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Submit a ProposalEnergy |
Solar Energy Concentrators
 | Edited by Inamuddin Copyright: 2024 | Status: Published ISBN: 9781394204328 | Hardcover | 318 pages Price: $225 USD  |
One Line Description
Discover the latest techniques and applications for solar energy concentrators in this essential guide for academics, researchers, environmentalists, and professionals seeking to harness the power of solar energy while reducing environmental impact and costs.
Audience
Academics, researchers, environmentalists, and professionals looking for the most recent fundamental techniques for solar radiation collection with cutting-edge applications
Academics, researchers, environmentalists, and professionals looking for the most recent fundamental techniques for solar radiation collection with cutting-edge applications
Description
This book is centered on contemporary fundamental techniques for collecting solar radiation and the prospective applications that show how solar energy concentrators (SEC) can be used in a variety of systems and may provide significant economic and environmental benefits.
Around the globe, there is a tremendous drive to investigate the viability of utilizing solar energy, particularly in regions with temperate zones. The usage of solar energy in many sectors has grown over the years. The ongoing quest for an alternate energy source in response to the apparent depletion of fossil resources is the driving factor behind this transition. Fossil fuels are far more widely used now than ever before despite their rising price. Although all forms of renewable energy are accessible, solar radiation is the most prevalent and easily accessible. Using solar energy for higher processing temperatures is difficult despite being the most common clean and affordable renewable energy source on the planet. For this, solar energy concentrators (SEC) are a promising technology that could be used to harness both heat and electricity for diversified industrial operations. SECs are devices that harvest solar radiation and direct it to a single point of concentration.
This book presents the most up-to-date fundamental strategies for the collection of the suns radiation. Moreover, SEC technical summaries are also evaluated concerning ongoing international assignments. Prominent applications are also featured to show the reader the scope of the SECs applicability. The potential implementations demonstrate that CSE can be employed in a wide range of systems and may offer considerable economic and environmental advantages.
By the end of this book, one will learn more about the significance of solar energy concentrators, the technologies that are related to them, and their plethora of applications.
Back to Top
This book is centered on contemporary fundamental techniques for collecting solar radiation and the prospective applications that show how solar energy concentrators (SEC) can be used in a variety of systems and may provide significant economic and environmental benefits.
Around the globe, there is a tremendous drive to investigate the viability of utilizing solar energy, particularly in regions with temperate zones. The usage of solar energy in many sectors has grown over the years. The ongoing quest for an alternate energy source in response to the apparent depletion of fossil resources is the driving factor behind this transition. Fossil fuels are far more widely used now than ever before despite their rising price. Although all forms of renewable energy are accessible, solar radiation is the most prevalent and easily accessible. Using solar energy for higher processing temperatures is difficult despite being the most common clean and affordable renewable energy source on the planet. For this, solar energy concentrators (SEC) are a promising technology that could be used to harness both heat and electricity for diversified industrial operations. SECs are devices that harvest solar radiation and direct it to a single point of concentration.
This book presents the most up-to-date fundamental strategies for the collection of the suns radiation. Moreover, SEC technical summaries are also evaluated concerning ongoing international assignments. Prominent applications are also featured to show the reader the scope of the SECs applicability. The potential implementations demonstrate that CSE can be employed in a wide range of systems and may offer considerable economic and environmental advantages.
By the end of this book, one will learn more about the significance of solar energy concentrators, the technologies that are related to them, and their plethora of applications.
Back to Top
Author / Editor Details
Inamuddin, PhD, is an assistant professor at the Department of Applied Chemistry, Zakir Husain College of Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He has extensive research experience in multidisciplinary fields of analytical chemistry, materials chemistry, electrochemistry, renewable energy, and environmental science. He has worked on different research projects funded by various government agencies and universities and is the recipient of awards, including the Department of Science and Technology, India, Fast-Track Young Scientist Award and Young Researcher of the Year Award 2020 from Aligarh Muslim University. He has published about 210 research articles in various international scientific journals, 18 book chapters, and 170 edited books with multiple well-known publishers. His current research interests include ion exchange materials, a sensor for heavy metal ions, biofuel cells, supercapacitors, and bending actuators.
Inamuddin, PhD, is an assistant professor at the Department of Applied Chemistry, Zakir Husain College of Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He has extensive research experience in multidisciplinary fields of analytical chemistry, materials chemistry, electrochemistry, renewable energy, and environmental science. He has worked on different research projects funded by various government agencies and universities and is the recipient of awards, including the Department of Science and Technology, India, Fast-Track Young Scientist Award and Young Researcher of the Year Award 2020 from Aligarh Muslim University. He has published about 210 research articles in various international scientific journals, 18 book chapters, and 170 edited books with multiple well-known publishers. His current research interests include ion exchange materials, a sensor for heavy metal ions, biofuel cells, supercapacitors, and bending actuators.
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Table of Contents
Preface
1. Basics of Solar Energy Concentrators
Habiba Mushtaq, Amina Khan and Haq Nawaz Bhatti
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Solar Tracking Systems (STS)
1.2.1 Types of Solar Trackers Based on Techniques
1.2.2 Passive Solar Tracker
1.2.3 Active Solar Tracker Active
1.2.3.1 The Single Axis of the Solar Tracker
1.2.3.2 Dual-Axis System Solar Tracker
1.2.4 Chronological Solar Tracker
1.3 Azimuth-Elevation Sun-Tracker
1.3.1 Steps of Evaluation of the Azimuth Angle
1.3.2 Sun-Tracking Angles
1.3.3 Coordinate Transformation
1.3.4 The Incident Sunray and Ray/Plane Algorithm
1.3.5 Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE)
1.3.6 Layout Configuration
1.3.7 Annual Energy Generation
1.4 Solar Radiation Models (SR Model)
1.4.1 Global, Direct, Diffuse Model SR
1.4.1.1 Ground-Albedo
1.4.2 Isotropic Models
1.4.3 Anisotropic Models
1.4.4 Liu and Jordan Model (LJ)
1.4.5 Koronakis Model (K.O.)
1.4.6 Hay and Davies Model (HD)
1.4.7 Hay and Davies, Klucher, and Reindl Models (HDKR)
1.5 The Axis of Symmetry by the Concentrator’s Focus on the Radiation Receiver
1.5.1 Relationship Between Coordinates of Ray Incidence Points on the Reflecting Surface and the Radiation Receiver
1.5.2 For the Upper Semi-Half, the Distribution Ratio of Concentration
1.5.3 For the Lower Semi-Half, the Distribution Ratio of the Concentrator
1.5.4 Optical Efficiency (ηdis)
1.5.5 Analysis of Concentrator Design
1.6 Computing the Efficiency of Electricity and Heat by Using Different Models
1.6.1 Planar Solar Energy Systems
1.6.2 Biaxial Models
1.6.2.1 Drawback of the Model
1.6.3 Annual Direct Irradiation
1.7 Conclusion and Outlook
References
2. Solar Energy Concentrator-Based Theories
Amal Bouich, Yassine Salhi and Khalid Nouneh
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Photovoltaic Energy Conversion
2.1.2 Solar Energy Concentrator (SEC)
2.2 Solar Energy Concentrator-Based Theory
Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
3. Principles of Solar Energy Concentrators
M. Rizwan, M. S. Nawaz, M. M. Iqbal, A. Hafeez, U. Irfan and A. Ayub
3.1 Solar Energy Concentrator
3.1.1 Solar Energy Across the Entire Electromagnetic Spectrum
3.2 Components of Solar Concentrators
3.2.1 Primary Concentrators
3.2.2 Secondary Concentrators
3.2.3 Receiving Energy Collectors
3.3 Properties of Solar Concentrator Material
3.4 Working Principle of Solar Energy Concentrators
3.5 Types of Solar Energy Concentrators
3.5.1 Parabolic Concentrators
3.5.1.1 Parabolic Trough Concentrators
3.5.1.2 Parabolic Dish Concentrators
3.5.2 Hyperboloid Solar Concentrators
3.5.3 Fresnel Lens Concentrators
3.5.3.1 Fresnel Lens Imaging Solar Concentrators
3.5.3.2 Non-Imaging Solar Concentrators with Fresnel Lenses
3.5.4 Compound Parabolic Concentrators (CPCs)
3.5.5 Dielectric Totally Internally Reflecting Concentrators (DTIRCs)
3.5.6 Flat High-Concentrated Devices
3.5.7 Quantum Dot Concentrators (QDCs)
3.6 Absorption Coefficients for Selected Carrier Materials
3.7 Thermodynamic Limits
3.8 Properties of Quantum Dots
3.9 Optical Limits of Quantum Dot Concentrators (QDCs)
3.9.1 Optical Absorption and Transmission
3.9.2 Electrical Power Measurement
3.10 Optical Limits of LSCs (Luminescent Solar Concentrators)
Conclusion
References
4. Limitations of Solar Concentrators
M. Rizwan, R. Zafar, Q. U. Ain, R. Kousar and A. Ayub
4.1 Solar Concentrator
4.2 Luminescent Solar Concentrators
4.2.1 Operation of LCs
4.3 Ideal Concentrator
4.4 Limitation Factors
4.5 Photovoltaic Efficiency
4.5.1 Construction and Working
4.5.2 Efficiency
4.6 Band Gap
4.7 Reabsorption Loss
4.8 Temperature
4.9 Thermal Properties
4.10 Concentration Ratio
4.11 Acceptance Angle
4.12 Economic Aspect
4.13 Scaling of Solar Concentrators
4.14 Future Perspectives
4.15 Conclusion
References
5. An Array of Aspects in the Feasibility of Different Concentrated Solar Power Technologies
Figen Balo and Lutfu S. Sua
5.1 Introduction
5.2 AHP Technique
5.3 Results and Discussion
5.4 Conclusions
References
6. Solar Energy Concentrator Research: Past and Present
Sandeep Yadav, Pallavi Jain and Prashant Singh
6.1 Introduction
6.2 History
6.3 Types of Solar Energy Concentrators
6.3.1 Parabolic Trough Concentrators
6.3.2 Dish Concentrators
6.3.3 Heliostat Solar Concentrators and Central Receiver
6.3.4 Fresnel Lens Concentrators
6.4 Conclusion
References
7. Various Storage Possibilities for Concentrated Solar Power
MacManus Chinenye Ndukwu, Godwin Edem Akpan, Inemesit Edem Ekop and Augustine Edet Ben
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Fundamentals of Solar Power Concentration
7.3 Types of CSP Technologies
7.4 Energy Storage Techniques for CSP Systems
7.4.1 How Thermal Energy Storage Functions in CSP
7.4.2 Sensible Storage Materials
7.4.2.1 Liquid Medium
7.4.2.2 Solid Medium
7.4.2.3 Gaseous Medium
7.4.2.4 Nanofluids
7.4.3 Phase Change Materials (PCM)
7.4.4 Thermochemical
7.4.5 Thermal Battery Energy Storage
7.4.6 Hydrogen Energy Storage
7.4.7 Compressed Air and Pumped Hydro Energy Storage
7.4.7.1 Compressed Air Storage
7.4.7.2 Pumped Hydro Energy Storage
7.5 Summary
References
8. Uranyl-Doped PMMA-Based Solar Concentrator
Vishnu Mahadevan Ganesan, Yogendra Kumar, Tohira Banoo and Subbiah Nagarajan
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Luminescent Solar Cell Concentrators
8.3 Kind of Polymer Used in LSCs
8.4 Choice of Fluorescent Material
8.4.1 Historical Tie-Up of Luminescent Solar Concentrators with Organic Molecules
8.5 Photosensitization of Uranium Salt
8.6 Effect of Concentration
8.7 Effect of Change in pH
8.8 Losses in Uranyl-Doped LSC
8.8.1 Advantage of Uranyl Doping Compared to Organic Material
8.9 Co-Doping of Uranyl-Based LSCs
8.10 Competitive Rare Earth Metals Used in LSCs
8.10.1 Neodymium (Nd3+)-Doped Glasses
8.10.2 Neodymium (Nd3+) Co-Doped with Yb3+
8.10.3 Co-Doping of Transition Metal Along with Neodymium (III)- and Ytterbium (III)-Doped Glasses
8.10.4 Rare Earth Metal Attached to Organic Ligands
8.10.4.1 [Eu(tfn)3(DPEPO)]
8.10.4.2 Eu3+-Pyridine-Based Complexes
8.10.5 Nb3+ and Yb3+ Incorporated in YAG or GGG
8.11 Alternative Applications of ISCs
8.11.1 Switchable “Smart” Window
8.11.2 Day Lighting
8.12 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
9. Deployment of Solar Energy Concentrators Across the Globe
Anita Gupta, Roshni, Sanjyotpote, Parul Khurana and Sheenam Thatai
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Solar Energy Concentrators
9.2.1 Benefits of Using Solar Energy Concentrators
9.2.2 Applications of Solar Energy Concentrators
9.3 Classification Based on Point or Line Concentration of Sunlight
9.3.1 Point Solar Concentrators
9.3.1.1 Heliostat Field Collectors (HFCs)
9.3.1.2 Parabolic Dish Collectors (PDCs)
9.3.2 Line Solar Concentrators
9.3.2.1 Linear Fresnel Solar Reflectors (LFRs)
9.3.2.2 Parabolic Trough Collectors (PTCs)
9.4 Classification Based on Optical Principle
9.4.1 Reflector
9.4.2 Refractor
9.4.3 Hybrid
9.4.4 Luminescent
9.5 Deployment of Solar Energy Concentrators
9.6 SWOT Analysis of Deployment of Solar Energy Concentrators
9.6.1 Strengths
9.6.2 Weaknesses
9.6.3 Opportunities
9.6.4 Threats
9.6.5 Economics of Solar Energy Concentrators
9.6.6 Policies and Regulations
9.6.7 Market Outlook of Solar Concentrators
9.6.8 Competitive Environment for Solar Concentrators
9.6.9 Market Segmentation Research for Solar Concentrators
9.6.9.1 Solar Power Towers
9.6.9.2 Based on End-User
9.7 Based on Application
9.8 Conclusion Solar Power Towers
References
10. Molten Salt Thermal Storage Systems for Solar Energy Concentrators
Adarsh Kumar Arya, Ashish Kapoor, Dan Bahadur Pal, Anjali Awasthi, SVAR Sastry and Shravan Kumar
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Molten Salt as a Thermal Storage System
10.3 Working Operation of Molten Salt Storage Systems
10.4 Strategies for Concentrating Solar Power
10.4.1 Stationary Solar Collectors
10.4.2 Sun-Tracking Solar Collectors
10.5 CSE Technology and Molten Salt Solar Power Storage Impediments
10.6 Applications of CSE and Recent Development in Molten Salt
10.7 Conclusion
References
11. Production of Synthetic Fuels Using Concentrated Solar Thermal Energy
Arindam Mal, Tohira Banoo, Yogendra Kumar and Subbiah Nagarajan
11.1 Introduction
11.2 What is Synthetic Fuel?
11.3 What is Concentrated Solar Thermal Energy?
11.4 Solar Hydrogen Production
11.4.1 Approaches to Solar Hydrogen Production
11.4.1.1 Photocatalytic Water Splitting (PC Water Splitting)
11.4.1.2 Photo-Electrochemical
11.4.1.3 Photovoltaic–Electrochemical (PV-EC) Water Splitting
11.4.1.4 Solar Thermo Chemical (STC) Water Splitting
11.4.1.5 Photothermal Catalytic H2 Synthesis (from Fossil Fuels)
11.4.1.6 Photobiological (PB) H2 Production
11.5 Hydrogen Production by S–I Thermo-Chemical Cycle Using Solar Thermal Energy
11.5.1 Chemical Reactions Involved in S–I Cycle
11.5.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of the S–I Cycle
11.6 Thermodynamic Analysis of Direct Water Decomposition
11.7 Recent Advances for H2 Production
11.7.1 From Overall Photocatalytic Water Splitting Hydrogen Production
11.7.2 H2 Production from PEC Water Splitting
11.7.3 H2 Production from PV-EC Overall Water Splitting
11.7.4 Hydrogen (H2) Production by STC Water Splitting
11.7.5 Development of New STC Cycles
11.7.6 Solar Thermal Technology at Higher Temperature
11.7.7 Nanomaterials
11.7.8 Advanced Reactor Design
11.8 Methanol Production Principle by H2 Produced with Concentrated Solar Thermal Energy
11.8.1 Methods and Assumptions
11.8.2 Solar Field Layout
11.8.3 Solar Reactor Modeling
11.8.4 Methanol Reactor Modeling
11.8.5 Economic Evaluation
11.8.6 Results and Discussion
11.8.7 Results for Solar Reactor
11.8.8 Results of Methanol Reactor
11.9 Advantages of Synthetic Fuel Production
11.10 Disadvantages of Synthetic Fuel Production
11.11 Synthetic Fuel is Eco-Friendly
11.12 Conclusion
11.13 Acknowledgement
References
12. Solar Concentrator Daylighting Systems
M. Rizwan, D. Sameen, A. Afzal, Khadija, A. Bano and A. Ayub
12.1 Introduction to Daylighting System (DLS)
12.1.1 Terms and Units Involved in Lighting
12.1.2 Daylighting Economics
12.2 Role of Solar Concentrators in Daylighting Systems
12.2.1 Reflecting Concentrators
12.2.1.1 Parabolic-Trough Solar Concentrators
12.2.1.2 Dish Reflectors
12.2.1.3 Heliostats
12.2.1.4 Reflective Films
12.2.2 Refracting Concentrators
12.2.2.1 Fresnel Lenses
12.2.3 Current Daylighting Systems
12.2.4 Energy Consumption
12.3 Stack Design
12.3.1 Stack Modeling Theory
12.3.2 Output Color
12.3.3 Luminous Intensity and Light-to-Light Efficiency
12.3.4 Light Transport Efficiency
12.4 Planar Micro-Optic Solar Concentrator DLS
12.4.1 Design
12.4.2 Collection Efficiency
12.4.3 Daylight Efficiency
12.4.3.1 Optical Efficiency
12.4.3.2 Electrical Efficiency
12.5 Introduction to Optical Fiber in Solar Concentrator
12.5.1 Background History of Optical Fiber for DLS System
12.5.2 Design/Methodology
12.5.2.1 Design of a Daylighting System
12.5.2.2 Design of Non-Imaging Concentrator
12.5.2.3 Design of Light Guiding System
12.5.3 Efficiency and Analysis
12.5.4 Consequences
12.5.4.1 Luminous Intensity
12.5.4.2 Temperature at Input and Output End
12.5.5 General Challenges
12.5.6 Future Perspectives
Conclusion
References
Index
Back to Top
Preface
1. Basics of Solar Energy Concentrators
Habiba Mushtaq, Amina Khan and Haq Nawaz Bhatti
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Solar Tracking Systems (STS)
1.2.1 Types of Solar Trackers Based on Techniques
1.2.2 Passive Solar Tracker
1.2.3 Active Solar Tracker Active
1.2.3.1 The Single Axis of the Solar Tracker
1.2.3.2 Dual-Axis System Solar Tracker
1.2.4 Chronological Solar Tracker
1.3 Azimuth-Elevation Sun-Tracker
1.3.1 Steps of Evaluation of the Azimuth Angle
1.3.2 Sun-Tracking Angles
1.3.3 Coordinate Transformation
1.3.4 The Incident Sunray and Ray/Plane Algorithm
1.3.5 Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE)
1.3.6 Layout Configuration
1.3.7 Annual Energy Generation
1.4 Solar Radiation Models (SR Model)
1.4.1 Global, Direct, Diffuse Model SR
1.4.1.1 Ground-Albedo
1.4.2 Isotropic Models
1.4.3 Anisotropic Models
1.4.4 Liu and Jordan Model (LJ)
1.4.5 Koronakis Model (K.O.)
1.4.6 Hay and Davies Model (HD)
1.4.7 Hay and Davies, Klucher, and Reindl Models (HDKR)
1.5 The Axis of Symmetry by the Concentrator’s Focus on the Radiation Receiver
1.5.1 Relationship Between Coordinates of Ray Incidence Points on the Reflecting Surface and the Radiation Receiver
1.5.2 For the Upper Semi-Half, the Distribution Ratio of Concentration
1.5.3 For the Lower Semi-Half, the Distribution Ratio of the Concentrator
1.5.4 Optical Efficiency (ηdis)
1.5.5 Analysis of Concentrator Design
1.6 Computing the Efficiency of Electricity and Heat by Using Different Models
1.6.1 Planar Solar Energy Systems
1.6.2 Biaxial Models
1.6.2.1 Drawback of the Model
1.6.3 Annual Direct Irradiation
1.7 Conclusion and Outlook
References
2. Solar Energy Concentrator-Based Theories
Amal Bouich, Yassine Salhi and Khalid Nouneh
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Photovoltaic Energy Conversion
2.1.2 Solar Energy Concentrator (SEC)
2.2 Solar Energy Concentrator-Based Theory
Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
3. Principles of Solar Energy Concentrators
M. Rizwan, M. S. Nawaz, M. M. Iqbal, A. Hafeez, U. Irfan and A. Ayub
3.1 Solar Energy Concentrator
3.1.1 Solar Energy Across the Entire Electromagnetic Spectrum
3.2 Components of Solar Concentrators
3.2.1 Primary Concentrators
3.2.2 Secondary Concentrators
3.2.3 Receiving Energy Collectors
3.3 Properties of Solar Concentrator Material
3.4 Working Principle of Solar Energy Concentrators
3.5 Types of Solar Energy Concentrators
3.5.1 Parabolic Concentrators
3.5.1.1 Parabolic Trough Concentrators
3.5.1.2 Parabolic Dish Concentrators
3.5.2 Hyperboloid Solar Concentrators
3.5.3 Fresnel Lens Concentrators
3.5.3.1 Fresnel Lens Imaging Solar Concentrators
3.5.3.2 Non-Imaging Solar Concentrators with Fresnel Lenses
3.5.4 Compound Parabolic Concentrators (CPCs)
3.5.5 Dielectric Totally Internally Reflecting Concentrators (DTIRCs)
3.5.6 Flat High-Concentrated Devices
3.5.7 Quantum Dot Concentrators (QDCs)
3.6 Absorption Coefficients for Selected Carrier Materials
3.7 Thermodynamic Limits
3.8 Properties of Quantum Dots
3.9 Optical Limits of Quantum Dot Concentrators (QDCs)
3.9.1 Optical Absorption and Transmission
3.9.2 Electrical Power Measurement
3.10 Optical Limits of LSCs (Luminescent Solar Concentrators)
Conclusion
References
4. Limitations of Solar Concentrators
M. Rizwan, R. Zafar, Q. U. Ain, R. Kousar and A. Ayub
4.1 Solar Concentrator
4.2 Luminescent Solar Concentrators
4.2.1 Operation of LCs
4.3 Ideal Concentrator
4.4 Limitation Factors
4.5 Photovoltaic Efficiency
4.5.1 Construction and Working
4.5.2 Efficiency
4.6 Band Gap
4.7 Reabsorption Loss
4.8 Temperature
4.9 Thermal Properties
4.10 Concentration Ratio
4.11 Acceptance Angle
4.12 Economic Aspect
4.13 Scaling of Solar Concentrators
4.14 Future Perspectives
4.15 Conclusion
References
5. An Array of Aspects in the Feasibility of Different Concentrated Solar Power Technologies
Figen Balo and Lutfu S. Sua
5.1 Introduction
5.2 AHP Technique
5.3 Results and Discussion
5.4 Conclusions
References
6. Solar Energy Concentrator Research: Past and Present
Sandeep Yadav, Pallavi Jain and Prashant Singh
6.1 Introduction
6.2 History
6.3 Types of Solar Energy Concentrators
6.3.1 Parabolic Trough Concentrators
6.3.2 Dish Concentrators
6.3.3 Heliostat Solar Concentrators and Central Receiver
6.3.4 Fresnel Lens Concentrators
6.4 Conclusion
References
7. Various Storage Possibilities for Concentrated Solar Power
MacManus Chinenye Ndukwu, Godwin Edem Akpan, Inemesit Edem Ekop and Augustine Edet Ben
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Fundamentals of Solar Power Concentration
7.3 Types of CSP Technologies
7.4 Energy Storage Techniques for CSP Systems
7.4.1 How Thermal Energy Storage Functions in CSP
7.4.2 Sensible Storage Materials
7.4.2.1 Liquid Medium
7.4.2.2 Solid Medium
7.4.2.3 Gaseous Medium
7.4.2.4 Nanofluids
7.4.3 Phase Change Materials (PCM)
7.4.4 Thermochemical
7.4.5 Thermal Battery Energy Storage
7.4.6 Hydrogen Energy Storage
7.4.7 Compressed Air and Pumped Hydro Energy Storage
7.4.7.1 Compressed Air Storage
7.4.7.2 Pumped Hydro Energy Storage
7.5 Summary
References
8. Uranyl-Doped PMMA-Based Solar Concentrator
Vishnu Mahadevan Ganesan, Yogendra Kumar, Tohira Banoo and Subbiah Nagarajan
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Luminescent Solar Cell Concentrators
8.3 Kind of Polymer Used in LSCs
8.4 Choice of Fluorescent Material
8.4.1 Historical Tie-Up of Luminescent Solar Concentrators with Organic Molecules
8.5 Photosensitization of Uranium Salt
8.6 Effect of Concentration
8.7 Effect of Change in pH
8.8 Losses in Uranyl-Doped LSC
8.8.1 Advantage of Uranyl Doping Compared to Organic Material
8.9 Co-Doping of Uranyl-Based LSCs
8.10 Competitive Rare Earth Metals Used in LSCs
8.10.1 Neodymium (Nd3+)-Doped Glasses
8.10.2 Neodymium (Nd3+) Co-Doped with Yb3+
8.10.3 Co-Doping of Transition Metal Along with Neodymium (III)- and Ytterbium (III)-Doped Glasses
8.10.4 Rare Earth Metal Attached to Organic Ligands
8.10.4.1 [Eu(tfn)3(DPEPO)]
8.10.4.2 Eu3+-Pyridine-Based Complexes
8.10.5 Nb3+ and Yb3+ Incorporated in YAG or GGG
8.11 Alternative Applications of ISCs
8.11.1 Switchable “Smart” Window
8.11.2 Day Lighting
8.12 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
9. Deployment of Solar Energy Concentrators Across the Globe
Anita Gupta, Roshni, Sanjyotpote, Parul Khurana and Sheenam Thatai
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Solar Energy Concentrators
9.2.1 Benefits of Using Solar Energy Concentrators
9.2.2 Applications of Solar Energy Concentrators
9.3 Classification Based on Point or Line Concentration of Sunlight
9.3.1 Point Solar Concentrators
9.3.1.1 Heliostat Field Collectors (HFCs)
9.3.1.2 Parabolic Dish Collectors (PDCs)
9.3.2 Line Solar Concentrators
9.3.2.1 Linear Fresnel Solar Reflectors (LFRs)
9.3.2.2 Parabolic Trough Collectors (PTCs)
9.4 Classification Based on Optical Principle
9.4.1 Reflector
9.4.2 Refractor
9.4.3 Hybrid
9.4.4 Luminescent
9.5 Deployment of Solar Energy Concentrators
9.6 SWOT Analysis of Deployment of Solar Energy Concentrators
9.6.1 Strengths
9.6.2 Weaknesses
9.6.3 Opportunities
9.6.4 Threats
9.6.5 Economics of Solar Energy Concentrators
9.6.6 Policies and Regulations
9.6.7 Market Outlook of Solar Concentrators
9.6.8 Competitive Environment for Solar Concentrators
9.6.9 Market Segmentation Research for Solar Concentrators
9.6.9.1 Solar Power Towers
9.6.9.2 Based on End-User
9.7 Based on Application
9.8 Conclusion Solar Power Towers
References
10. Molten Salt Thermal Storage Systems for Solar Energy Concentrators
Adarsh Kumar Arya, Ashish Kapoor, Dan Bahadur Pal, Anjali Awasthi, SVAR Sastry and Shravan Kumar
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Molten Salt as a Thermal Storage System
10.3 Working Operation of Molten Salt Storage Systems
10.4 Strategies for Concentrating Solar Power
10.4.1 Stationary Solar Collectors
10.4.2 Sun-Tracking Solar Collectors
10.5 CSE Technology and Molten Salt Solar Power Storage Impediments
10.6 Applications of CSE and Recent Development in Molten Salt
10.7 Conclusion
References
11. Production of Synthetic Fuels Using Concentrated Solar Thermal Energy
Arindam Mal, Tohira Banoo, Yogendra Kumar and Subbiah Nagarajan
11.1 Introduction
11.2 What is Synthetic Fuel?
11.3 What is Concentrated Solar Thermal Energy?
11.4 Solar Hydrogen Production
11.4.1 Approaches to Solar Hydrogen Production
11.4.1.1 Photocatalytic Water Splitting (PC Water Splitting)
11.4.1.2 Photo-Electrochemical
11.4.1.3 Photovoltaic–Electrochemical (PV-EC) Water Splitting
11.4.1.4 Solar Thermo Chemical (STC) Water Splitting
11.4.1.5 Photothermal Catalytic H2 Synthesis (from Fossil Fuels)
11.4.1.6 Photobiological (PB) H2 Production
11.5 Hydrogen Production by S–I Thermo-Chemical Cycle Using Solar Thermal Energy
11.5.1 Chemical Reactions Involved in S–I Cycle
11.5.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of the S–I Cycle
11.6 Thermodynamic Analysis of Direct Water Decomposition
11.7 Recent Advances for H2 Production
11.7.1 From Overall Photocatalytic Water Splitting Hydrogen Production
11.7.2 H2 Production from PEC Water Splitting
11.7.3 H2 Production from PV-EC Overall Water Splitting
11.7.4 Hydrogen (H2) Production by STC Water Splitting
11.7.5 Development of New STC Cycles
11.7.6 Solar Thermal Technology at Higher Temperature
11.7.7 Nanomaterials
11.7.8 Advanced Reactor Design
11.8 Methanol Production Principle by H2 Produced with Concentrated Solar Thermal Energy
11.8.1 Methods and Assumptions
11.8.2 Solar Field Layout
11.8.3 Solar Reactor Modeling
11.8.4 Methanol Reactor Modeling
11.8.5 Economic Evaluation
11.8.6 Results and Discussion
11.8.7 Results for Solar Reactor
11.8.8 Results of Methanol Reactor
11.9 Advantages of Synthetic Fuel Production
11.10 Disadvantages of Synthetic Fuel Production
11.11 Synthetic Fuel is Eco-Friendly
11.12 Conclusion
11.13 Acknowledgement
References
12. Solar Concentrator Daylighting Systems
M. Rizwan, D. Sameen, A. Afzal, Khadija, A. Bano and A. Ayub
12.1 Introduction to Daylighting System (DLS)
12.1.1 Terms and Units Involved in Lighting
12.1.2 Daylighting Economics
12.2 Role of Solar Concentrators in Daylighting Systems
12.2.1 Reflecting Concentrators
12.2.1.1 Parabolic-Trough Solar Concentrators
12.2.1.2 Dish Reflectors
12.2.1.3 Heliostats
12.2.1.4 Reflective Films
12.2.2 Refracting Concentrators
12.2.2.1 Fresnel Lenses
12.2.3 Current Daylighting Systems
12.2.4 Energy Consumption
12.3 Stack Design
12.3.1 Stack Modeling Theory
12.3.2 Output Color
12.3.3 Luminous Intensity and Light-to-Light Efficiency
12.3.4 Light Transport Efficiency
12.4 Planar Micro-Optic Solar Concentrator DLS
12.4.1 Design
12.4.2 Collection Efficiency
12.4.3 Daylight Efficiency
12.4.3.1 Optical Efficiency
12.4.3.2 Electrical Efficiency
12.5 Introduction to Optical Fiber in Solar Concentrator
12.5.1 Background History of Optical Fiber for DLS System
12.5.2 Design/Methodology
12.5.2.1 Design of a Daylighting System
12.5.2.2 Design of Non-Imaging Concentrator
12.5.2.3 Design of Light Guiding System
12.5.3 Efficiency and Analysis
12.5.4 Consequences
12.5.4.1 Luminous Intensity
12.5.4.2 Temperature at Input and Output End
12.5.5 General Challenges
12.5.6 Future Perspectives
Conclusion
References
Index
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