the Pipe
24.2.3 Experimental Facility
24.2.4 Specimen
24.2.5 Experiment Process
24.2.6 Experimental Results
24.3 Numerical Simulation Method (NSM)
24.3.1 Parts and Properties
24.3.2 Simplified Model of Reinforced Layer
24.3.3 Boundary Conditions and Mesh
24.4 Simplified Theoretical Method (STM)
24.4.1 Assumptions of STM
24.4.2 Definition of STM
24.4.3 Results of Experiment, STM and NSM
24.5 Parametric Study
24.5.1 Deformation of Cross-Section
24.5.2 Comparison Between STM and NSM
24.5.3 (c) Different Winding Angles
24.5.4 (d) Simple Formula of KMu
24.6 Conclusions
Appendix
References
25. Stress and Fatigue Analysis of Stranded Structures
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Stress Analysis of Stranded Structures
25.2.1 Tension Stress
25.2.2 Bending and Torsion Stress
25.3 Fatigue Analysis of Stranded Structures
25.3.1 Tensile and Bending Fatigue Analysis
25.3.2 Fretting Fatigue Analysis
25.3.3 Fatigue Analysis with Metal Corrosion
25.4 Fatigue Analysis of Subsea Power Cables
25.4.1 Limitations
25.4.2 Pre-Test Straining
25.4.3 Qualification Principles
25.4.3.1 Qualification Method
25.4.3.2 Load Conditions
25.4.3.3 Load Effect Ratio – Mean Stress/Strain
25.4.3.4 Temperature
25.4.4 Qualification Based on Components
25.4.4.1 Qualification Testing
25.4.4.2 Fatigue Design Curve
25.4.5 Qualification of Complete Cable Cross Section
25.4.5.1 Qualification Testing
25.4.5.2 Fatigue Design Curve
25.4.6 Test Methods – Fatigue Loading of Complete Cables
25.4.6.1 General
25.4.6.2 4-Point-Bending
25.4.6.3 Bending Against Template
References
26. Influence of Compaction Degrees on Power Cable Conductor Fatigue
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Experimental Tests
26.2.1 Irregularity Measurements
26.2.2 Material Tests
26.2.3 Tension-Tension Fatigue Tests of Conductors
26.3 Fatigue Data Adjustment
26.3.1 Stress Concentration Factor Calculation
26.3.2 Fatigue Data Adjustments Based on SCFs
26.4 Influence Analysis of Compaction Coefficient
26.4.1 Compaction Procedure Simulation
26.4.2 Parameter Analysis of Compaction Coefficient
26.4.3 Predicated Fatigue Life Table
26.5 Conclusions
References
27. Fatigue Life Estimation of Power Cable Copper Conductors
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Macroscopic and Mesoscopic Elastic-Plastic Constitutive Models
27.2.1 Mixed Hardening Theory
27.2.2 Two-Scale Theory
27.2.3 Macroscopic and Mesoscopic Elastic-Plastic Constitutive Models
27.2.3.1 Macroscopic Elastic-Plastic Constitutive Model
27.2.3.2 Mesoscopic Elastic-Plastic Constitutive Model
27.2.3.3 User Defined Material Subroutines (UMAT)
27.3 Fatigue Life Estimation Method Based on Damage Evolution Model
27.3.1 Fatigue Damage Evolution Model
27.3.2 Fatigue Life Estimation Based on Damage Evolution Model
27.4 Parameters of Fatigue Life Estimation Method
27.4.1 Basic Material Parameters
27.4.2 Fatigue Damage Failure Threshold
27.4.3 In-Model Parameters
27.4.3.1 Calculation Model
27.4.3.2 Macroscopic Material Constitutive Model of Copper Material
27.4.3.3 Mesoscopic Material Constitutive Model of Copper Material
27.4.3.4 Equivalent Stress Load Spectra
27.4.3.5 Macroscopic Stress-Strain Calculation Results
27.4.3.6 Mesoscopic Stress-Strain Calculation Results
27.4.3.7 Estimation of Parameters T1 and T2
27.5 Fatigue Life Estimation
27.5.1 Influence of Plastic Damage Caused by Compaction Procedure
27.5.2 Tensile Fatigue Life Estimation of Stranded Copper Conductors
27.6 Conclusions
References
28. Global Fatigue Analysis of Power Cable Copper Conductors
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Fatigue Analysis Process
28.2.1 Global Load
28.2.2 Local Stress
28.2.3 Stress Concentration Effect
28.2.4 Life Estimation
28.3 Numerical Example
28.3.1 Global Modeling
28.3.2 Local Fatigue Stress
28.3.3 Fatigue Calculation
28.4 Influence of Compaction Degrees
28.5 Conclusions
Appendix A. RAOS of OC4 Semi-Sub
References
29. Integrity Management of Flexible Pipes
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Failure Statistics
29.3 Risk Management Methodology
29.4 Integrity Management Strategy
29.4.1 Flexible Pipe Integrity Management System
29.4.2 Installation Procedures
29.4.3 Gas Diffusion Calculations
29.4.4 Dropped Object Reporting/Deck Lifting & Handling Procedures
29.4.5 Vessel Exclusion Zone
29.4.6 Fatigue Life Re-Analysis of Pipes
29.4.7 High Integrity Pressure Protection System (HIPPS)
29.5 Inspection Measures
29.5.1 General Visual Inspection (GVI)/Close Visual Inspection (CVI)
29.5.2 Cathodic Protection Survey
29.6 Monitoring
29.6.1 Inspection and Monitoring Systems
29.6.2 Bore Fluid Parameter Monitoring
29.7 Testing and Analysis Measures
29.7.1 Coupon Sampling and Analysis
29.7.2 Vacuum Testing of Riser Annulus
29.7.3 Radiography
29.8 Steel Tube Umbilical Risk Analysis and Integrity Management
29.8.1 Risk Assessment
29.8.2 Integrity Management Strategy
References
Part V: Risk and Integrity Management
30. Failure Modes and Mechanisms for Flexible Pipes
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Failure Modes
30.2.1 Internal Carcass
30.2.2 Internal Pressure Sheath
30.2.3 Pressure Armour
30.2.4 Tensile Armour
30.2.5 External Sheath
30.2.6 Bend Stiffener
30.2.7 End-Fitting
30.3 Failure Mechanism
30.3.1 Corrosion
30.3.2 Fatigue
30.3.3 Erosion
30.3.4 Temperature
30.3.5 Pressure
30.3.6 Composition of Production Fluid
30.3.7 Service Loads
30.3.8 Pipe Blockage or Flow Restriction
30.3.9 Accidental Damage
References
31. Quantitative Risk Assessment for Flexible Pipes
31.1 Introduction
31.2 Risk Assessment Method for SRFP
31.3 Method Application
31.3.1 Mechanical Model
31.3.2 Stochastic Model
31.3.3 Analysis and Discussion of the Results
31.4 Conclusions
References
32. Durability and 10000 Hours Test
32.1 Introduction
32.2 Pipe Sample Configurations
32.3 Test Method and Apparatus
32.4 Result Analysis and Discussion
32.4.1 Typical Failure Modes
32.4.2 Statistical Analysis
32.4.2.1 The Necessity of Logarithmic Treatment
32.4.2.2 Data Logarithmic Treatment and Linear Regression Analysis
32.5 Conclusions
References
33. Risk-Based Inspection Planning Methodology
33.1 Introduction
33.2 Risk-Based Inspection Process
33.2.1 General
33.2.2 The Element of the Process
33.2.2.1 Screening
33.2.2.2 Initial Assessment
33.2.2.3 Detailed Assessment
33.2.2.4 Risk-Evaluation and Optimized Inspection Plan
33.3 Case Study 1
33.3.1 Screening Assessment
33.3.2 Initial Assessment
33.3.3 Detailed Assessment
33.3.4 Imulation and Parametric Studies
33.3.5 Inspection Planning
33.4 Case Study 2
33.4.1 Pipeline Segmentation
33.4.2 PoF Assessment
33.4.3 PoF Calculation
33.4.4 CoF Identification
33.4.5 Risk Determination
33.4.6 High-Risk Location
33.4.7 Inspection Plan
33.5 Conclusion
References
34. Inspection of Flexible Pipes
34.1 Introduction
34.2 Inspection Technologies for Flexible Pipes
34.2.1 General Visual Inspection/Close Visual Inspection
34.2.2 Laser Leak Detection
34.2.3 Coupon Testing
34.2.4 Eddy Current
34.2.5 Radiography
34.2.6 Ultrasonic Techniques
34.2.7 Acoustic Emission
34.2.8 RAMS and MAPS
34.2.9 Infrared Thermography (IRT) Inspection System
34.2.10 Magnetic Stress Measurement
References
35. Insertion Method for Pipe Repair
35.1 Introduction
35.2 Model Tests
35.2.1 Outline of Model Tests
35.2.2 Model Test Results
35.2.2.1 Effect of Bending Section on Pull-In Load
35.2.2.2 Effect of Bending Stiffness on Pull-In Load
35.2.2.3 Effect of D/d Ratio on Pull-In Load
35.3 Finite Element Analysis
35.3.1 Finite Element Models
35.3.1.1 Model Description
35.3.1.2 Material Model of HDPE
35.3.2 Abaqus Results and Comparisons with Tests Results
35.3.2.1 Analytical Model of Calculating the Pull-In Load
35.3.3 Pull-In Load Due to the Weight of the Inner Pipe
35.3.4 Pull-In Load Due to the Directional Change of the Outer Pipe
35.3.4.1 Contact Force Due to Bending Stiffness of the Inner Pipe
35.3.4.2 Capstan Effect Due to Directional Change
35.4 Conclusions
References
36. Repair Methods for Flexible Pipes
36.1 Introduction
36.2 Planning for Repair
36.2.1 Damage Assessment
36.2.2 Design and Qualification of Repair Method
36.2.3 Execution of Repair and Verification of Pipe Integrity
36.3 Repair Methods for Outer Sheath Damages
36.3.1 Injection of Inhibitor Liquid in Annulus
36.3.1.1 Objective
36.3.1.2 Description of the Use and Injection Setup for an Inhibitor Liquid
36.3.1.3 Subsequent Inspection and Maintenance
36.3.2 Soft Repair Clamp
36.3.2.1 Objective
36.3.2.2 Description of the Repair Clamp and Installation Method
36.3.2.3 Subsequent Inspection and Maintenance
36.3.3 Rigid Clamp
36.3.3.1 Objective
36.3.3.2 Description of the Rigid Clamp and Installation Method
36.3.3.3 Subsequent Inspection and Maintenance
36.3.4 Structural Repair Clamp
36.3.4.1 Objective
36.3.4.2 Description of the Structural Repair Clamp and Installation Method
36.3.4.3 Subsequent Inspection and Maintenance
36.3.5 Casting Repair
36.3.5.1 Objective
36.3.5.2 Description of the Casting Repair and Installation Method
36.3.5.3 Subsequent Inspection and Maintenance
36.3.6 Polymer Welding of Outer Sheath
36.3.6.1 Objective
36.3.6.2 Description of Polymer Welding of Outer Sheath
36.3.6.3 Subsequent Inspection and Maintenance
36.4 Repair Methods to Re-Establish Annulus Vent
36.4.1 Installation of Annulus Vent Clamp and Drilling Through Outer Sheath
36.4.1.1 Objective
36.4.1.2 Description of the Vent Clamp and Installation Method
36.4.1.3 Subsequent in Section and Maintenance
36.4.2 Cyclic Vacuum and Nitrogen Pressure
36.4.2.1 Objective
36.4.2.2 Description of the Repair Method
36.4.2.3 Subsequent Inspection and Maintenance
36.4.3 Hydraulic Pressurization of Vent Port
36.4.3.1 Objective
36.4.3.2 Description of the Repair Method
36.4.3.3 Subsequent Inspection and Maintenance
36.5 Re-Termination of End-Fitting as a Repair Method
36.5.1 Objective
36.5.2 Description of Re-Termination
36.6 Case Study
36.6.1 CFRP Liner Repair for Large Diameter Pipelines
36.6.2 Repair Strength Design
36.7 Summary
References
37. Lifetime Assessment for Flexible Pipes
37.1 Introduction
37.2 Lifetime Assessment Process and Methodology
37.3 Progress of Lifetime Assessment
37.4 Improved Condition Control, Mitigations and Modifications
37.5 Industry Experience
37.6 Reliability Methods for Integrity Assessment of Flexible Pipes
37.7 Layer Assessment for Unbonded Flexible Pipes
References
38. Risk & Integrity Management of Subsea Power Cables
38.1 Reliability Analysis of Subsea Power Cables
38.1.1 CIGRE Reliability Statistics
38.1.2 Fault Statistics of Large HVDC Cable Projects
38.1.3 Representative Reliability Analysis of Subsea Power Cable Engineering
38.1.3.1 Fox Island
38.1.3.2 Long Island
38.1.3.3 Baltic Cable
38.2 Index System of Failure Factors of Subsea Power Cable
38.2.1 Third Party Destructive Factors
38.2.1.1 Fishing
38.2.1.2 Anchor Damage
38.2.2 Internal Failure Factor
38.2.2.1 Cable Insulation Aging
38.2.2.2 Corrosion Damage of Cable Armor
38.2.2.3 Hanging of Cable Free-End
38.2.3 Environment and Influencing Factors
38.2.3.1 Submarine Topography
38.2.3.2 Soil Properties
38.2.3.3 Earthquake Affected
38.2.3.4 Underwater Landslides
38.2.4 Misoperation Factor
38.2.4.1 Poorly Designed
38.2.4.2 Laying and Installation Operation
38.2.4.3 Joint Failure
38.2.4.4 Operator Error
38.2.4.5 Safety Test System Status
References
39. Inspection and Repair of Subsea Power Cables
39.1 Introduction
39.2 Categories of Failures
39.2.1 Failure Cause
39.2.1.1 Damage Caused by Fishing Gear
39.2.1.2 Damage Caused by Anchor Chain of Nautical Ship
39.2.1.3 Damage Caused During Laying of Subsea Power Cables
39.2.1.4 Damage Caused by the Cable Itself
39.2.1.5 Failure Caused by Faulty Joint
39.2.2 Failure Type
39.3 Inspection Methods
39.3.1 Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR)
39.3.2 Optical Time Domain Reflectometry (OTDR)
39.3.3 Bridge Measurements
39.4 Repair Method
39.4.1 Traditional Repair Technology
39.4.1.1 Repair Technology
39.4.1.2 Spare Cable
39.4.1.3 Subsea Power Cable Repair Process
References
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