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Submit a ProposalEnergy |
Sewage and Biomass from Wastewater to Energy
 | Possibilities and Technology Edited by Inamuddin, Tariq Altalhi, Mohammad Luqman, and Joseph K. Bwapwa Copyright: 2024 | Status: Published ISBN: 9781394204311 | Hardcover | 436 pages Price: $225 USD  |
One Line Description
Written and edited by a team of industry experts, this exciting new volume covers clean energy production from sewage and biomass while achieving a zero-waste strategy.
Audience
The book will be an important tool for water and energy researchers and consultants, municipal managers dealing with waste and clean energy, water, and energy engineers, and students from undergraduate to postgraduate levels in water and energy fields and other related fields.
The book will be an important tool for water and energy researchers and consultants, municipal managers dealing with waste and clean energy, water, and energy engineers, and students from undergraduate to postgraduate levels in water and energy fields and other related fields.
Description
Wastewater treatment plants are critical in protecting both the environments resources and human health. A wastewater treatment plants technological system focuses not only on the effectiveness of the treatment but on the costs and energy consumption of the entire system. Municipal wastewater treatment produces a significant amount of sewage sludge all over the world. The majority of this sludges dry matter content is made up of organic compounds which are not toxic, and they consist of both primary and secondary (microbiological) sludge. There is also a substantial quantity of inorganic substances in the sludge, along with a small quantity of toxic matter. Also, various raw sewage treatment options can include energy production (heat, electricity, or biofuel) to reduce dependence on external energy supply during treatment. The most important options used for energy production from sewage and biomass can use the following approaches: anaerobic digestion, co-digestion, incineration with energy recovery, co-incineration, pyrolysis, gasification, supercritical (wet) oxidation, and hydrolysis. Generally, these processes or methods are cost-effective, but they can still have some setbacks related to the nature of the methods or the raw material used for conversion. There are also operating conditions to comply with to get a successful outcome.
This book combines information from many disciplines related to wastewater treatment technologies to show how the circular economy approach can be used to achieve zero waste and produce energy that can be useful for plants and communities. This approach focuses on clean technologies for green energy resources such as biohydrogen, biofuels, and biogas from biomass and sewage sludge for zero waste production. This is aimed to also integrate the issue of energy demand and the one of energy production.
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Wastewater treatment plants are critical in protecting both the environments resources and human health. A wastewater treatment plants technological system focuses not only on the effectiveness of the treatment but on the costs and energy consumption of the entire system. Municipal wastewater treatment produces a significant amount of sewage sludge all over the world. The majority of this sludges dry matter content is made up of organic compounds which are not toxic, and they consist of both primary and secondary (microbiological) sludge. There is also a substantial quantity of inorganic substances in the sludge, along with a small quantity of toxic matter. Also, various raw sewage treatment options can include energy production (heat, electricity, or biofuel) to reduce dependence on external energy supply during treatment. The most important options used for energy production from sewage and biomass can use the following approaches: anaerobic digestion, co-digestion, incineration with energy recovery, co-incineration, pyrolysis, gasification, supercritical (wet) oxidation, and hydrolysis. Generally, these processes or methods are cost-effective, but they can still have some setbacks related to the nature of the methods or the raw material used for conversion. There are also operating conditions to comply with to get a successful outcome.
This book combines information from many disciplines related to wastewater treatment technologies to show how the circular economy approach can be used to achieve zero waste and produce energy that can be useful for plants and communities. This approach focuses on clean technologies for green energy resources such as biohydrogen, biofuels, and biogas from biomass and sewage sludge for zero waste production. This is aimed to also integrate the issue of energy demand and the one of energy production.
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Author / Editor Details
Inamuddin, PhD, is an assistant professor at the Department of Applied Chemistry, Zakir Husain College of Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He has extensive research experience in multidisciplinary fields of analytical chemistry, materials chemistry, electrochemistry, renewable energy, and environmental science. He has worked on different research projects funded by various government agencies and universities and is the recipient of awards, including the Department of Science and Technology, India, Fast-Track Young Scientist Award and Young Researcher of the Year Award 2020 from Aligarh Muslim University. He has published about 210 research articles in various international scientific journals, many book chapters, and dozens of edited books, many with Wiley-Scrivener.
Inamuddin, PhD, is an assistant professor at the Department of Applied Chemistry, Zakir Husain College of Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He has extensive research experience in multidisciplinary fields of analytical chemistry, materials chemistry, electrochemistry, renewable energy, and environmental science. He has worked on different research projects funded by various government agencies and universities and is the recipient of awards, including the Department of Science and Technology, India, Fast-Track Young Scientist Award and Young Researcher of the Year Award 2020 from Aligarh Muslim University. He has published about 210 research articles in various international scientific journals, many book chapters, and dozens of edited books, many with Wiley-Scrivener.
Tariq Altalhi, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Chemistry at Taif University, Saudi Arabia. He received his doctorate degree from University of Adelaide, Australia in the year 2014 with Dean's Commendation for Doctoral Thesis Excellence. He has worked as head of the Chemistry Department at Taif university and Vice Dean of Science College. In 2015, one of his works was nominated for Green Tech awards from Germany, Europe’s largest environmental and business prize, amongst top 10 entries. He has also co-edited a number of scientific books.
Mohammad Luqman, PhD, has more than 12 years of post-PhD experience in teaching, research, and administration. Currently, he is serving as an assistant professor of chemical engineering at Taibah University, Saudi Arabia. Moreover, he served as a post-doctoral fellow at Artificial Muscle Research Center, Konkuk University, South Korea, and he earned his PhD degree in the field of ionomers (Ion-containing Polymers), from Chosun University, South Korea. He has edited three books and published numerous scientific papers and book chapters. He is an editor for several journals, and he has been awarded several grants for academic research.
Joseph K. Bwapwa, PhD, earned his PhD in engineering from the University of Kwazulu-Natal in South Africa. Sewage treatment, environmental engineering, bioenergy, waste to energy, green energy, algal biotechnology, and bioprocessing engineering are among his areas of interest. Dr. Bwapwa has about 40 peer-reviewed articles published in scientific journals, as well as more than seven book chapters. He has also attended and presented research papers at international conferences. He has also chaired a few sessions at international conferences and received appropriate financing.
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Table of Contents
Preface
1. Thermal/Photocatalytic Conversion of Sewage Sludge and Biomass to Energy
Maria Siddique, Sumia Akram, Zainab Liaqat and Muhammad Mushtaq
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Biomass as Energy Sources
1.3 Biomass Types and Energy Content
1.4 Conversion of Biomass to Energy
1.4.1 Thermal Conversion of Biomass to Energy
1.4.1.1 Combustion/Incineration
1.4.1.2 Hydrothermal Carbonization
1.4.1.3 Biomass Pyrolysis
1.4.1.4 Noncatalytic Pyrolysis
1.4.1.5 Slow Pyrolysis (Carbonization/Torrefaction)
1.4.1.6 Rapid/Fast Pyrolysis
1.4.1.7 Co-Pyrolysis
1.4.1.8 Gasification
1.5 Biochemical Conversion
1.5.1 Photocatalytic Conversion of Biomass
1.5.2 Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production
1.5.2.1 Photocatalytic Materials
1.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
2. Sewage Sludge Conversion to Sustainable Energy: Biogas, Methane, Hydrogen, and Biofuels
El Asri Ouahid, Ben EL Caid, Yousfi Ikram and BenKaddour Rachid
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Wastewater: Origins, Characteristics, Types, and Problems
2.3 World Situation in Wastewater and Energy
2.4 Composition of Wastewater
2.5 What is Sewage Sludge?
2.6 What Possibilities for the Conversion of Wastewater to Sustainable Energy?
2.7 Different Technologies, from Wastewater to Sustainable Energy
2.7.1 Anaerobic Digestion: Production of Biogas and Methane
2.7.2 Microbial Fuel Cells: Hydrogen Production
2.7.3 Thermal Hydrolysis
2.7.4 Gasification: Biofuel Production
2.7.5 Membrane Bioreactors: Improving Conversion Processes
2.8 Conclusion
References
3. Biodiesel from Sewage Sludge
Sonica Sondhi and Roopali Sharma
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 The Utilization of Sustainable Energy Sources for the Transportation Industry
3.1.2 Origin and Properties of Biodiesel
3.1.3 Fabrication of Biodiesel
3.1.4 Municipal Sewage Sludge (MSS)
3.1.5 Generation and Control of Sewage Sludge
3.1.6 Sewage Sludge as a Potentially Useful Lipid Source
3.1.7 Extraction of Lipids from Sewage Sludge
3.1.8 Synthesis of Biodiesel
3.1.9 Quality of Sewage Biodiesel
3.2 Conclusion
References
4. Carbon Emissions, Energy Reduction, and Energy Recovery from Wastewater Treatment Plants
Abas Siraj Hamda, Dinsefa Mensur, Belay Berhane, Sunaina and Tatek Temesgen
4.1 An Overview
4.2 Major Units of Energy Consumption in WWTPs
4.3 Alternatives Management Techniques for Energy Reduction from WWTP
4.3.1 Energy Auditing
4.3.2 Energy Benchmarking
4.3.3 Energy Management Programs
4.4 Wastewater Nexus Energy Recovery Alternatives
4.4.1 Biogas Production
4.4.2 Thermal Energy Recovery
4.4.3 Renewable Energy Recovery
4.4.4 Bio-Hydrogen Production from WWTPs
4.4.5 Microbial Fuel Cells
4.4.6 Alga-Based Biofuel Production
4.5 Emission Sources in WWTP
4.6 Carbon Accounting in WWTPs
4.7 Carbon Emissions Reduction Options in WWTP
4.8 Carbon Emissions Capture and Treatment Options in WWTP
4.9 Challenges and Future Prospective
4.10 Conclusion
References
5. Integrated Use of Biomass to Produce Energy and Construction Material
Samavia Fiaz, Mehwish Khalid, Sumia Akram and Muhammad Mushtaq
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Biomass Classification and Utilization
5.3 Integrated Conversion of Biomass into Energy and Other Products
5.3.1 Combustion/Incineration
5.3.2 Biomass Pyrolysis
5.3.3 Gasification
5.3.4 Hydrothermal Liquefaction
5.3.5 Supercritical Wet Oxidation/Supercritical Water Oxidation
5.3.6 Biochemical Conversion Process
5.3.7 Anaerobic Digestion of Biomass for Biogas Production
5.3.8 Anaerobic Fermentation
5.4 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
6. Technical and Economic Evaluation of Old and Novel Technologies for Energy Resources Production from Wastewater Treatment Plants
Shubhankar Mishra, Tohira Banoo, Yogendra Kumar and Subbiah Nagarajan
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Wastewater Treatment
6.3 Technical and Economical Evaluation
6.3.1 Anaerobic Digestion
6.3.1.1 Anaerobic Digestion Process and Application
6.3.1.2 AD Process Chemistry
6.3.1.3 Hydrolysis Step
6.3.1.4 Acidogenesis Step
6.3.1.5 Acetogenesis Step
6.3.1.6 Methanogenesis
6.3.2 Chemical Characterization of Two-Phase Anaerobic Digestion–Produced Municipal Wastewater Sludges for Biogas Generation
6.3.2.1 Resources and Techniques
6.3.2.2 Economical Evaluation for Anaerobic Digestion
6.3.3 Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs)
6.3.3.1 Principles Involving in MFC
6.3.3.2 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions in MFCs
6.3.3.3 Removal of Organic Substance in MFCs
6.3.3.4 MFCs with Actual Wastewater Using as Substrates
6.3.3.5 Biocathode in MFCs
6.3.3.6 Nitrogen Removal in MFCs
6.3.3.7 Current Challenges and Potential Opportunities
6.3.3.8 Technological Advancement in MFCs
6.3.3.9 Economics and Life Cycle Assessment
6.3.4 Hydrothermal Liquefaction
6.3.4.1 Requirement and Process
6.3.4.2 Evolution of HTL
6.3.4.3 Environmental Effects of Treating Sewage Sludge with HTP Technology
6.3.5 Gasification
6.3.5.1 Economical Evaluation in Gasification
6.4 Conclusion
References
7. Recovery of Cellulose and Extracellular Polymers from Sewage Sludge
Muthumari Perumal, Varalakshmi Varatharajan, V. Karthik, Selvakumar Periyasamy and Beula Isabel J.
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Stages of Wastewater Treatment
7.3 Occurrence of Cellulose and Extracellular Polymeric Substances from Sewage Sludge
7.4 Recovery Routes of Cellulose from Sewage Sludge
7.5 Recovery Routes of Extracellular Polymers from Sewage Sludge
7.5.1 Composition Evaluation of Extracted EPS
7.6 Constraints and Future Opportunities
7.7 Conclusion
References
8. Wastewater-Derived Biomass for Energy
Surbhi Sharma, Ridhika Bangotra, Bisma Habib, Muskaan Chib, Arpana Thakur, Ritu Mahajan and Bijender Kumar Bajaj
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Wastewater Analysis
8.2.1 Biochemical Oxygen Demand
8.2.2 Chemical Oxygen Demand
8.2.3 Solids
8.2.4 Nitrogen
8.2.5 Phosphorus
8.3 Composition of Wastewater
8.4 Sources of Wastewater
8.4.1 Domestic or Municipal Wastewater
8.4.2 Industrial Wastewater
8.4.3 Agricultural Wastewater
8.4.4 Storm Sewage
8.4.5 Infiltration
8.4.6 Inflow
8.5 Types of Wastewater
8.6 Environmental Hazards of Wastewater
8.7 Wastewater Treatment Methods
8.7.1 Collection
8.7.2 Preliminary Wastewater Treatment Method
8.7.3 Primary Wastewater Treatment Method
8.7.4 Secondary Wastewater Treatment
8.7.5 Tertiary Wastewater Treatment
8.8 Biomass Derived from Wastewater
8.8.1 Sewage Sludge
8.8.2 Wastewater Algae
8.8.3 Plant Biomass
8.8.4 Biofilms
8.9 Conversion of Wastewater-Derived Biomass into Energy
8.9.1 Biodiesel
8.9.2 Bioalcohol
8.9.3 Biogas
8.9.4 Microbial Fuel Cell
8.10 Challenges and Future Prospects
8.11 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
9. Recovery of Value-Added Products from Sewage Sludge: Processes, Life Cycle Assessment, and Costs
Abiola E. Taiwo, Olayomi A. Falowo, Anthony I. Okoji, Lekan M. Latinwo and Eriola Betiku
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Methods and Product Recovery Processes
9.2.1 Conventional Method
9.2.2 Landfilling
9.2.3 Composting
9.3 Biochemical Methods
9.3.1 Fermentation
9.3.2 Anaerobic Digestion
9.4 Thermal Techniques
9.4.1 Incineration
9.4.2 Pyrolysis
9.4.3 Gasification
9.4.4 Hydrothermal
9.4.5 Wet Air Oxidation
9.5 Mechanical-Chemical Technique
9.5.1 Ultrasonication Method
9.5.2 Electrochemical Technology
9.6 Recoverable Products from SS
9.6.1 Energy Product
9.6.2 Nutrients and Vitamin Products
9.7 LCA for Sludge Treatment
9.7.1 Economic Indicators
9.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
10. Various Biomasses from Wastewater and Possibilities of Conversion to Energy Resources
Neelaambhigai Mayilswamy and Balasubramanian Kandasubramanian
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Composition of Different Types of Biomass Procured from Wastewater
10.2.1 Sewage Sludge
10.2.2 Algal Biomass
10.2.3 Lignocellulose-Derived Biomass
10.3 Various Techniques for the Transformation of Different Wastewater-Derived Biomass Feedstock into Energy
10.3.1 Physical Conversion Techniques
10.3.1.1 Mechanical Extraction
10.3.2 Chemical Conversion Techniques
10.3.2.1 Hydrolysis
10.3.2.2 Supercritical Transformation
10.3.2.3 Solvent Extraction
10.3.3 Biochemical Conversion Techniques
10.3.3.1 Anaerobic Digestion
10.3.3.2 Fermentation
10.3.4 Physicochemical Conversion Technique
10.3.4.1 Transesterification
10.3.5 Thermochemical Conversion Techniques
10.3.5.1 Hydrothermal Carbonization
10.3.5.2 Pyrolysis
10.3.5.3 Gasification
10.3.5.4 Torrefaction
10.4 Conclusion and Future Prospects
Acknowledgments
References
11. Recycled Wastewater from Sewage Treatment Plants for Sustainable Agriculture
Anuska Raichoudhury, Radha Sankar Mal, Ranjay Kumar Thakur, Subhankar Mishra, Mukesh Singh and Amit Biswas
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Worldwide Water Crisis with Its Effect on Agriculture
11.1.2 Potential of Recycled Wastewater from Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) for Sustainable Agriculture
11.1.3 Aims and Scope of the Chapter
11.2 Quality of Recycled Wastewater for Irrigation
11.2.1 Characteristics of Recycled Wastewater
11.2.2 Methods of Treating Wastewater for Irrigation Purposes
11.2.2.1 Preliminary Treatment
11.2.2.2 Primary Method
11.2.2.3 Secondary or Biological Method
11.2.2.4 Tertiary Treatment
11.2.3 Types of Treatment Processes for Recycled Wastewater
11.2.3.1 Vermi-Biofiltration
11.2.3.2 Membrane Bioreactor
11.2.3.3 Constructed Wetlands
11.2.3.4 Waste Stabilization Pond
11.2.3.5 Nanofiltration
11.2.3.6 Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs)
11.2.3.7 Adsorption
11.2.3.8 Electrochemical Processes
11.2.4 Suitability of Recycled Wastewater for Irrigation
11.2.5 Problems Related to Recycled Water Quality
11.2.5.1 Salinity
11.2.5.2 Rate of Infiltration
11.2.5.3 Toxicity
11.2.5.4 Miscellaneous
11.3 Recycled Wastewater Effect on Soil Health
11.3.1 Recycled Wastewater Impact on Soil Properties and Microbial Activity
11.3.2 Changes in Soil Fertility and Nutrient Availability
11.3.3 Impact on Crop Quality and Food Safety
11.4 Impact of Recycled Wastewater on Crop Parameters
11.4.1 Comparison of Crop Yield with Recycled Water Irrigation Versus Freshwater Irrigation and the Effect of Recycled Water on Crop Growth and Development
11.4.2 Effect of Different Irrigation Methods on Crop Production
11.4.3 Challenges Associated with Crop Yield Improvement with Recycled Wastewater
11.5 Environmental Impacts of Recycled Wastewater Use in Agriculture
11.5.1 Potential Effect of Wastewater Recycling on the Environment
11.5.1.1 Several Benefits of Water Recycling in the Environment
11.5.2 Effects on Aquatic Ecosystems
11.6 Economic Viability of Recycled Wastewater Use in Agriculture
11.6.1 Cost Analysis and Profits of Using Recycled Wastewater for Irrigation
11.6.1.1 Costs
11.6.1.2 Benefits
11.6.2 Comparison of Recycled Wastewater Cost with Freshwater
11.6.3 Economic Feasibility of Implementing Recycled Water Use in Agriculture at Different Scales
11.6.3.1 Small-Scale Farms
11.6.3.2 Medium-Scale Farms
11.6.3.3 Large-Scale Farms
11.7 Challenges Associated with Recycled Wastewater Use in Agriculture
11.7.1 Technical, Regulatory, and Social Challenges Associated with Recycled Water Use in Agriculture
11.7.1.1 Technical Challenges
11.7.1.2 Regulatory Challenges
11.7.1.3 Social Challenges
11.7.2 Solutions and Strategies for Addressing Challenges
11.7.3 Case Studies of Successful Recycled Wastewater Use in Agriculture
11.7.3.1 Collaboration and Stakeholder Engagement are Critical
11.7.3.2 Effective Treatment and Monitoring are Essential
11.7.3.3 Key Agricultural Practices
11.7.3.4 Public Education and Outreach are Important
11.7.3.5 Adequate Funding and Incentives are Necessary
11.8 Emerging Technologies and Innovations in Recycled Wastewater Use in Agriculture
11.8.1 Overview of New Technologies and Innovations in the Treatment of Wastewater for Irrigation
11.8.2 Potential Impact of New Technologies on Water, Soil, and Crop Quality in Agriculture
11.8.3 Prospects for Recycled Wastewater Use in Agriculture
11.9 Conclusion
References
12. Recovery of Value-Added Products from Sewage Sludge Using Biological Processes
Nadia Akram, Khalid Mahmood Zia, Muhammad Usman, Fozia Anjum and Sana Pervaiz
12.1 Waste Activated Sludge
12.2 Amino Acids and Proteins
12.3 Fatty Acids Chains
12.4 Enzymes
12.5 Biopesticides
12.6 Bioplastics
12.7 Bio-Flocculants and Bio-Surfactants
12.8 Current Challenges
12.8.1 Production of Food Wastes (FW)
References
13. Wastewater Treatment Processes and Resource Recovery, Effectiveness, and Challenges
Urvashi Tomar and Pallavi Jain
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Wastewater Treatment: Processes
13.2.1 Primary Treatment
13.2.2 Secondary Treatment
13.2.3 Tertiary Treatment
13.3 Limitations of Wastewater Treatment Techniques
13.4 Resource Recovery Systems (RRS)
13.4.1 Water Recovery
13.4.2 Energy and Material Recovery
13.5 Challenges to the Implementation of RRS Successfully
13.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
14. Circular Bioeconomy in the Recovery of Polymers from Sewage Sludge
Merry Meryam Martgrita and Siti Khodijah Chaerun
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Polymers Recovery in Waste Management
14.3 Mechanisms for Cellulose Recovery from Sewage Sludge
14.4 Mechanism of Cellulose Content Utilization in Sewage Sludge
14.5 Implementing Circular Bioeconomy Principles in the Palm Oil Industry
14.6 Implementing Circular Bioeconomy Principles in the Pulp and Paper Industry
14.7 Future Perspectives
14.8 Conclusions
References
15. Recycled Wastewater from Sewage Treatment Plant for Sustainable Agriculture: An Indian Scenario
Aruna Jyothi Kora
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Sewage Treatment Plants
15.3 Water Disinfection
15.3.1 Chlorination
15.3.2 Ozonation
15.3.3 Ultraviolet (UV) Irradiation
15.3.4 Gamma Irradiation
15.4 Government Policies, Initiatives, and Incentives
15.5 Irrigation and Agriculture
15.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Index
Back to Top
Preface
1. Thermal/Photocatalytic Conversion of Sewage Sludge and Biomass to Energy
Maria Siddique, Sumia Akram, Zainab Liaqat and Muhammad Mushtaq
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Biomass as Energy Sources
1.3 Biomass Types and Energy Content
1.4 Conversion of Biomass to Energy
1.4.1 Thermal Conversion of Biomass to Energy
1.4.1.1 Combustion/Incineration
1.4.1.2 Hydrothermal Carbonization
1.4.1.3 Biomass Pyrolysis
1.4.1.4 Noncatalytic Pyrolysis
1.4.1.5 Slow Pyrolysis (Carbonization/Torrefaction)
1.4.1.6 Rapid/Fast Pyrolysis
1.4.1.7 Co-Pyrolysis
1.4.1.8 Gasification
1.5 Biochemical Conversion
1.5.1 Photocatalytic Conversion of Biomass
1.5.2 Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production
1.5.2.1 Photocatalytic Materials
1.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
2. Sewage Sludge Conversion to Sustainable Energy: Biogas, Methane, Hydrogen, and Biofuels
El Asri Ouahid, Ben EL Caid, Yousfi Ikram and BenKaddour Rachid
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Wastewater: Origins, Characteristics, Types, and Problems
2.3 World Situation in Wastewater and Energy
2.4 Composition of Wastewater
2.5 What is Sewage Sludge?
2.6 What Possibilities for the Conversion of Wastewater to Sustainable Energy?
2.7 Different Technologies, from Wastewater to Sustainable Energy
2.7.1 Anaerobic Digestion: Production of Biogas and Methane
2.7.2 Microbial Fuel Cells: Hydrogen Production
2.7.3 Thermal Hydrolysis
2.7.4 Gasification: Biofuel Production
2.7.5 Membrane Bioreactors: Improving Conversion Processes
2.8 Conclusion
References
3. Biodiesel from Sewage Sludge
Sonica Sondhi and Roopali Sharma
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 The Utilization of Sustainable Energy Sources for the Transportation Industry
3.1.2 Origin and Properties of Biodiesel
3.1.3 Fabrication of Biodiesel
3.1.4 Municipal Sewage Sludge (MSS)
3.1.5 Generation and Control of Sewage Sludge
3.1.6 Sewage Sludge as a Potentially Useful Lipid Source
3.1.7 Extraction of Lipids from Sewage Sludge
3.1.8 Synthesis of Biodiesel
3.1.9 Quality of Sewage Biodiesel
3.2 Conclusion
References
4. Carbon Emissions, Energy Reduction, and Energy Recovery from Wastewater Treatment Plants
Abas Siraj Hamda, Dinsefa Mensur, Belay Berhane, Sunaina and Tatek Temesgen
4.1 An Overview
4.2 Major Units of Energy Consumption in WWTPs
4.3 Alternatives Management Techniques for Energy Reduction from WWTP
4.3.1 Energy Auditing
4.3.2 Energy Benchmarking
4.3.3 Energy Management Programs
4.4 Wastewater Nexus Energy Recovery Alternatives
4.4.1 Biogas Production
4.4.2 Thermal Energy Recovery
4.4.3 Renewable Energy Recovery
4.4.4 Bio-Hydrogen Production from WWTPs
4.4.5 Microbial Fuel Cells
4.4.6 Alga-Based Biofuel Production
4.5 Emission Sources in WWTP
4.6 Carbon Accounting in WWTPs
4.7 Carbon Emissions Reduction Options in WWTP
4.8 Carbon Emissions Capture and Treatment Options in WWTP
4.9 Challenges and Future Prospective
4.10 Conclusion
References
5. Integrated Use of Biomass to Produce Energy and Construction Material
Samavia Fiaz, Mehwish Khalid, Sumia Akram and Muhammad Mushtaq
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Biomass Classification and Utilization
5.3 Integrated Conversion of Biomass into Energy and Other Products
5.3.1 Combustion/Incineration
5.3.2 Biomass Pyrolysis
5.3.3 Gasification
5.3.4 Hydrothermal Liquefaction
5.3.5 Supercritical Wet Oxidation/Supercritical Water Oxidation
5.3.6 Biochemical Conversion Process
5.3.7 Anaerobic Digestion of Biomass for Biogas Production
5.3.8 Anaerobic Fermentation
5.4 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
6. Technical and Economic Evaluation of Old and Novel Technologies for Energy Resources Production from Wastewater Treatment Plants
Shubhankar Mishra, Tohira Banoo, Yogendra Kumar and Subbiah Nagarajan
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Wastewater Treatment
6.3 Technical and Economical Evaluation
6.3.1 Anaerobic Digestion
6.3.1.1 Anaerobic Digestion Process and Application
6.3.1.2 AD Process Chemistry
6.3.1.3 Hydrolysis Step
6.3.1.4 Acidogenesis Step
6.3.1.5 Acetogenesis Step
6.3.1.6 Methanogenesis
6.3.2 Chemical Characterization of Two-Phase Anaerobic Digestion–Produced Municipal Wastewater Sludges for Biogas Generation
6.3.2.1 Resources and Techniques
6.3.2.2 Economical Evaluation for Anaerobic Digestion
6.3.3 Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs)
6.3.3.1 Principles Involving in MFC
6.3.3.2 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions in MFCs
6.3.3.3 Removal of Organic Substance in MFCs
6.3.3.4 MFCs with Actual Wastewater Using as Substrates
6.3.3.5 Biocathode in MFCs
6.3.3.6 Nitrogen Removal in MFCs
6.3.3.7 Current Challenges and Potential Opportunities
6.3.3.8 Technological Advancement in MFCs
6.3.3.9 Economics and Life Cycle Assessment
6.3.4 Hydrothermal Liquefaction
6.3.4.1 Requirement and Process
6.3.4.2 Evolution of HTL
6.3.4.3 Environmental Effects of Treating Sewage Sludge with HTP Technology
6.3.5 Gasification
6.3.5.1 Economical Evaluation in Gasification
6.4 Conclusion
References
7. Recovery of Cellulose and Extracellular Polymers from Sewage Sludge
Muthumari Perumal, Varalakshmi Varatharajan, V. Karthik, Selvakumar Periyasamy and Beula Isabel J.
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Stages of Wastewater Treatment
7.3 Occurrence of Cellulose and Extracellular Polymeric Substances from Sewage Sludge
7.4 Recovery Routes of Cellulose from Sewage Sludge
7.5 Recovery Routes of Extracellular Polymers from Sewage Sludge
7.5.1 Composition Evaluation of Extracted EPS
7.6 Constraints and Future Opportunities
7.7 Conclusion
References
8. Wastewater-Derived Biomass for Energy
Surbhi Sharma, Ridhika Bangotra, Bisma Habib, Muskaan Chib, Arpana Thakur, Ritu Mahajan and Bijender Kumar Bajaj
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Wastewater Analysis
8.2.1 Biochemical Oxygen Demand
8.2.2 Chemical Oxygen Demand
8.2.3 Solids
8.2.4 Nitrogen
8.2.5 Phosphorus
8.3 Composition of Wastewater
8.4 Sources of Wastewater
8.4.1 Domestic or Municipal Wastewater
8.4.2 Industrial Wastewater
8.4.3 Agricultural Wastewater
8.4.4 Storm Sewage
8.4.5 Infiltration
8.4.6 Inflow
8.5 Types of Wastewater
8.6 Environmental Hazards of Wastewater
8.7 Wastewater Treatment Methods
8.7.1 Collection
8.7.2 Preliminary Wastewater Treatment Method
8.7.3 Primary Wastewater Treatment Method
8.7.4 Secondary Wastewater Treatment
8.7.5 Tertiary Wastewater Treatment
8.8 Biomass Derived from Wastewater
8.8.1 Sewage Sludge
8.8.2 Wastewater Algae
8.8.3 Plant Biomass
8.8.4 Biofilms
8.9 Conversion of Wastewater-Derived Biomass into Energy
8.9.1 Biodiesel
8.9.2 Bioalcohol
8.9.3 Biogas
8.9.4 Microbial Fuel Cell
8.10 Challenges and Future Prospects
8.11 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
9. Recovery of Value-Added Products from Sewage Sludge: Processes, Life Cycle Assessment, and Costs
Abiola E. Taiwo, Olayomi A. Falowo, Anthony I. Okoji, Lekan M. Latinwo and Eriola Betiku
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Methods and Product Recovery Processes
9.2.1 Conventional Method
9.2.2 Landfilling
9.2.3 Composting
9.3 Biochemical Methods
9.3.1 Fermentation
9.3.2 Anaerobic Digestion
9.4 Thermal Techniques
9.4.1 Incineration
9.4.2 Pyrolysis
9.4.3 Gasification
9.4.4 Hydrothermal
9.4.5 Wet Air Oxidation
9.5 Mechanical-Chemical Technique
9.5.1 Ultrasonication Method
9.5.2 Electrochemical Technology
9.6 Recoverable Products from SS
9.6.1 Energy Product
9.6.2 Nutrients and Vitamin Products
9.7 LCA for Sludge Treatment
9.7.1 Economic Indicators
9.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
10. Various Biomasses from Wastewater and Possibilities of Conversion to Energy Resources
Neelaambhigai Mayilswamy and Balasubramanian Kandasubramanian
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Composition of Different Types of Biomass Procured from Wastewater
10.2.1 Sewage Sludge
10.2.2 Algal Biomass
10.2.3 Lignocellulose-Derived Biomass
10.3 Various Techniques for the Transformation of Different Wastewater-Derived Biomass Feedstock into Energy
10.3.1 Physical Conversion Techniques
10.3.1.1 Mechanical Extraction
10.3.2 Chemical Conversion Techniques
10.3.2.1 Hydrolysis
10.3.2.2 Supercritical Transformation
10.3.2.3 Solvent Extraction
10.3.3 Biochemical Conversion Techniques
10.3.3.1 Anaerobic Digestion
10.3.3.2 Fermentation
10.3.4 Physicochemical Conversion Technique
10.3.4.1 Transesterification
10.3.5 Thermochemical Conversion Techniques
10.3.5.1 Hydrothermal Carbonization
10.3.5.2 Pyrolysis
10.3.5.3 Gasification
10.3.5.4 Torrefaction
10.4 Conclusion and Future Prospects
Acknowledgments
References
11. Recycled Wastewater from Sewage Treatment Plants for Sustainable Agriculture
Anuska Raichoudhury, Radha Sankar Mal, Ranjay Kumar Thakur, Subhankar Mishra, Mukesh Singh and Amit Biswas
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Worldwide Water Crisis with Its Effect on Agriculture
11.1.2 Potential of Recycled Wastewater from Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) for Sustainable Agriculture
11.1.3 Aims and Scope of the Chapter
11.2 Quality of Recycled Wastewater for Irrigation
11.2.1 Characteristics of Recycled Wastewater
11.2.2 Methods of Treating Wastewater for Irrigation Purposes
11.2.2.1 Preliminary Treatment
11.2.2.2 Primary Method
11.2.2.3 Secondary or Biological Method
11.2.2.4 Tertiary Treatment
11.2.3 Types of Treatment Processes for Recycled Wastewater
11.2.3.1 Vermi-Biofiltration
11.2.3.2 Membrane Bioreactor
11.2.3.3 Constructed Wetlands
11.2.3.4 Waste Stabilization Pond
11.2.3.5 Nanofiltration
11.2.3.6 Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs)
11.2.3.7 Adsorption
11.2.3.8 Electrochemical Processes
11.2.4 Suitability of Recycled Wastewater for Irrigation
11.2.5 Problems Related to Recycled Water Quality
11.2.5.1 Salinity
11.2.5.2 Rate of Infiltration
11.2.5.3 Toxicity
11.2.5.4 Miscellaneous
11.3 Recycled Wastewater Effect on Soil Health
11.3.1 Recycled Wastewater Impact on Soil Properties and Microbial Activity
11.3.2 Changes in Soil Fertility and Nutrient Availability
11.3.3 Impact on Crop Quality and Food Safety
11.4 Impact of Recycled Wastewater on Crop Parameters
11.4.1 Comparison of Crop Yield with Recycled Water Irrigation Versus Freshwater Irrigation and the Effect of Recycled Water on Crop Growth and Development
11.4.2 Effect of Different Irrigation Methods on Crop Production
11.4.3 Challenges Associated with Crop Yield Improvement with Recycled Wastewater
11.5 Environmental Impacts of Recycled Wastewater Use in Agriculture
11.5.1 Potential Effect of Wastewater Recycling on the Environment
11.5.1.1 Several Benefits of Water Recycling in the Environment
11.5.2 Effects on Aquatic Ecosystems
11.6 Economic Viability of Recycled Wastewater Use in Agriculture
11.6.1 Cost Analysis and Profits of Using Recycled Wastewater for Irrigation
11.6.1.1 Costs
11.6.1.2 Benefits
11.6.2 Comparison of Recycled Wastewater Cost with Freshwater
11.6.3 Economic Feasibility of Implementing Recycled Water Use in Agriculture at Different Scales
11.6.3.1 Small-Scale Farms
11.6.3.2 Medium-Scale Farms
11.6.3.3 Large-Scale Farms
11.7 Challenges Associated with Recycled Wastewater Use in Agriculture
11.7.1 Technical, Regulatory, and Social Challenges Associated with Recycled Water Use in Agriculture
11.7.1.1 Technical Challenges
11.7.1.2 Regulatory Challenges
11.7.1.3 Social Challenges
11.7.2 Solutions and Strategies for Addressing Challenges
11.7.3 Case Studies of Successful Recycled Wastewater Use in Agriculture
11.7.3.1 Collaboration and Stakeholder Engagement are Critical
11.7.3.2 Effective Treatment and Monitoring are Essential
11.7.3.3 Key Agricultural Practices
11.7.3.4 Public Education and Outreach are Important
11.7.3.5 Adequate Funding and Incentives are Necessary
11.8 Emerging Technologies and Innovations in Recycled Wastewater Use in Agriculture
11.8.1 Overview of New Technologies and Innovations in the Treatment of Wastewater for Irrigation
11.8.2 Potential Impact of New Technologies on Water, Soil, and Crop Quality in Agriculture
11.8.3 Prospects for Recycled Wastewater Use in Agriculture
11.9 Conclusion
References
12. Recovery of Value-Added Products from Sewage Sludge Using Biological Processes
Nadia Akram, Khalid Mahmood Zia, Muhammad Usman, Fozia Anjum and Sana Pervaiz
12.1 Waste Activated Sludge
12.2 Amino Acids and Proteins
12.3 Fatty Acids Chains
12.4 Enzymes
12.5 Biopesticides
12.6 Bioplastics
12.7 Bio-Flocculants and Bio-Surfactants
12.8 Current Challenges
12.8.1 Production of Food Wastes (FW)
References
13. Wastewater Treatment Processes and Resource Recovery, Effectiveness, and Challenges
Urvashi Tomar and Pallavi Jain
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Wastewater Treatment: Processes
13.2.1 Primary Treatment
13.2.2 Secondary Treatment
13.2.3 Tertiary Treatment
13.3 Limitations of Wastewater Treatment Techniques
13.4 Resource Recovery Systems (RRS)
13.4.1 Water Recovery
13.4.2 Energy and Material Recovery
13.5 Challenges to the Implementation of RRS Successfully
13.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
14. Circular Bioeconomy in the Recovery of Polymers from Sewage Sludge
Merry Meryam Martgrita and Siti Khodijah Chaerun
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Polymers Recovery in Waste Management
14.3 Mechanisms for Cellulose Recovery from Sewage Sludge
14.4 Mechanism of Cellulose Content Utilization in Sewage Sludge
14.5 Implementing Circular Bioeconomy Principles in the Palm Oil Industry
14.6 Implementing Circular Bioeconomy Principles in the Pulp and Paper Industry
14.7 Future Perspectives
14.8 Conclusions
References
15. Recycled Wastewater from Sewage Treatment Plant for Sustainable Agriculture: An Indian Scenario
Aruna Jyothi Kora
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Sewage Treatment Plants
15.3 Water Disinfection
15.3.1 Chlorination
15.3.2 Ozonation
15.3.3 Ultraviolet (UV) Irradiation
15.3.4 Gamma Irradiation
15.4 Government Policies, Initiatives, and Incentives
15.5 Irrigation and Agriculture
15.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Index
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